الملخص
El presente estudio es una comparación del dolor abdominal producido por trastornos gastrointestinales, aliviado por Ageratina ligustrina , entre los grupos maya Tzeltal, Tzotzil y Q Ìeqchi Ì, el cual integró un enfoque etnomédico, etnobotánico y transcultural, comparando estudios previos con el presente trabajo de campo. Para evaluar la eficacia de Ageratina para aliviar el dolor abdominal, se realizó un inventario de las moléculas reportadas en esta especie, así como de su actividad farmacológica, a través de una revisión bibliográfica. Los resultados mostraron que la epidemiología del dolor producido por TGI, su etnobotánica y el modelo explicativo del dolor abdominal fueron similares entre grupos étnicos. Asimismo, se identificaron 27 moléculas con efectos antiinflamatorios y antinociceptivos, lo que podría explicar por qué esta especie es culturalmente importante para los pobladores maya Tzeltal, Tzotzil y Q Ìeqch i Ì para el alivio del dolor abdominal, mientras que, desde el punto de vista biomédico, es una especie con potencial para inhibir el dolor visceral.
The current study is a comparison of the abdominal pain conception produced by gastrointestinal disorders, relieved by Ageratina ligustrina , among inhabitants of the Mayan Tzeltal, Tzotzil, and Q'eqchi' groups ethnomedical, ethnobotanical, and cross -cultural approaches were used to compare previous studies with the present field work. To evaluate the efficacy of A. ligustrina to relieve pain, also through a bibliographic review an inventory of the molecules present in this species was performed, as well as their pharmacological activity. The results showed that the epidemiology of pain produced by GID, its ethnobotany, and the explanatory model of abdominal pain are similar among ethnic groups. Likewise, 27 molecules with anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects were identified, which could explain why this species is culturally important for the Mayan Tzeltal, Tzotzil, and Q'eqchi' groups for the relief of abdominal pain, while, from a biomedical point of view, it is a species with potential to inhibit visceral pain.
الموضوعات
Humans , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Indians, Central American , Abdominal Pain/drug therapy , Ethnopharmacology , Ageratina/chemistry , Ethnobotany , Gastrointestinal Diseases/drug therapy , Mexicoالملخص
RESUMEN Este artículo aborda la mortalidad materna entre mujeres indígenas en México, y las transformaciones en las prácticas de atención durante el embarazo y parto. A través de una investigación cualitativa etnográfica, llevada a cabo en el estado de Guerrero, entre 2008 y 2012, cuyo trabajo de campo incluyó entrevistas en profundidad y encuestas a mujeres indígenas, se analiza la medicalización creciente de la reproducción, el papel que juegan las redes familiares en el cuidado durante la gestación, parto y postparto, y la participación de los varones durante el parto, entrando en diálogo con otras investigaciones antropológicas sobre salud materna en México. La antropología médica permite comprender la medicalización creciente de la reproducción en contextos indígenas e identificar la tensión que caracteriza a las redes de cuidado familiar las que, al mismo tiempo que operan como protectoras y movilizadoras de búsqueda de atención, reproducen relaciones de poder marcadas por condiciones de género y generacionales.
