الملخص
Equine piroplasmosis is the most important tick-borne disease to affect horses in Brazil. Theileria equi is one of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis. Chronic cases are expected, in which the animals show no apparent signs of infection and remain asymptomatic but constitute a source of the infectious agent that ticks can spread. This study was conducted across 81 ranches located in the municipality of Sinop, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A sample calculation was performed to estimate the apparent prevalence of T. equi among horses. A total of 1,853 animals were included in the sampling analysis based on the information available from the Institute of Agricultural and Livestock Defense of Mato Grosso State. The serological analysis of 367 serum samples using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-T. equi antibodies revealed that 337 animals were positive, representing a frequency of 90.70%. The molecular analysis to amplify the EMA-1 gene showed positivity in 20 of 89 tested samples. The fragments of four samples were sequenced and analyzed to determine their similarities to sequences from other species, based on sequences deposited at GenBank. All showed 100% similarity with T. equi. Our study represents the first report of T. equi antibodies among the equids in north-central region of Mato Grosso, revealing the widespread distribution of seropositive animals.
A piroplasmose equina é a doença transmitida por carrapatos mais importante em cavalos no Brasil. Theileria equi é um dos agentes causadores da piroplasmose equina. São esperados casos crônicos, nos quais os animais não apresentam sinais aparentes de infecção e permanecem assintomáticos, mas constituem uma fonte de infecção e disseminação por carrapatos. Este estudo foi realizado em 81 fazendas localizadas no município de Sinop, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Um cálculo amostral foi realizado para estimar a prevalência aparente de T. equi entre cavalos. No total, 1.853 animais foram incluídos na análise amostral com base nas informações disponíveis no Instituto de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado de Mato Grosso. A análise sorológica de 367 amostras de soro por meio de ensaio imunoenzimático indireto (ELISA) para detecção de anticorpos anti-T. equi revelou que 337 animais eram positivos, representando uma frequência de 90,70%. A análise molecular para o gene EMA-1 mostrou positividade em 20 das 89 amostras testadas. Os fragmentos de quatro amostras foram sequenciados e analisados para determinar suas semelhanças com sequências de outras espécies, a partir das sequências depositadas no GenBank. Todos mostraram 100% de similaridade com T. equi. Nosso estudo representa o primeiro relato de anticorpos contra T. equi entre os equídeos na região centro norte de Mato Grosso, revelando a ampla distribuição de animais soropositivos.
الموضوعات
Animals , Babesiosis/diagnosis , Horses/genetics , Pathology, Molecular , Serologic Tests , Theileria/pathogenicity , Theileriasis/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reactionالملخص
O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a dissimilaridade fenotípica de amostras populacionais de três linhagens de éguas Crioulas, uruguaia (La Invernada), argentina (Cardal) e chilena, para caracteres morfológicos, apontando as características de maior variância intra e entre as diferentes linhagens que são passíveis de seleção. Foram avaliadas 22 características morfológicas de 113 éguas da linhagem uruguaia "La Invernada", 38 argentinas "Cardal" e 73 chilenas puras, totalizando 224 éguas de cria pertencentes à raça Crioula. Para determinação das variáveis lineares e de perímetro, foi utilizada fita métrica, prumo, paquímetro e hipômetro. Verificou-se variabilidade nas características morfológicas entre as três linhagens (P<0,05), incluindo as características lineares altura, perímetro de tórax e perímetro de canela (P<0,01), consideradas de caráter impositivo para fins de registro. Maior variação fenotípica foi observada nas éguas da linhagem chilena em relação aos outros dois grupos genéticos (P<0,01). As características morfológicas altura garupa, perímetro rostral pescoço, comprimento metatarso, largura garupa, profundidade do tórax, comprimento dorsal pescoço e comprimento do corpo foram passíveis de seleção entre as éguas Crioulas pertencentes às linhagens argentina (Cardal), uruguaia (La Invernada) e chilena. Em conclusão, não há homogeneidade entre as linhagens estudadas, o que identifica a diversidade entre as linhagens de éguas Crioulas estudadas.(AU)
The aim of the study was to analyze the phenotypic dissimilarity of morphological characteristics of three strains of Criollo mares, Uruguian (La Invernada), Argentine (Cardal), and Chilena, pointing to the characteristics of higher variance within and among the different strains that are selectable. We evaluated 22 morphological characteristics of 113 mares of the Uruguaian line, 38 Argentines and 73 pure Chilean, totaling 224 breeding mares belonging to the criollo breed. For the determination of the linear and perimeter variables, a metric tape, plumb, pachymeter and hypometer were used. There was variability in the morphological characteristics between the three strains (P<0.05), including the linear characteristics of height, chest circumference and perimeter of cinnamon (P<0.01), considered as taxation for registration purposes. Higher phenotypic variation was observed in the mares of the Chilean line in relation to the other two genetic groups (P<0.01). The morphological characteristics of height croup, rostral perimeter neck, metatarsal length, croup width, chest depth, dorsal neck length, and body length were the selectable characteristics among the breeding mares belonging to the Argentine (Cardal), Uruguaian (La Invernada) and Chilena strains. In conclusion, there is no homogeneity between the studied strains, which identifies the diversity among the lines of Criollo mares studied.(AU)
