Crisis hipercalcémica como causa de pancreatitis aguda / Hypercalcemia as a cause of acute pancreatitis. Report of one case

Severe hypercalcemia may cause acute pancreatitis. We report a 75-yearold male presenting with abdominal pain and confusion. The initial laboratory showed elevated amylase levels and a serum calcium of 19.0 mg/dl with highly elevated parathormone levels. An abdominal CT scan disclosed pancreatitis. A neck CT scan showed a parathyroid tumor, which was successfully excised. The pathology of the surgical piece showed a parathyroid adenoma.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario por adenoma con gammagrafía negativa / Primary hyperparathyroidism due to negative scintigraphy adenoma

Introducción: El hiperparatiroidismo es una de las causas más frecuente de hipercalcemia. El 85 por ciento de los pacientes son mayores de treinta años, su frecuencia más alta se encuentra por encima de 60 años, a largo plazo puede producir una serie de complicaciones. Objetivo: Describir el caso clínico de hiperparatiroidismo primario que resultó negativa al estudio de gammagrafía con localización ectópica del adenoma. Caso Clínico: Paciente femenina de 20 años con antecedentes de litiasis renal y uretral de 7 años de evolución, la cual se sometió a 13 sesiones de litotricia y dos cirugías renales con recidivas, hace 6 meses se detectó cifras elevadas de calcio. Se realiza protocolo de estudio de hipercalcemia determinándose hiperparatiroidismo primario, ultrasonido y tomografía de cuello reportan lesión que podría corresponder a un adenoma paratiroideo paratraqueal; sin embargo, la gammagrafía con metoxi-isobutilisonitrilo y tecnecio 99 fue negativa. Se realizó cirugía de cuello convencional ya que la cirugía radioguiada no fue útil para la localización del adenoma paratiroideo intraoperatorio. Estudio histopatológico reportó adenoma paratiroideo. Conclusiones: En adenomas paratiroideo con gammagrafía negativa se puede hacer el diagnostico con estudios de imagen convencional. La localización ectópica del adenoma paratiroideo constituye una causa de gammagrafía negativa. La cirugía radioguiada no es útil en los adenomas paratiroides ectópicos con gammagrafía negativa(AU)

Introduction: Hyperparathyroidism is one of the most frequent causes of hypercalcemia. 85 percent of patients are older than thirty years, its highest frequency is over 60 years, in the long term it can produce a series of complications. Objective: To describe a clinical case of primary hyperparathyroidism that was negative in the scintigraphy study with ectopic location of the adenoma. Clinical case report: A 20-year-old female patient with a 7-year history of renal and urethral lithiasis, who had undergone 13 lithotripsy sessions and two recurrent kidney surgeries. Six months ago, elevated calcium levels were detected. A study protocol for hypercalcemia was carried out, determining primary hyperparathyroidism. Ultrasound and neck tomography report a lesion that could correspond to a paratracheal parathyroid adenoma; however, methoxy-isobutylisonitrile and technetium-99 scintigraphy was negative. Conventional neck surgery was performed since radioguided surgery was not useful for locating the intraoperative parathyroid adenoma. Histopathological study reported parathyroid adenoma. Conclusions: In parathyroid adenomas with negative scintigraphy, the diagnosis can be reached with conventional imaging studies. The ectopic location of the parathyroid adenoma is a cause of negative scintigraphy. Radioguided surgery is not helpful in scan-negative ectopic parathyroid adenomas(AU)

Vitamin D Toxicity / Toxicidade da Vitamina D

Abstract Fortification of food products with vitamin D was central to the eradication of rickets in the early parts of the 20th century in the United States. In the subsequent almost 100 years since, accumulating evidence has linked vitamin D deficiency to a variety of outcomes, and this has paralleled greater public interest and awareness of the health benefits of vitamin D. Supplements containing vitamin D are now widely available in both industrialized and developing countries, and many are in the form of unregulated formulations sold to the public with little guidance for safe administration. Together, this has contributed to a transition whereby a dramatic global increase in cases of vitamin D toxicity has been reported. Clinicians are now faced with the challenge of managing this condition that can present on a spectrum from asymptomatic to acute life-threatening complications. This article considers contemporary data on vitamin D toxicity, and diagnostic and management strategies relevant to clinical practice.