ABSTRACT This article reflects on maternal mortality among indigenous women in Mexico and the changes that have occurred in care practices during pregnancy and childbirth. Through ethnographic qualitative research in the state of Guerrero between 2008 and 2012, which included over a year of fieldwork as well as in-depth interviews and surveys with indigenous women, the article analyzes the increasing medicalization of reproduction, the role of family networks in gestation, delivery and postpartum care, and the participation of men during childbirth, in dialogue with other anthropological research on maternal health in Mexico. Medical anthropology allows us to understand the medicalization of reproduction in indigenous contexts and identify the tension that characterizes family care networks, which both operate as protectors and mobilizers in seeking care and reproduce power relations marked by gender and generational conditions.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Indians, Central American , Maternal Mortality/ethnology , Family Relations/ethnology , Gender Identity , Health Services, Indigenous , Maternal Health Services , Qualitative Research , Medicalization , Anthropology, Cultural , Mexicoالملخص
RESUMEN Este artículo analiza una contradicción enfrentada por los gobiernos de izquierda de América Latina en sus esfuerzos por transformar la salud en un derecho social fundamental. Las políticas y prácticas que confrontan las desigualdades en salud, en general, no llegan a dirigirse a las inequidades en salud y comunicación; las distribuciones jerárquicas de los derechos dan forma al conocimiento legítimo en salud. El artículo presenta un análisis etnográfico sobre la epidemia de una enfermedad misteriosa -identificada clínicamente como rabia trasmitida por murciélagos- en la selva del Delta Amacuro en Venezuela, en 2007-2008, centrado en cómo los padres y las madres que perdieron entre 1 y 3 hijos e hijas lidian con inequidades agudas en salud y comunicación en entornos clínicos, investigaciones epidemiológicas, trabajo con sanadores/as, la cobertura de las noticias, las políticas de salud y la comunicación en salud. A partir de demandas por parte de los y las residentes de la selva por una justicia comunicativa en salud, el análisis utiliza la noción de autoatención propuesta por Menéndez para explorar cómo la labor en salud y comunicación se coproduce con la labor de cuidado.
ABSTRACT This article analyzes a contradiction facing efforts by left-leaning governments in Latin America to transform health into a fundamental social right. Policies and practices that confront health inequities generally fail to address health/communicative inequities, hierarchical distributions of rights to shape what counts as legitimate knowledge of health. This ethnographic analysis focuses on an epidemic of a mysterious disease - identified clinically as bat-transmitted rabies - in the Delta Amacuro rainforest of Venezuela in 2007-2008, tracing how parents who lost 1-3 children faced acute health/communicative inequities in clinical settings, epidemiological investigations, work with healers, news coverage, health policy, and health communication. Taking as a point of departure rainforest residents' demands for communicative justice in health, the analysis draws on Menéndez's notion of autoatención in exploring how health/communicative labor is co-produced with the labor of care.
الموضوعات
Humans , Social Justice , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/ethnology , Communication Barriers , Healthcare Disparities/ethnology , Culturally Competent Care/ethnology , Health Policy , Health Services, Indigenous , Rabies/epidemiology , Venezuela , Indians, Central American , Health Status Disparities , Epidemics , Anthropology, Culturalالملخص
RESUMEN Desde un abordaje etnográfico, este artículo examina el papel de la racialización en los procesos de salud-enfermedad-atención-cuidado, específicamente dentro del ámbito de la salud materna, a partir de las experiencias de los proveedores y administradores de salud, parteras y madres indígenas y las receptoras de transferencias monetarias condicionadas a través del programa Oportunidades. Al analizar las capacitaciones del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) a parteras indígenas y de los talleres del programa Oportunidades para personas indígenas, este artículo critica la utilización de la "interculturalidad" a través de formas que reafirman inadvertidamente la desigualdad. El concepto de i(nter)dentificación racial se ofrece como una manera para entender los procesos de racialización que refuerzan la discriminación sin hacer referencia explícita a la raza. La i(nter)dentificación racial es una herramienta para el análisis de variables múltiples que contribuyen al análisis interno inmediato que ocurre durante encuentros cotidianos con la diferencia, lo cual también estructura cómo los individuos interactúan durante los encuentros médicos. Este artículo muestra cómo las condiciones sociohistóricas y políticas desiguales y el acceso diferencial a los recursos económicos se convierten en determinantes de la salud.