الموضوعات
Animals , Female , Phenotype , Body Weights and Measures/veterinary , Horses/anatomy & histology , Horses/geneticsالملخص
This study represents a first attempt to rescue germplasm of a traditional domestic equine cited in early Iberian and South American literature as Curraleiro horse. As an effort to identify and possibly characterize this type of horse we accessed traditional knowledge in strategic rural areas. Most areas were configured by hinterland settlements founded by runaway slave communities from the sixteenth century. Twenty interviews were conducted and analyzed using classical Speech Content Analysis. As a result, five response categories were recognized: 1) Identification and location of Curraleiro horses; 2) Characterization of Curraleiro horses; 3) Historical aspects; 4) Curraleiro horse conservation prospects and 5) Sanitary and productive aspects of Curraleiro horse breeding. We concluded that although scarce, the Curraleiro horse, cited in literature, still exists and showed phenotypical features which allow fine discrimination from any officially recognized breed in Brazil. Our findings may open the door for the recognition of a genuine animal resource which could play a role in rural development for specific regions and traditional communities. Speech Content Analysis was effective for in loco identification and characterization of rare traditional livestock. Thus, we encourage the usage of this tool as an alternative to subsidize identification and genetic conservation programs worldwide.(AU)
Esse estudo representa uma primeira tentativa de resgate de germoplasma em um equino doméstico tradicional citado em literatura precoce Iberiana e Sul Americana como um cavalo Curraleiro. Num esforço de identificar e possivelmente caracterizar esse tipo de cavalo, acessamos conhecimento tradicional em diversas áreas rurais estratégicas. A maioria consistia em assentamentos rurais fundados por comunidades escravas foragidas no século dezesseis. Vinte entrevistas foram conduzidas e analisadas utilizando análise de conteúdo de discurso clássico. Como resultado, cinco categorias de resposta foram reconhecidas: 1) Identificação e localização de cavalos Curraleiros; 2) Caracterização de cavalos curraleiros; 3) Aspectos históricos, 4) Perspectivas de conservação, e 5) Aspectos sanitários e produtivos da criação de cavalos Curraleiros. Concluímos que, apesar de escasso, o cavalo Curraleiro, citado na literatura, ainda existe e apresenta características fenotípicas que permitem discriminação de raças oficialmente reconhecidas no Brasil. Nossos achados podem abrir alas para o reconhecimento de um recurso animal genuíno que pode ter um papel no desenvolvimento rural em regiões específicas e comunidades tradicionais. Análise de conteúdo de discurso foi eficaz para identificação e caracterização in loco de criação tradicional rara. Desta forma, encorajamos o uso dessa ferramenta como alternativa para subsídio de identificação e programas de conservação genética ao redor do mundo.(AU)
الموضوعات
Animals , Ecotype , Horses/genetics , Rural Populationالملخص
From the past to now, body conformation is an instrument for the Iranian horse judging. This research aimed to study and estimate the genetic and nongenetic parameters of limb conformation traits in the Iranian Turkoman horses. Therefore, body conformation traits, specifically limb conformation, of 1273 horses were measured. Among the horses studied, 357 stallions and 916 mares were included. For studying the nongenetic (such as sex, province and birth year) and genetic effects (such as additive genetic effect), the LSMEANS procedure and the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) were used by SAS and MATVEC software, respectively. Birth year had a significant effect on most of the traits, especially scapula length and arm length (P < 0.05). The lowest and the highest heritability was estimated for femur length (0.11 ± 0.03) and forearm length (0.40 ± 0.09), respectively. Overall, considering the heritability estimations, the expectation is that limb conformation traits will have a good response to the selection and genetic progress. Farmers can choose the best stallions and mares based on the traits mentioned, so that their foals can have good body conformation.(AU)
Do passado para o presente, a conformação corporal é um instrumento para o julgamento de cavalos iranianos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar e estimar os parâmetros genéticos e não genéticos das características de conformação dos membros nos equinos turcomanos iranianos. Portanto, as características de conformação do corpo, especificamente a conformação dos membros de 1273 cavalos foram medidas. Entre os cavalos estudados, 357 garanhões e 916 éguas foram incluídos. Para estudar os não genéticos (como sexo, província e ano de nascimento) e efeitos genéticos (como efeito genético aditivo), o procedimento LSMEANS e o método de máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML) foram utilizados pelo software SAS e MATVEC, respectivamente. O ano de nascimento teve um efeito significativo na maioria das características, especialmente comprimento da escápula e comprimento do braço (P < 0,05). A menor e mais alta herdabilidade foi estimada para o comprimento do fêmur (0,11 ± 0,03) e comprimento do antebraço (0,40 ± 0,09), respectivamente. No geral, considerando as estimativas de herdabilidade, a expectativa é que as características de conformação do membro tenham uma boa resposta à seleção e progresso genético. Os agricultores podem escolher os melhores garanhões e éguas com base nas características mencionadas, para que seus potros possam ter uma boa conformação corporal.(AU)