Resumo A suplementação de produtos alimentares com vitamina D foi fundamental para a erradicação do raquitismo no início do século XX nos Estados Unidos. Nos quase 100 anos subsequentes, o acúmulo de evidências vinculou a deficiência de vitamina D a uma variedade de desfechos, e isso tem levantado grande interesse público e conscientização dos benefícios à saúde da vitamina D. Os suplementos que contêm vitamina D estão agora amplamente disponíveis tanto nos países desenvolvidos quanto naqueles em desenvolvimento, e muitos estão na forma de formulações não regulamentadas, vendidas ao público com poucas orientações para uma administração segura. Juntos, isso contribuiu para uma transição na qual um aumento global dramático nos casos de toxicidade da vitamina D tem sido relatado. Médicos agora enfrentam o desafio de tratar essa condição que pode apresentar um espectro de complicações assintomáticas a agudas, com risco de vida. Este artigo considera dados atualizados sobre a toxicidade da vitamina D e estratégias de diagnóstico e manejo relevantes para a prática clínica.

Intoxicação por vitamina D em paciente idosa: relato de caso / Vitamin D intoxication in an older adult: case report

As aging progresses, there is a consequent increase in chronic diseases, such as osteoporosis and osteopenia, and vitamin D (cholecalciferol) supplementation is routinely prescribed. However, indiscriminate use of this supplement can lead to intoxication and systemic changes. Seeking to raise awareness among prescribing physicians and especially older patients, the purpose of this case report was to describe the systemic symptoms and damage that can occur from intoxication due to uncontrolled use of vitamin D, such as hypercalcemia and kidney injury. This report describes the case of an older woman who reported using a cholecalciferol- containing formula for ten years to treat osteoarthritis. She arrived at the hospital with weight loss, acute kidney injury and hypercalcemia. After ruling out neoplastic diseases, she was diagnosed with vitamin D poisoning. The symptoms and laboratory results improved after treatment. Based on this report, we conclude that geriatricians play a key role in demystifying the use of vitamins and should only prescribe them when medically indicated.

Com a progressão do envelhecimento e, consequentemente, o aumento de doenças crônicas, como osteoporose e osteopenia, a suplementação da vitamina D (colecalciferol) tem sido rotineiramente prescrita, no entanto o uso indiscriminado e o não controle dessa reposição podem levar à intoxicação e, consequentemente, a alterações sistêmicas. Buscando conscientizar médicos prescritores, e principalmente pacientes idosos, o objetivo do relato do caso foi de alertar sobre o uso desregrado e divulgar os diversos sintomas sistêmicos, além dos danos dessa intoxicação, como hipercalcemia e lesão renal. Este relato trata do caso de uma idosa que afirmava usar fórmula contendo colecalciferol há dez anos para tratar osteoartrite. Chegou ao hospital com emagrecimento, lesão renal aguda e hipercalcemia. Após descartar doenças neoplásicas, foi diagnosticada com intoxicação de vitamina D. Feito tratamento, houve remissão sintomatológica e laboratorial. Com base nesse relato, concluímos que o geriatra tem um papel fundamental de desmistificar o uso de vitaminas e prescrever estritamente quando há indicação médica.

Pancreatitis aguda por hipercalcemia en el embarazo: caso clínico / Acute pancreatitis due to hypercalcemia during pregnancy: report of one case

Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy is uncommon and usually associated with gallstones. However other etiologies must be considered. We report a 24 years old woman with a 32 weeks pregnancy consulting for abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. She had elevated lipase and amylase levels, a corrected serum calcium of 13.1 mg/dl and a serum phosphate of 1.6 mg/dl. A magnetic resonance colangiopancreatography showed an enlarged pancreas with inflammatory changes and a normal Wirsung duct. A parathyroid nodule was found on cervical ultrasonography. The patient was treated initially with cinacalcet with partial response. A parathyroidectomy was performed at 39 weeks of pregnancy with a good maternal and fetal evolution.