ABSTRACT Using an ethnographic approach, this article examines the role of racialization in health-disease-care processes specifically within the realm of maternal health. It considers the experiences of health care administrators and providers, indigenous midwives and mothers, and recipients of conditional cash transfers through the Oportunidades program in Mexico. By detailing the delivery of trainings of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) [Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social] for indigenous midwives and Oportunidades workshops to indigenous stipend recipients, the article critiques the deployment of "interculturality" in ways that inadvertently re-inscribe inequality. The concept of racial i(nter)dentification is offered as a way of understanding processes of racialization that reinforce discrimination without explicitly referencing race. Racial i(nter)dentification is a tool for analyzing the multiple variables contributing to the immediate mental calculus that occurs during quotidian encounters of difference, which in turn structures how individuals interact during medical encounters. The article demonstrates how unequal sociohistorical and political conditions and differential access to economic resources become determinants of health.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Indians, Central American , Healthcare Disparities/ethnology , Racism , Health Services, Indigenous/organization & administration , Maternal Health Services/organization & administration , National Health Programs/organization & administration , Healthcare Disparities/organization & administration , Culturally Competent Care/ethnology , Anthropology, Cultural , Mexicoالملخص
RESUMEN A través de la historia de un chamán maya yucateco (h-men), este artículo analiza los cambios y las continuidades en el chamanismo yucateco y, más específicamente, en una de sus funciones principales: tsak, "curar". Los resultados presentados aquí son parte de un trabajo de campo de 40 años, de 1976 a 2016. El autor vive en una comunidad del centro de Yucatán (Tabi, Sotuta) y ha realizado varias investigaciones sobre el chamanismo yucateco en comunidades de los estados de Yucatán, Campeche y Quintana Roo. Juan Cob, h-men de Yaxcabá, no es solo un informante sino también vecino, amigo del autor con el cual realizó varias películas
ABSTRACT Through the history of a Yucatecan Mayan shaman (h-men), this article analyzes the changes and continuities in Yucatecan shamanism and, more specifically, in one of its main functions: tsak, healing. The results presented here are part of fieldwork carried out over 40 years, from 1976 to 2016. The author lives in a community in central Yucatán (Tabi, Sotuta) and has carried out a number of research studies on Yucatecan shamanism in communities in the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche and Quintana Roo. Juan Cob, h-men of Yaxcabá, is not only an informant but also the author's friend and neighbor, with whom he has created a number of films
الموضوعات
Humans , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Indians, Central American/history , Shamanism/history , Mexicoالملخص
RESUMEN Este artículo describe y analiza la situación epidemiológica, de prevención, atención y tratamiento del VIH para pueblos indígenas en Latinoamérica. Se identificaron, clasificaron y analizaron 304 materiales publicados, entre ellos, declaraciones, protocolos de políticas públicas y programas en salud, estudios de caso y revisiones del estado del arte locales, nacionales y regionales. La vulnerabilidad social diferencial en la adquisición del VIH y la inequidad en el acceso a la atención de la población indígena en Latinoamérica, con respecto a otras, se debe a la yuxtaposición de factores como la violencia estructural, el género, el racismo, la discriminación por la condición de salud en el caso de las personas que viven con VIH y la posición subordinada que, en general, ocupan en sociedades estratificadas en función de esquemas sociales y económicos pero también étnicos y culturales. Los escasos estudios desagregados por etnicidad sobre prevalencia epidemiológica y morbimortalidad existentes revelan datos desalentadores y alertan sobre la necesidad de conocer el comportamiento de la epidemia en esta población y abordar sus repercusiones en términos preventivos, de atención y seguimiento oportuno.
ABSTRACT This article aims to describe and analyze the situations of epidemiological prevalence, prevention, care and treatment of HIV in indigenous populations of Latin America. In order to do so, 304 published materials - including declarations, public policy and health program protocols, case studies and literature reviews with local, national and regional scopes - were identified, classified and analyzed. The differential social vulnerability to HIV infection and the inequity in health care access among indigenous populations can be attributed to the juxtaposition of factors such as structural violence, gender, racism, and discrimination due health condition (living with HIV) as well as the subordinated position of indigenous peoples in societies stratified not only socially and economically but also ethnically and culturally. The few studies done in the region on epidemiological prevalence, morbidity and mortality that are disaggregated by ethnicity reveal alarming data highlighting the need for further information on the epidemic in this population so as to address its repercussions in terms of prevention, care and timely follow-up.