الموضوعات
Animals , Body Constitution , Genetic Phenomena , Horses/anatomy & histology , Horses/geneticsالملخص
A avaliação proteica do humor aquoso (HA) pode ser utilizada como método diagnóstico nas uveítes. Entretanto, estudos sobre as proteínas nesse fluido, em equinos hígidos, são escassos e apresentam variações conforme a metodologia empregada. Dessa forma, objetivou-se realizar a análise proteica e citológica do HA nessa espécie, bem como verificar sua correlação com as proteínas plasmáticas. Foram avaliados 13 equinos adultos (26 olhos), sem raça definida, machos ou fêmeas. Mediante aqueocentese, foi coletado 0,5 mL de humor aquoso de cada olho. Cada amostra foi encaminhada para quantificação proteica pelo método de Bradford modificado e pela eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida - dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE), bem como para avaliação citológica. Por meio de venopunção, coletou-se sangue para determinação da concentração de proteínas séricas. Treze olhos (50% das amostras) apresentaram valor proteico médio de 40,3 mg/dL±6,45 e a eletroforese demonstrou presença de proteínas de massas mais elevadas que 43 KDa. Houve ausência de células em 96,15% das amostras (25 olhos). Equinos hígidos apresentaram baixa concentração de proteínas no HA. Já a correlação entre proteína no humor aquoso/proteína plasmática total foi de 0,56%.(AU)
Evaluation of equine aqueous humor (AH) proteins can help the diagnosis of uveitis. However, studies on proteins in this fluid in healthy horses are scarce and present variations according to the methodology employed. This study aimed to perform protein analysis and cytology of equine aqueous humor of healthy horses and verify its correlation with plasmatic proteins. Thirteen adult horses (26 eyes), mixed breed, male or female were evaluated. A volume of 0.5 mL of aqueous humor was collected through aqueocentesis from both eyes. The samples were submitted to protein quantification by modified Bradford method and to sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and to cytological evaluation. Blood was collected for determination of plasmatic protein concentration. Thirteen eyes (50% of the samples) had values larger than zero by the Bradford method, with an average of 40.3 mg/dl±6.45. Electrophoresis showed presence of higher masses of proteins (43 KDa). There were no cells in 96.15% of the samples (25 eyes). Healthy equines presented low protein concentration in the HA. The ratio between protein concentration in the aqueous humor / total plasma protein of 0.56%.(AU)
الموضوعات
Animals , Aqueous Humor , Protein Binding , Horses/genetics , Cell Biologyالملخص
Some horse breeds are highly selected for athletic activities. The athletic potential of each animal can be measured by its performance in sports. High athletic performance depends on the animal capacity to produce energy through aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways, among other factors. Transmembrane proteins called monocarboxylate transporters, mainly the isoform 1 (MCT1) and its ancillary protein CD147, can help the organism to adapt to physiological stress caused by physical exercise, transporting lactate and H+ ions. Horse breeds are selected for different purposes so we might expect differences in the amount of those proteins and in the genotypic frequencies for genes that play a significant role in the performance of the animals. The study of MCT1 and CD147 gene polymorphisms, which can affect the formation of the proteins and transport of lactate and H+, can provide enough information to be used for selection of athletic horses increasingly resistant to intense exercise. Two other candidate genes, the PDK4 and DMRT3, have been associated with athletic potential and indicated as possible markers for performance in horses. The oxidation of fatty acids is highly effective in generating ATP and is controlled by the expression of PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4) in skeletal muscle during and after exercise. The doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 3 (DMRT3) gene encodes an important transcription factor in the setting of spinal cord circuits controlling movement in vertebrates and may be associated with gait performance in horses. This review describes how the monocarboxylate transporters work during physical exercise in athletic horses and the influence of polymorphisms in candidate genes for athletic performance in horses.(AU)
Algumas raças de equinos são altamente selecionadas para atividades desportivas. O potencial atlético de cada animal pode ser medido pelo seu desempenho nas competições equestres. Um alto potencial atlético depende, entre outros fatores, da capacidade do animal de produzir energia através dos metabolismos aeróbio e anaeróbio. As proteínas transmembrana chamadas transportadores de monoxarboxilato, principalmente a isoforma 1 (MCT1) e sua proteína auxiliar CD147, podem ajudam o organismo a se adaptar ao estresse fisiológico causado pelo exercício físico, transportando íons lactato e H+. Algumas raças de equinos são selecionadas para diferentes objetivos, portanto é provável que existam diferenças nas quantidades de transportadores monocarboxilatos e na frequência genotípica dos seus respectivos genes. O estudo de polimorfismos nos genes das proteínas MCT1 e CD147, afetando a sua formação e o transporte dos íons lactato e H+, podem fornecer informações suficientes para a seleção de equinos com capacidade de serem altamente treinados e resistentes a intensos exercícios. Dois outros genes candidatos que têm sido relacionados com potencial atlético e utilizados como possíveis marcadores para desempenho em equinos são o PDK4 e o DMRT3. A oxidação de ácidos graxos é altamente efetiva para produção de ATP e é controlada pela expressão do gene PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4) no musculo esquelético durante e após do exercício físico. O gene DMRT3 (doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 3) codifica um importante fator de transcrição no controle dos movimentos em vertebrados e pode ser associado com a marcha em algumas raças de equinos. Esta revisão descreve como agem os transportadores de monocarboxilatos durante o exercício físico em equinos atletas e qual a influência de alguns polimorfismos em genes candidatos para o desempenho atlético em equinos.(AU)