Injuria renal aguda secundaria a crisis hipercalcémica: a propósito de un caso / Acute renal injury secondary to hypercalcemic crisis: a case report / Lesão ou injúria renal aguda secundária a crise hipercalcêmica: relatório de caso clínico

La injuria renal aguda es una entidad clínica compleja, caracterizada por la disminución abrupta de la función renal. La hipercalcemia como etiología de la misma es poco frecuente. Los mecanismos involucrados en su desarrollo son múltiples y poco estudiados. Se presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 59 años que desarrolló un cuadro severo de falla renal aguda como complicación de crisis hipercalcémica por un adenoma de paratiroides. Se observó alteración en los marcadores de daño y función renal. La bioquímica urinaria mostró una necrosis tubular aguda. Los niveles de calcio, parathormona y calciuria se asociaron a endocrinopatía. La ecografía, el centellograma y la biopsia paratiroidea mostraron la presencia de un adenoma. Se presentaron otras complicaciones sistémicas concomitantes como pancreatitis y complicaciones cardíacas. El tratamiento paliativo fue la hemodiálisis y el definitivo la paratiroidectomía. El síndrome de hueso hambriento se presentó como una complicación postquirúrgica. Tras el alta, la recuperación de la función renal nunca fue total. El daño renal agudo asociado a disfunción sistémica por hipercalcemia puede llevar a una recuperación parcial de la función renal. Se debe considerar el desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica posterior a la falla renal aguda por hipercalcemia como complicación de la misma.

Acute renal injury is a complex clinical entity, characterized by the abrupt worsening in renal function. Hypercalcemia as its etiology is rare. The mechanisms involved in its development are multiple and rarely studied. The case of a 59-year-old male patient who developed a severe acute renal failure as a complication of an hypercalcemic crisis due to a parathyroid adenoma is presented here. Alterations in markers of damage and renal function were observed. Urinary biochemistry showed acute tubular necrosis. Calcium, parathormone and urine calcium levels were associated with endocrinopathy. The ultrasound, the scintigraphy and the parathyroid biopsy showed the presence of an adenoma. There were other concomitant systemic complications such as pancreatitis and cardiac complications. Hemodialysis was the palliative treatment, while the definitive treatment was parathyroidectomy. The hungry bone syndrome occurred as a postoperative complication. After discharge, recovery of renal function was never complete. Acute renal damage associated with systemic dysfunction due to hypercalcemia can lead to a partial recovery of renal function. The development of chronic kidney disease after acute renal failure due to hypercalcemia should be considered one of its complications.

A Lesão renal aguda é uma entidade clínica complexa, caracterizada pela diminuição abrupta da função renal. A hipercalcemia como etiologia da mesma não é muito frequente. Os mecanismos que participam no seu desenvolvimento são múltiplos e pouco estudados. Apresenta-se o caso de um paciente, homem, de 59 anos, que desenvolveu um quadro severo de insuficiência renal aguda como complicação de crise hipercalcêmica por um adenoma da paratireóide. Foi observada alteração nos marcadores de dano e função renal. A bioquímica urinária mostrou uma necrose tubular aguda. Os níveis de cálcio, paratormona e calciúria foram associados a endocrinopatia. A ultra-sonografia, a cintilografia, e a biópsia da paratireóide mostraram a presença de um adenoma. Apresentaram-se outras complicações sistêmicas concomitantes como pancreatite e cardíacas. O tratamento paliativo foi hemodiálise e o definitivo, a paratireoidectomia. A síndrome do osso faminto apresentou-se como uma complicação pós-operatória. Após a alta, a recuperação da função renal nunca foi total. O dano renal agudo associado à disfunção sistêmica por hipercalcemia pode levar para uma recuperação parcial da função renal. Deve ser considerado o desenvolvimento da doença renal crônica posterior à insuficiência renal aguda por hipercalcemia como complicação da mesma.

Carcinoma de paratiroides: diagnóstico por fractura de fémur / Parathyroid carcinoma: diagnosis by a femur fracture

Resumen: Antecedentes: El carcinoma de las glándulas paratiroides (CP) descrito por De Quervain en 1909 representa la neoplasia menos frecuente, siendo su incidencia de 1.25/10,000,000 personas. Se han reportado aproximadamente 1,000 casos de carcinoma paratiroideo en la literatura mundial. En México existen dos series, una de ocho pacientes y otra de cuatro, además de tres reportes de casos aislados. Dado que el CP es funcionalmente activo el comportamiento clínico inicial es similar a las neoplasias paratiroideas benignas. Caso clínico: Femenino de 66 años de edad con dolor óseo en muslo y fractura espontánea de fémur, en la que se detectaron lesiones osteolíticas, hipercalcemia, niveles elevados de fosfatasa alcalina y de paratohormona; con gammagrama que mostró un tumor funcionante localizado en mediastino superior, fue sometida a extirpación en bloque con hemitiroidectomía derecha con tumor de la glándula paratiroides. El estudio histopatológico reportó CP. Discusión: El CP representa la neoplasia menos común; en pacientes con niveles de paratohormona mayores de 1,000 pg/ml e hipercalcemia mayor de 14 mg/dl debe sospecharse dicha patología.