الموضوعات
Humans , Indians, Central American , Indians, South American , HIV Infections/ethnology , HIV Infections/therapy , Health Status Disparities , Healthcare Disparities/ethnology , Health Policy , Prevalence , Racism , Sexism , Social Discrimination/ethnology , Health Services Accessibility , Latin America/epidemiologyالملخص
RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue identificar elementos del patrón alimentario que influyen en la ingesta y biodisponibilidad de zinc en niños con retardo del crecimiento (RC) entre 1-5 años en comunidades maya de la localidad de Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Estudio descriptivo, transversal aplicado en 138 niños de entre 1-5 años con RC. Se realizó un inventario de disponibilidad alimentaria de fuentes de zinc, se construyó un cuestionario frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, un cuestionario de condiciones de vida, prácticas alimentarias, antropometría, y se recolectó información acerca de enfermedades infecciosas. Hubo disponibilidad de 28 alimentos fuentes de zinc (54% de baja y 7% de alta biodisponibilidad). El consumo de alimentos de alta biodisponibilidad fue bajo y el de alimentos antagonistas, alto. Los niños consumían 3 mg de zinc al día (IC95% 2,65-3,35). Solo el 14,5% alcanzaba los requerimientos de zinc, y el 2,9% alcanzaba la recomendación diaria. La ocurrencia de diarrea e infecciones, en los quince días previos, fue del 29,71 y 45,65%, respectivamente. Concluimos que la mayoría de niños con RC tuvo un bajo consumo de fuentes de zinc, alto consumo de alimentos antagonistas.
ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to identify the elements from feeding patterns that influence the intake and bioavailability of zinc in stunted children (SC) 1-5 years from Maya communities living in Huehuetenango, Guatemala. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed in 138 stunted children aged 1-5 years. It was applied: an inventory of zinc food sources availability, a Food Frequency Questionnaire, a questionnaire about living conditions. anthropometrics measurements and information on food intake habits, and information about disease prevalence. Twenty-eight food sources of zinc were available for consumption (54% low and 7% high zinc bioavailability). The consumption of foods with high bioavailability was low, while the antagonistic foods were high. On average the daily zinc consumption in diet 3 mg (95% CI: 2.65-3.35). Only 14.5% of the children met the zinc requirements, and 2.9% reached the daily recommendation. Episodes of diarrhea and respiratory infections were observed 15 days before the visit, in 29.71% and 45.6% of children, respectively. Most of children have a diet that does not cover the daily requirement.
الموضوعات
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Zinc/administration & dosage , Indians, Central American , Diet , Feeding Behavior , Growth Disorders , Zinc/deficiency , Cross-Sectional Studies , Growth Disorders/etiology , Guatemalaالملخص
RESUMEN En los últimos 26 años, el gobierno mexicano desarrolló múltiples discursos y actividades sobre la denominada "salud intercultural" dirigidos, en especial, a los pueblos originarios de México (alrededor de 62, de acuerdo al criterio lingüístico), y construyó establecimientos de salud (puestos de salud, clínicas y hospitales) en los que propuso la aplicación de indicadores de pertinencia cultural en algunos estados como Puebla, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Querétaro y Jalisco (mínimos e insuficientes). Sin embargo, la salud indígena y la atención médica institucional siguen siendo precarias en cuanto a recursos humanos y materiales (personal sanitario, medicamentos, etc.), y discriminatorios con relación a la forma y al contenido de la atención que se brinda. En este artículo, detallamos algunas de las intervenciones del gobierno que suponen un avance institucional sobre el tema de interculturalidad en salud pero que, en el fondo, significan la continuidad de políticas arbitrarias y excluyentes.
ABSTRACT Over the last 26 years, the Mexican government has developed a number of activities and discourses around what has been called "intercultural health," directed especially at indigenous peoples in Mexico (some 62, according to linguistic criteria). In this way, the government has built health care institutions (rural centers, clinics, and hospitals) in states like Puebla, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Queretaro, and Jalisco, proposing the implementation of cultural pertinence indicators (which are minimal and inadequate). Nevertheless, the health conditions among indigenous populations and the quality of health care provided by public institutions continue to be precarious in terms of human and material resources (health personnel, drugs, etc.) and discriminatory with respect to the form and content of the provided services. This paper describes some of the governmental interventions that purport to be institutional improvements in the field of interculturality, but that actually represent the continuity of arbitrary and exclusive policies.