الموضوعات
Animals , Genetic Association Studies , Horses/genetics , Horses/physiology , Lactates/analysis , Muscle Fatigue , Polymorphism, Genetic , Stress, Physiologicalالملخص
Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da composição genética nas características morfológicas em equinos com diferentes objetivos de seleção. Foram utilizados 234 equinos sendo 136 da raça Mangalarga Marchador e 90 entre mestiços e puros Quarto de Milha utilizados em vaquejada. Foram mensuradas as medidas lineares de altura na cernelha, na garupa, no dorso, no costado e na cintura pélvica; os comprimentos de corpo, de cabeça, de pescoço, de dorsolombo, de garupa, de espádua, de braço, de antebraço, de canela anterior, de quartela anterior, de coxa, de perna, de canela posterior e de quartela posterior; os perímetros de tórax, de cintura pélvica, de canela anterior e de canela posterior; as larguras de cabeça, de peito e de garupa. O peso corporal foi estimado por meio de fita métrica (em kg). Os ângulos mensurados foram escápulo-solo, escápulo-umeral, úmero-radial, metacarpo-falangiano, pelve-solo, pelve-femoral, fêmur-tíbio-patelar, tíbio-tarso-metatarsiano e metatarso-falangiano descritos. O modelo estatístico considerou os efeitos de sexo, raça e interação sexo*raça com as médias comparadas pleo teste SNK a 5% de significância. Houve interação sexo x raça para as todas as características de alturas e larguras, para as medidas de comprimento do pescoço, do dorsolombo, garupa, espádua, braço antebraço e canela anterior e para as angulações apenas a escápulo-umeral, enquanto a raça teve efeito para todas as medidas angulares (P<0,01) exceto a úmero-radial. Os autores conluíram que os animais das raças Mangalarga Marchador e Quarto de Milha são biótipos geneticamente diferentes em suas medidas lineares e angulares e que as diferenças observadas entre as raças podem estar associadas ao tipo de andamento e à funcionalidade atribuída a cada uma delas induzidas pela seleção.(AU)
This study aimed to verify the effect of the genetic conformation of the tarits in horses with different selection goals. In a total of 234 horses, 136 were from the Mangalarga Marchador breed and 90 were Quarter Horse crossed and pure used in vaquejada. The linear measurements of height at the withers, the rump, the back, on the side and pelvic girdle; the length as body, head, neck, backing sirloin, rump, shoulder, arm, forearm, fore cannon, fore pastern, thigh, leg, hind cannon and hind pastern; the chest perimeters of pelvis, fore hind cannon; the head width, chest and hip; and body weight estimated by measuring tape (kg) were recorded. The measured angles of joints were shoulder-floor, scapulohumeral, humerus-radial, metacarpal-phalangeal, pelvis-floor, pelvis-femoral, femoral-tibial-patellar, tibial-tarsal-metatarsal and metatarsal-phalangeal. The statistical model considered the effects of sex, race and sex x race interaction with means compared byt the SNK test at 5% significance level. There was sex x race interaction for all the features of heights and widths for the neck length measures, the back-loin, rump, shoulder, arm, forearm and fore cannon lenght and angulation just scapulohumeral while the race had effect for all angular measurements (P<0.01) except the radial-humeral. The authors concluded that animals of Mangalarga Marchador and Quarter are genetically different biotypes in their linear and angular measurements and the differences between races may be associated with the type of running and the functionality assigned to each induced selection.(AU)
الموضوعات
Animals , Body Weights and Measures/veterinary , Genetic Phenomena , Horses/anatomy & histology , Horses/geneticsالملخص
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic infection that originated in the Americas and is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. In the last few years, the disease has spread to countries in North America, Asia and Europe due to the migration of Latin Americans. In the Brazilian Amazon, CD has an endemic transmission, especially in the Rio Negro region, where an occupational hazard was described for piaçaveiros (piassaba gatherers). In the State of Amazonas, the first chagasic infection was reported in 1977, and the first acute CD case was recorded in 1980. After initiatives to integrate acute CD diagnostics with the malaria laboratories network, reports of acute CD cases have increased. Most of these cases are associated with oral transmission by the consumption of contaminated food. Chronic cases have also been diagnosed, mostly in the indeterminate form. These cases were detected by serological surveys in cardiologic outpatient clinics and during blood donor screening. Considering that the control mechanisms adopted in Brazil's classic transmission areas are not fully applicable in the Amazon, it is important to understand the disease behavior in this region, both in the acute and chronic cases. Therefore, the pursuit of control measures for the Amazon region should be a priority given that CD represents a challenge to preserving the way of life of the Amazon's inhabitants.