Abstract: Background: Carcinoma of the parathyroid gland (PC) described by De Quervain since 1909, it represents the least common neoplasm, with an incidence of 1,25/10,000,000 peoples. It has been reported approximately 1,000 cases of CP in world literature. There are two series in Mexico, one of eight patients and other with four cases. Because CP is functionally active, its early clinical behavior is similar to that of parathyroid benign neoplasms. Clinical case: A 66-year-old female with history of thighbone pain and spontaneous femoral fracture, osteolytic lesions, hypercalcemia, elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone detected; the scintigraphy showed a functioning tumor located in upper mediastinum. By hemithyroidectomy in block, the tumor was resected. Histopathological study reported parathyroid carcinoma. Discussion: PC is the least common neoplasia, in patients with parathyroid hormone levels greater than 1,000 pg/ml and hypercalcemia upper of 14 mg/dl this disease should be suspected.

Prurido no paciente em hemodiálise: associação com ingestão de fósforo e nível sérico de cálcio / Prurido en el paciente en hemodiálisis: asociación con ingestión de fósforo y nivel sérico de cálcio / Pruritus in hemodialysis patients: association with phosphorus intake and serum calcium level

Resumo OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre a ocorrência do prurido e a adesão à dieta prescrita, indicadores bioquímicos da função renal e a qualidade da hemodiálise, em pacientes renais crônicos. MÉTODO Estudo transversal, realizado em uma clínica de diálise no Nordeste do Brasil, com 200 pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise, no primeiro semestre de 2015. Para análise dos dados fez-se uso da estatística inferencial, através dos testes de Qui-Quadrado e Exato de Fisher; e teste de U de Mann Whitney. RESULTADOS O prurido esteve presente em 51% da amostra, associando-se estatisticamente com o consumo de fósforo (P=0,024) e a elevação do cálcio sérico (P=0,009). CONCLUSÃO O prurido em pacientes renais crônicos submetidos à hemodiálise sofre influência da não adesão adequada à dieta prescrita, além da elevação de indicadores bioquímicos da função renal.

Resumen OBJETIVO Analizar la asociación entre la ocurrencia del prurito y la adhesión a la dieta prescrita, indicadores bioquímicos de la función renal y la calidad de la hemodiálisis, en pacientes renales crónicos. MÉTODO Estudio transversal, realizado en una clínica de diálisis en el Nordeste de Brasil, con 200 pacientes sometidos a la hemodiálisis, en el primer semestre de 2015. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la estadística inferencial, a través de las pruebas de Qui-Cuadrado y Exacto de Fisher; y prueba de U de Mann Whitney. RESULTADOS El prurito estuvo presente en el 51% de la muestra, asociándose estadísticamente con el consumo de fósforo (P = 0,024) y la elevación del calcio sérico (P = 0,009). CONCLUSIÓN El prurito en pacientes renales crónicos sometidos a la hemodiálisis sufre influencia de la no adhesión adecuada a la dieta prescrita, además de la elevación de indicadores bioquímicos de la función renal.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between the occurrence of pruritus and adherence to the prescribed diet, biochemical indicators of renal function and the quality of hemodialysis in chronic renal patients. METHOD A cross-sectional study performed at a dialysis clinic in the Northeast of Brazil, with 200 patients undergoing hemodialysis in the first half of 2015.To analyze the data, inferential statistics were used, using Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests; and Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS The pruritus was present in 51% of the sample, being associated statistically with phosphorus consumption (P = 0.024) and elevation of serum calcium (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION Pruritus in chronic renal patients undergoing hemodialysis is influenced by adequate nonadherence to the prescribed diet, in addition to the elevation of biochemical indicators of renal function.