الموضوعات
Animals , Digestion/genetics , Horses/genetics , Pancreatic alpha-Amylases/genetics , Salivary alpha-Amylases/genetics , Amino Acid Substitution , Base Sequence , Biodiversity , Edible Grain/chemistry , Dietary Carbohydrates , Genetic Variation , Genotyping Techniques , Horses/classification , Italy , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Analysis, DNAالملخص
Cinco cavalos adultos foram submetidos à coleta de medula óssea do esterno e de tecido adiposo da região glútea. As amostras foram processadas para obtenção da fração mononuclear da medula óssea e fração vascular estromal do tecido adiposo, o número de células obtidas e a viabilidade celular foram determinados. Em seguida, realizou-se o congelamento das amostras em solução contendo 20% de soro fetal bovino e 10% de dimetilsulfóxido. Depois de um mês, realizou-se o descongelamento das amostras e a viabilidade celular foi novamente mensurada. Os resultados revelaram que as técnicas utilizadas tanto para coleta de medula óssea quanto de tecido adiposo em equinos são simples, rápidas e seguras. As metodologias adotadas para o processamento das amostras foram eficientes, obtendo-se aproximadamente 95% de viabilidade celular. Após o descongelamento, a viabilidade média das amostras de células mononucleares da medula óssea foi de 86% e da fração vascular estromal do tecido adiposo de 64%. Frente à importância da terapia celular na clínica médica de equinos, concluiu-se que é necessária a realização de mais estudos, visando padronizar uma técnica de criopreservação que mantenha a integridade das células da fração mononuclear da medula óssea e da fração vascular estromal do tecido adiposo de equinos.(AU)
In five adult horses, bone marrow was aspirated from the sternum and adipose tissue extracted from the gluteal region. The samples were processed to obtain the mononuclear fraction of bone marrow and stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, and the number of cells obtained and cell viability were determined. Next, the cell samples were frozen in medium containing 20% fetal bovine serum and 10% dimethylsulfoxide. After one month, the cells were thawed and cell viability was again determined. The results revealed that the techniques for collecting both bone marrow and adipose tissue in horses are simple, rapid and safe. The methods used for processing the samples were efficient, yielding about 95% cell viability. After freezing, mean viability of the mononuclear cells of bone marrow was 86%, and 64% for the stromal vascular cells of adipose tissue. In view of the importance of cell therapy in equine clinical medicine, it is concluded that further studies are needed for the standardization of a cryopreservation technique to maintain the integrity for the mononuclear fraction of bone marrow and the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue in horses.(AU)
الموضوعات
Animals , Cryopreservation , Cell Survival , Horses/anatomy & histology , Horses/genetics , Adipose Tissueالملخص
The objectives of this study were to standardize a PCR-RFLP genotyping method for the AY_731081:g.1900T>C SNP of the equine CD14 gene, and to characterize this SNP and two other polymorphisms (AY_005808: c.1530A>G of the TLR4 gene and AX_463789: g.133T>C of the Cε gene) in Mangalarga horses, in order to contribute to future studies investigating the association between DNA markers and traits related to immune system physiology in this breed. A total of 151 Mangalarga horses of both sexes and variable ages, representative of the population of São Paulo State, were used. PCR-RFLP was found to be adequate for genotyping of the AY_731081: g.1900T>C SNP of the equine CD14 gene. However, this polymorphism is probably not present in Mangalarga horses, thus impairing association studies using this marker in the breed. The population genetic parameters obtained for the TLR4 AY_005808:c.1530A>G and Cε AX_463789:g.133T>C polymorphisms suggest the use of these markers in association studies with immune system-related traits in Mangalarga horses.
Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a padronização da metodologia PCR-RFLP para genotipagem do SNP AY_731081:g.1900T>C do gene CD14 equino, bem como a caracterização em equinos da raça brasileira Mangalarga deste e de outros dois polimorfismos, o AY_005808: c.1530A>G do TLR4 e o AX_463789: g.133T>C do Cε, a fim de promover o embasamento necessário para futuras pesquisas visando à associação entre marcadores de DNA e características relacionadas à fisiologia do sistema imune na raça. Para tanto, foram utilizados 151 animais Mangalarga, de ambos os sexos e de idades variadas, representativos da população do estado de São Paulo. O método de PCR-RFLP mostrou-se adequado para a genotipagem do SNP AY_731081: g.1900T>C do gene CD14 equino. Entretanto, tal polimorfismo provavelmente não ocorre em equinos Mangalarga, impossibilitando estudos de associação com o marcador na raça. Os parâmetros genético-populacionais obtidos para os polimorfismos AY_005808:c.1530A>G do gene TLR4 e o AX_463789:g.133T>C do gene Cε demonstraram a possibilidade de realização de pesquisas.
الموضوعات
Animals , Horses/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Genotyping Techniques/veterinary , Molecular Sequence Annotation/methods , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinaryالملخص
Os primeiros estudos demonstrando o potencial de trandiferenciação neural das células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) provenientes da medula óssea (MO) foram conduzidos em camundogos e humanos no início da década de 2000. Após esse período, o número de pesquisas e publicações com o mesmo propósito tem aumentado, mas com raros ou escassos estudos na espécie equina. Nesse sentindo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o potencial in vitro da transdiferenciação neural das CTMs provenientes da MO de equinos utilizando-se dois protocolos: P1 (forksolin e ácido retinóico) e P2 (2-βmecarptoetanol). Após a confirmação das linhagens mesenquimais, pela positividade para o marcador CD90 (X=97,94%), negatividade para o marcador CD34 e resposta positiva a diferenciação osteogênica, as CTMs foram submetidas a transdiferenciação neural (P1 e P2) para avaliação morfológica e expressão dos marcadores neurais GFAP e β3 tubulina por citometria de fluxo. Os resultados revelaram mudanças morfológicas em graus variados entre os protocolos testados. No protocolo 1, vinte quatro horas após a incubação com o meio de diferenciação neural, grande proporção de células (>80%) apresentaram morfologia semelhante a células neurais, caracterizadas por retração do corpo celular e grande número de projeções protoplasmáticas (filopodia). Por outro lado, de forma comparativa, já nos primeiros 30 minutos após a exposição ao antioxidante β-mercaptoetanol (P2) as CTMs apresentaram rápida mudança morfológica caracterizada principalmente por retração do corpo celular e menor número de projeções protoplasmáticas. Também ficou evidenciado com o uso deste protocolo, menor aderência das células após tempo de exposição ao meio de diferenciação, quando comparado ao P1. Com relação a análise imunofenotípica foi observado uma maior (P<0,001) expressão dos marcadores GFAP e β3 tubulina ao término do P2 quando comparado ao P1. A habilidade das CTMs em gerar tipos celulares relacionados a linhagem neural é complexa e multifatorial, dependendo não só dos agentes indutores, mas também do ambiente no qual estas células são cultivadas. Desta forma um maior número de estudos é necessário para o melhor entendimento do processo de transdiferenciação neural a partir de CTMs de equinos.
The first studies showing the potential of neural transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow (BM) were conducted in camundogos and humans in the early 2000s. After this period, the number of research and publications with the same purpose increased, but with rare or scarce studies in horses. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro neuronal transdifferentiation potential of MSCs from equine BM using two protocols: P1 (forksolin and retinoic acid) and P2 (2-βmecarptoetanol). After confirming the mesenchymal lineages, by positivity for the marker CD90 (X=97.94%), negative for the marker CD34 and positive response for osteogenic differentiation, MSCs were subjected to neural transdifferentiation (P1 and P2) for morphological analysis and expression of neural markers GFAP and β3 tubulin by flow cytometry. The results revealed morphological changes in varying degrees between the tested protocols. In protocol 1, twenty four hours after incubation with the media of neural differentiation, a large proportion of cells (>80%) had similar morphology to neural cells, characterized by retraction of cellular body and a large number of cytoplasmic extension (filopodia). However, comparatively, within the first 30 minutes after exposure to the antioxidant β-mercaptoethanol (P2) MSCs showed rapid morphological changes characterized mainly by retraction of cellular body and less cytoplasmic extension. It was also evidenced with the use of this protocol, lower cellular adhesion after exposure to media when compared to P1. Regarding the immunophenotyping analysis it was observed a higher (P<0.001) expression of the markers GFAP and β3 tubulin at the end of P2 compared to P1. The ability of MSCs to generate cell types related to neural lineage is complex and multifactorial, depending not only of inducing agents, but also the environment in which these cells will be cultivated. Thus a greater number of studies are necessary to better understand the process of neural transdifferentiation of MSCs from equine.
الموضوعات
Animals , Cell Lineage , Horses/genetics , Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Bone Marrow/physiology , Osteogenesis/genetics , Cell Transdifferentiation/genetics , Flow Cytometry/veterinary , Glucose/genetics , Culture Media/isolation & purification , Cell Culture Techniques/veterinaryالملخص
The aim was to detect the presence of polymorphisms at exons 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the Spi2 gene, and evaluate a possible association between them and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) or inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in thoroughbred horses, through single-strand conformational-polymorphism (SSCP) screening. Although polymorphism was not detected in exons 1, 2 and 3, three alleles and six genotypes were identified in exon 4. The frequencies of allele A (0.6388) and genotype AA (0.3888) were higher in horses affected by RAO, although no association was found between polymorphism and horses with either RAO or IAD.
الموضوعات
Animals , Horses/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Respiratory Tract Diseases , alpha 1-Antitrypsin , Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational , Serpinsالملخص
Foram utilizados 159 cavalos Pampa, registrados na Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalo Pampa, e um grupo-controle, de 32 cavalos da raça Paint, ambos os grupos provenientes de plantéis de diferentes regiões brasileiras, com o objetivo de comparar os testes bioquímico e molecular para detecção de marcadores genéticos para pelagem tobiana em cavalos Pampa. Houve diferença significativa (P<0,001) entre os testes bioquímico e molecular, nos cavalos Pampa, mas o mesmo fato não ocorreu com os da raça Paint. Os resultados mostraram que o marcador molecular (KIT) foi mais eficiente na identificação dos prováveis cavalos homozigotos do que os marcadores bioquímicos albumina (Al) e proteína de ligação da vitamina D (Gc), em ambas as raças.