Hypercalcemia and acute renal insufficiency following use of a veterinary supplement / Hipercalcemia e insuficiência renal aguda após uso de suplemento veterinário

Abstract A previously healthy 24 yo male presented with a two-month history of epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and malaise. He reported abuse of different substances, including an injectable veterinary vitamin compound, which contains high doses of vitamin A, D and E, and an oily vehicle that induces local edema and enhances muscle volume. Serum creatinine was 3.1 mg/dL, alanine transaminase 160 mg/dL, aspartate transaminase 11 mg/dL, total testosterone 23 ng/dL, 25-OH-vitamin D >150 ng/mL (toxicity >100), 1,25-OH-vitamin D 80 pg/mL, vitamin A 0.7 mg/dL, parathormone <3 pg/mL, total calcium 13.6 mg/dL, 24-hour urinary calcium 635 mg/24h (RV 42-353). A urinary tract ultrasound demonstrated signs of parenchymal nephropathy. The diagnosis was hypercalcemia and acute renal failure secondary to vitamin D intoxication. He was initially treated with intravenous hydration, furosemide and prednisone. On the fifth day of hospitalization a dose of pamidronate disodium was added. The patient evolved with serum calcium and renal function normalization. Thirty days later he presented normal clinical and laboratory tests, except 25-OH-vitamin D that was persistently increased (107 ng/mL), as it may take several months to normalize. This case report is a warning of the risks related to the use of veterinary substances for aesthetics purposes.

Resumo Um paciente de 24 anos do sexo masculino, previamente hígido, apresentou-se com uma história de dois meses de dor epigástrica, náuseas, vômitos, fadiga e mal-estar. Ele relatava abuso de diferentes substâncias, incluindo um composto vitamínico veterinário injetável contendo altas doses de vitamina A, D e E, e um veículo oleoso que induz edema local com aumento de volume muscular. A creatinina sérica estava 3,1 mg/dL, alanina transaminase 160 mg/dL, aspartato transaminase 11 mg/dL, testosterona total 23 ng/dL, 25-OH-vitamina D > 150 ng/mL (toxicidade > 100), 1,25-OH-vitamina D 80 pg/mL, vitamina A 0,7 mg/dL, paratormônio < 3 pg/mL, cálcio total 13,6 mg/dL, cálcio urinário de 24h 635 mg/24h (VR 42-353). Uma ultrassonografia do trato urinário demonstrou sinais de nefropatia parenquimatosa. O diagnóstico foi hipercalcemia e insuficiência renal aguda secundária a intoxicação por vitamina D. Ele foi tratado inicialmente com hidratação intravenosa, furosemida e prednisona. No quinto dia de hospitalização uma dose de pamidronato dissódico foi adicionada. O paciente evoluiu com normalização do cálcio sérico e da função renal. Trinta dias depois ele apresentou testes clínicos e laboratoriais normais, exceto a 25-OH-vitamina D que estava persistentemente elevada (107 ng/mL), já que ela pode demorar vários meses para normalizar. Este relato de caso é um alerta aos riscos relacionados ao uso de substâncias veterinárias para fins estéticos.

What is the Incidence of Kidney Stones after Chemotherapy in Patients with Lymphoproliferative or Myeloproliferative Disorders?

Introduction This study describes the incidence and risk factors of de novo nephrolithiasis among patients with lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative diseases who have undergone chemotherapy. Materials and Methods From 2001 to 2011, patients with lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative disorders treated with chemotherapy were retrospectively identified. The incidence of image proven nephrolithiasis after chemotherapy was determined. Demographic and clinical variables were recorded. Patients with a history of nephrolithiasis prior to chemotherapy were excluded. The primary outcome was incidence of nephrolithiasis, and secondary outcomes were risk factors predictive of de novo stone. Comparative statistics were used to compare demographic and disease specific variables for patients who developed de novo stones versus those who did not. Results A total of 1,316 patients were identified and the incidence of de novo nephrolithiasis was 5.5% (72/1316; symptomatic stones 1.8% 24/1316). Among patients with nephrolithiasis, 72.2% had lymphoproliferative disorders, 27.8% had myeloproliferative disorders, and 25% utilized allopurinol. The median urinary pH was 5.5, and the mean serum uric acid, calcium, potassium and phosphorus levels were 7.5, 9.6, 4.3, and 3.8 mg/dL, respectively. In univariate analysis, mean uric acid (p=0.013), calcium (p<0.001)), and potassium (p=0.039) levels were higher in stone formers. Diabetes mellitus (p<0.001), hypertension (p=0.003), and hyperlipidemia (p<0.001) were more common in stone formers. In multivariate analysis, diabetes mellitus, hyperuricemia, and hypercalcemia predicted stone. Conclusions We report the incidence of de novo nephrolithiasis in patients who have undergone chemotherapy. Diabetes mellitus, hyperuricemia, and hypercalcemia are patient-specific risk factors that increase the odds of developing an upper tract stone following chemotherapy. .