In this study, 159 Pampa horses, registered at the Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalo Pampa, and a control group of 32 Paint horses, both coming from herds located in different Brazilian regions, were used to compare biochemical and molecular tests for detection of genetic markers for the Tobiano coat color pattern in Pampa horses. Difference (P<0.001) between biochemical and molecular tess in Pampa horses was observed, but not for the Paint horses. The results showed that the molecular marker (KIT) was more efficient to identify the probable homozygous dominant horses than the biochemical markers albumin (Al) and vitamin D-binding Protein (Gc), in both breeds.
الموضوعات
Animals , Horses/genetics , Immunologic Tests , Homozygote , Biomarkersالملخص
Objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar o estudo bioquímico e molecular de amostras de Burkholderia mallei isoladas de eqüídeos com diagnóstico clínico e sorológico para o mormo e provenientes da Região Metropolitana do Recife-PE e Zona da Mata dos Estados de Alagoas e Pernambuco. Foram realizadas as técnicas microbiológicas para o isolamento e identificação fenotípica de B. mallei e as técnicas moleculares de ribotipagem-PCR e RAPD-PCR. Das oito amostras estudadas, quatro apresentaram pequenas variações fenotípicas. Nas técnicas moleculares, as amostras formaram quatro grupos de diferentes perfis ribotípicos, demonstrando também quatro perfis genotípicos. Houve associação nos resultados da Ribotipagem-PCR e RAPD-PCR. As variações nos perfis ribotípicos e genotípicos foram associadas às diferentes regiões estudadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que as pequenas variações bioquímicas não estão associadas aos diferentes perfis moleculares e que essas diferenças demonstram uma heterogeneidade que está associada à procedência das amostras, indicando que a infecção nos animais ocorre por clones diferentes das amostras analisadas.
The objective of this paper was to study the molecular performance and phenotypic characterization of Burkholderia mallei isolated from horses with clinical and serological diagnosis of glanders, originating from the Metropolitan District of Recife and Zona da Mata of Pernambuco and Alagoas. The isolation and biochemical identification of B. mallei was carried out by microbiological and molecular techniques of PCR-fingerprinting and RAPD-PCR. From the eight samples studied, four showed little phenotype variations. In the molecular tests, the samples formed 4 groups of different ribotype profiles and 4 genotype profiles. There was some association of PCR-fingerprinting with RAPD-PCR results. It was concluded that the slight biochemical variations were not associated with different molecular profiles. They also indicated that these differences show heterogeneity associated with the origin of the sample, indicating that the infection was caused by clones of different strains and that the polymorphism of DNA observed could make it difficult to choose one standard strain for an immune prophylactic treatment of glanders.
الموضوعات
Burkholderia mallei/genetics , Burkholderia mallei/isolation & purification , Burkholderia mallei/chemistry , Horses/genetics , Glanders/diagnosis , Ribotyping/methods , Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique/methods , Ribotyping/veterinary , Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique/veterinaryالملخص
The genetic variability for a sample of 227 animals from three populations of Pantaneiro horses was estimated using data from 10 microsatellite loci. The number of alleles and the proportion of heterozygosity indicated high variability. A total of 91 alleles were found, with a significantly high mean number of alleles. The mean polymorphic information content was 0.7 and the paternity exclusion probability was 99.3%. The inbreeding coefficient (Fis) was low for the three populations: Ipiranga (FIS = 0.147), Nova Esperança (Fis = 0.094) and Promissão (Fis = 0.108). Genetic differentiation among all three populations was low (FST = 0.008 to 0.064). Three methods were used to test for a recent bottleneck effect. The graphical method and the Wilcoxon test using the stepwise mutation model showed no bottleneck pattern for any of the populations. The test by two-phase mutation model showed genetic signatures of bottleneck for Ipiranga and Promissão. When we consider standard deviation value for Nova Esperança, the M-statistic detected a bottleneck pattern, but this result could be explained by a sample size effect. Therefore, there is no immediate cause for concern regarding loss of variation within the breed.
الموضوعات
Animals , Horses/genetics , Genetic Variation , Microsatellite Repeats/genetics , Brazil , Horses/classification , Gene Frequency , Genotype , Geography , Heterozygoteالملخص
We investigated the genealogy of the in situ conservation nucleus of the Pantaneiro horse using DNA microsatellites by evaluating 101 horses, the group consisting of 71 adult horses (3 stallions, 40 male and 31 mares) and 27 foals (14 colts and 13 fillies). Genomic DNA was extracted from hair roots and genotyped using 12 microsatellite markers (AHT4, AHT5, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, HMS3 HMS6, HMS7, HTG4, HTG10, LEX33 and VHL20). The number of alleles per locus varied from 6 to 13, with a mean of 7.8 and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.544 to 0.734 (mean 0.644). The VLH20, ASB2, HTG10, ASB23 markers had a high (> 0.8) polymorphism information content and the total exclusion probability of the 12 microsatellite loci was 0.99. The genealogical study of the Pantaneiro horse using genetic markers was efficient in detecting mistakes during paternity and maternity designation and is an important tool which can be used together with traditional systems of animal identification. The use of genetic markers is recommended in the systematic control of the genealogical registrations and conservation plans to improve genetic aspects of the Pantaneiro horse.