Cirugía paratiroidea radioguiada: experiencia inicial / Initial experience in radio-guided parathyroid surgery

Introducción: la gammagrafía con 99mTc-MIBI permite la localización preoperatoria no invasiva y facilita el acceso mínimamente invasivo en pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP). Objetivos: describir los resultados iniciales de la gammagrafía paratiroidea con 99mTc-MIBI en pacientes con HPTP. Métodos: entre mayo de 2007 y febrero de 2010 fueron operados 10 pacientes por HPTP. Se excluyó una paciente con un síndrome de neoplasia endocrina múltiple. La edad media fue 46,3 años (32-70 años). Predominó el sexo femenino (6). Los síntomas principales fueron dolores óseos, debilidad, cefalea y cólico nefrítico. Un paciente presentaba tumores pardos múltiples. La enfermedad asociada más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial. Los pacientes fueron seguidos entre 25 y 58 meses (promedio 45,3 meses). Resultados: uno de dos enfermos reintervenidos por HPTP persistente presentó hipoparatiroidismo posoperatorio (ambos tenían enfermedad tiroidea multinodular). De un total de 12 glándulas enfermas, 11 eran inferiores (9 izquierdas y 2 derechas) y una superior izquierda. La sensibilidad para la gammagrafía fue del 83 por ciento y la especificidad del 100 por ciento y, para la ecografía, estos valores fueron del 34,6 por ciento y del 96 por ciento, respectivamente. No hubo complicaciones ni muertes. Con un seguimiento promedio de 45,3 meses (25-58 meses), todos los pacientes se encontraban eucalcémicos. Conclusiones: La sensibilidad de la gammagrafía preoperatoria con 99mTc-MIBI permite obtener resultados satisfactorios en pacientes con HPTP tratados mediante técnicas de mínima invasión. Los pacientes con enfermedad nodular tiroidea deben ser evaluados cuidadosamente por el riesgo de falsos positivos(AU)

Introduction: 99mTc-MIBI scanning allows the non-invasive preoperative location and facilitates the minimally invasive access to patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Objectives: to describe the initial results of 99mTc-MIBI parathyroid scanning in patients suffering primary hyperparathyroidism. Methods: from May 2007 through February 2010, ten patients with hyperparathyroidism were operated on. A female patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome was excluded from the study. The mean age was 46.3 years (32-70 years). Females predominated (6). The main symptoms were bone aches, weakness, headache and nephric colic. One patient presented with multiple brown tumors. The most common associated disease was blood hypertension. These patients were followed-up for 25 to 28 months (average 45.3 months). Results: one of the two patients undergoing resurgery for persistent hyperparathyroidism presented with hypoparathyroidsm posoperatively (both suffered multinodular thyroid disease). Of a total of 12 sick glands, 11 were lower glands (9 left and 2 right) and one upper left gland. The scanning sensitivity was 83percent and the specificity was 100 percent whereas the echography values were 34.6 percent and 96 percent, respectively. Neither complications nor deaths were observed. With the average follow-up of 45.3 months (25-28 months), all the patients were eucalcemic. Conclusions: preoperative 99mTc-MIBI scanning sensitivity allows achieving satisfactory results in patients with hyperparathyroidism and treated with minimally invasive techniques. The patients with nodular thyroid disease should be carefully evaluated due to positive false risk(AU)

Diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism: a scientific statement from the Department of Bone Metabolism, the Brazilian Society for Endocrinology and Metabolism / Diagnóstico e manejo do hiperparatireoidismo primário: uma posição científica do Departamento de Metabolismo Ósseo, a Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a literature review on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism including the classical hipercalcemic form as well as the normocalcemic variant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This scientific statement was generated by a request from the Brazilian Medical Association (AMB) to the Brazilian Society for Endocrinology as part of its Clinical Practice Guidelines program. Articles were identified by searching in PubMed and Cochrane databases as well as abstracts presented at the Endocrine Society, Brazilian Society for Endocrinology Annual Meetings and the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Annual Meeting during the last 5 years. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendation were adapted from the first report of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. All grades of recommendation, including "D", are based on scientific evidence. The differences between A, B, C and D, are due exclusively to the methods employed in generating evidence. CONCLUSION: We present a scientific statement on primary hyperparathyroidism providing the level of evidence and the degree of recommendation regarding causes, clinical presentation as well as surgical and medical treatment.

OBJETIVO: Conduzir uma atualização das últimas evidências científicas a respeito da apresentação, do diagnóstico e do manejo clínico e cirúrgico do hiperparatireoidismo primário clássico e normocalcêmico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Este documento foi concebido pelo Departamento de Metabolismo Ósseo da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM) a partir daquele oriundo do Programa de Diretrizes da Associação Médica Brasileira (AMB) da SBEM. Realizamos uma revisão dos artigos mais relevantes obtidos nos bancos de dados PubMed e Cochrane, além de abstracts apresentados nos encontros anuais da Endocrine Society, da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e da American Society for Bone and Mineral Research dos últimos cinco anos, e classificamos as evidências em níveis de recomendações de acordo com a força científica por tipo de estudo, adaptando o primeiro relato do "Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine". Todos os graus de recomendação, incluindo-se o "D", foram basea-dos em evidência científica, sendo as diferenças entre o A, B, C e D devidas exclusivamente ao desenho empregado na geração da evidência. CONCLUSÃO: Apresentamos uma atualização científica a respeito do hiperparatireoidismo primário, classificando e graduando em níveis de recomendações as principais evidências científicas sobre as suas causas, as variadas formas de apresentação, seu diagnóstico e tratamento.

Muscular Sarcoidosis Detected by F-18 FDG PET/CT in a Hypercalcemic Patient

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that involves many organs, occasionally mimicking malignancy. We herein report a 50-yr-old woman of muscular sarcoidosis of chronic myopathic type, manifested by hypercalcemia and muscle wasting. Besides insignificant hilar lymphadenopathy, her sarcoidosis was confined to generalized atrophic muscles and therefore, F-18 FDG PET/CT alone among conventional imaging studies provided diagnostic clues for the non-parathyroid-related hypercalcemia. On follow-up PET/CT during low-dose steroid treatment, FDG uptake in the muscles disappeared whereas that in the hilar lymph nodes remained. PET/CT may be useful in the evaluation of unexpected disease extent and monitoring treatment response in suspected or known sarcoidosis patients.

The First Korean Case of Lysinuric Protein Intolerance: Presented with Short Stature and Increased Somnolence

Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) is a rare inherited metabolic disease, caused by defective transport of dibasic amino acids. Failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, hematological abnormalities, and hyperammonemic crisis are major clinical features. However, there has been no reported Korean patient with LPI as of yet. We recently encountered a 3.7-yr-old Korean girl with LPI and the diagnosis was confirmed by amino acid analyses and the SLC7A7 gene analysis. Her initial chief complaint was short stature below the 3rd percentile and increased somnolence for several months. Hepatosplenomegaly was noted, as were anemia, leukopenia, elevated levels of ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase, and hyperammonemia. Lysine, arginine, and ornithine levels were low in plasma and high in urine. The patient was a homozygote with a splicing site mutation of IVS4+1G > A in the SLC7A7. With the implementation of a low protein diet, sodium benzoate, citrulline and L-carnitine supplementation, anemia, hyperferritinemia, and hyperammonemia were improved, and normal growth velocity was observed.

Tumores pardos múltiples en un paciente con hiperparatiroidismo primario / Multiple brown tumors in primary hyperparathyroidism: report of one case

Brown tumors are an uncommon manifestation of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. We report a 38 years old male consulting for generalized bone pain and prostration caused by multiple osteolytic lesions. Diagnostic work up disclosed a primary hyperparathyroidism secondary to a right parathyroid adenoma. The patient was subjected to a parathyroidectomy. After one year of follow up, symptoms have decreased considerably, laboratory parameters are normal and bone lesions are disappearing.

Familial systemic lupus erythematosus with hypercalcemia.

An 8-yr-old girl with familial systemic lupus erythematosus and several severe manifestations, including persistent thrombocytopenia, rapidly progressive renal failure and hepatic failure is described. The course was complicated by the occurrence of hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia and elevated levels of parathormone, an association not previously reported in children.