الموضوعات
Animals , Horses/genetics , DNA , Microsatellite Repeats , Brazil , Conservation of Natural Resources , Paternity , Polymerase Chain Reactionالملخص
In this study, 15 microsatellite DNA loci used in comparative tests by the International Society for Animal Genetics were applied to the evaluation of genetic diversity and management, and the efficiency of paternity testing in Marajoara horses and Puruca ponies from the Marajó Archipelago. Based on the genotyping of 93 animals, mean allelic diversity was estimated as 9.14 and 7.00 for the Marajoara and Puruca breeds, respectively. While these values are similar to those recorded in most European breeds, mean levels of heterozygosity were much lower (Marajoara 49 percent, Puruca 40 percent), probably as a result of high levels of inbreeding in the Marajó populations. The mean informative polymorphic content of this 15-marker system was over 50 percent in both breeds, and was slightly higher in the Marajoara horses. The discriminative power and exclusion probabilities derived from this system were over 99 percent for both populations, emphasizing the efficacy of these markers for paternity testing and genetic management in the two breeds.
الموضوعات
Animals , Horses/genetics , DNA, Satellite/genetics , Genetic Variation , Brazil , Microsatellite Repeats , Paternity , Pedigreeالملخص
Utilizaram-se 195 cavalos Pampa e um grupo-controle de 41 cavalos da raça Paint, provenientes de plantéis de várias regiões brasileiras, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do teste mediante uso de marcadores bioquímicos: albumina (Al) e proteína de ligação da vitamina D (Gc), para identificação dos possíveis indivíduos homozigotos dominantes para o padrão de pelagem tobiano nos cavalos Pampa. Não foram encontrados genótipos AlBB e GcSS, revelando indício de quebra de ligação gênica entre tais locos e o loco tobiano e a ineficácia do teste bioquímico na detecção dos prováveis indivíduos homozigotos dominantes para o padrão de pelagem tobiano nos cavalos Pampa
One hundred and ninety five Pampa horses and a control group of 41 Paint Horses originated from herds located in different Brazilian regions were used to objective of evaluate the efficiency of the biochemical markers albumin (Al) and vitamin D binding protein (Gc) to identify the probable homozygous dominant for the tobiano coat color pattern in Pampa horses. It was not found any genotype AlBB and GcSS, indicating a possible break of the genetic linkage between these loci and the locus Tobiano, as well as the inefficacy of the biochemical test in the detection of the probable homozygous dominant for the tobiano color pattern in Pampa horses
الموضوعات
Animals , Male , Female , Albumins/administration & dosage , Horses/genetics , Genetic Markers/genetics , Vitamin D-Binding Protein/administration & dosageالملخص
We examined the impact of censored data on estimates of heritability of longevity. Longevity, defined as the length of productive racing life of an individual, is influenced by many factors. A simulated data set, modelled on the Irish Thoroughbred industry, was used to estimate heritabilities of longevity. Several scenarios representing various levels of censoring of performance data were created. The heritability of longevity was estimated for each scenario and compared to the estimated heritability of 0.120 for the complete data set. It was found that the estimates of heritability (0.107, 0.106, 0.082) were biased downwards with (10, 20, and 25%, respectively) censoring of data from poor-performing animals. We found that for a complete reporting it is necessary to reduce bias in the estimation of heritability of longevity.
الموضوعات
Animals , Male , Female , Quantitative Trait, Heritable , Horses/genetics , Longevity/genetics , Breeding , Genetic Variation , Algorithms , Running/physiology , Time Factors , Phenotype , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Models, Geneticالملخص
The present study was to construct a parentage testing system for Thoroughbred (TB) horse. A total number of 1,285 TB horse samples including 962 foals for parentage testing, 9 sires and 314 dams for individual identification were genotyped. Genomic DNA was extracted from 5 hair roots and genotyped by using 14 microsatellite markers (AHT4, AHT5, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, CA425, HMS1, HMS3, HMS6, HMS7, HTG4, HTG10, LEX3 and VHL20). This method consisted of multiplexing PCR procedure and showed reasonable amplification of all PCR products. Genotypes were determined by genetic analyzer. The number of alleles per locus varied from 3 to 9 with a mean value of 6.36 in TB horse. The expected heterozygosity was ranged from 0.548 to 0.831 (mean 0.699), and the total exclusion probability of 14 microstellite loci was 0.9998. Of the 14 markers, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, HMS7 and HTG10 loci have relatively high PIC value (> 0.7). Of the 962 foals, 960 foals were qualified by compatibility according to the Mendelism. These results suggest that the DNA typing method has high potential for parentage verification and individual identification of TB horses.