الموضوعات
Humans , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Indians, Central American , Healthcare Disparities/history , Culturally Competent Care/history , Health Policy/history , Health Services, Indigenous/history , Medicine, Traditional/history , Health Status Disparities , Healthcare Disparities/ethnology , Racism/ethnology , Racism/history , Culturally Competent Care/ethnology , Mexicoالملخص
Introducción. Las encuestas sobre comportamientos, actitudes y prácticas permiten determinar el grado de conocimiento de la población sobre la malaria o paludismo, así como las actitudes y prácticas que contribuyen a su transmisión. Objetivo. Identificar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas que favorecen la transmisión de la malaria en la población indígena guna de Madungandí. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal mediante una encuesta a los jefes de familia de una muestra de 40 % de las viviendas en tres comunidades con alta incidencia de malaria. La encuesta se hizo con encuestadores gunas e integrantes del equipo de investigación, y con la ayuda de un traductor. El análisis se hizo en Epi-Info 6.04. Resultados. El rango de edad de los encuestados fluctuaba entre los 20 y los 70 años. Todos los encuestados indicaron pertenecer a la etnia guna y hablar su lengua; 64 % eran del sexo masculino y 30 % eran analfabetas. La mitad de los encuestados (51 %) manifestó haber enfermado de malaria, por lo menos, una vez en los últimos ocho años y 89 % reconoció la enfermedad como un problema de salud. El 63 % manifestó que el médico tradicional "inadule" curaba la malaria, y 78 % practicaba la "fuma de la pipa" y la "quema del cacao" para prevenirla. Conclusión. Dado el limitado conocimiento sobre la malaria y su vector, así como la actitud de colaboración de la población guna, es necesario iniciar programas educativos y de participación comunitaria para mejorar las prácticas de prevención y control en las comunidades, y disminuir así la incidencia de la enfermedad en la comarca de Madungandí.
Introduction: Knowledge, attitudes and practices surveys allow to determine the degree of knowledge on the management of malaria in a given population, as well as the attitudes and practices that contribute or not to its transmission. Objective: To identify the knowledge, attitudes and practices that favor or not the transmission of malaria in the indigenous Guna population of Madungandí. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by applying a survey to the heads of the families in a sample of 40% of households in three communities with high malaria incidence. Local Guna residents and translators were part of the research team that applied the questionnaires. The statistical analysis was performed in Epi-Info 6.04. Results: The age range of those surveyed was between 20 and 70 years. All responders indicated that they belonged to and spoke the language of the Guna ethnic group, 64% were male and 30% were illiterate. Half (51%) of the responders declared they had suffered malaria at least once in the last eight years, and 89% accepted that malaria was a health problem. Sixty-three per cent responded that their traditional doctors, inadule, cured malaria and 7.0 % practiced the pipe smoking and cocoa burn rituals to prevent the disease. Conclusion: Considering the limited knowledge about malaria and its vector, as well as the willingness to collaborate shown by the Guna population, it is essential to initiate educational and participative programs to improve control and prevention activities in the communities aimed at achieving a reduction in malaria incidence in the Madungandí indigenous region.
الموضوعات
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Indians, Central American/psychology , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Malaria/psychology , Socioeconomic Factors , Mosquito Control , Incidence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Community Participation , Literacy , Health Services Accessibility , Health Services Needs and Demand , Malaria/prevention & control , Malaria/transmission , Medicine, Traditionalالملخص
OBJECTIVE: To obtain background information about maternal health and health-seeking behaviors among indigenous mothers living in rural Mam-Mayan communities of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of 100 pregnant and breastfeeding women in four communities was performed to determine prevalence and determinants of service utilization. RESULTS: Extreme poverty, poor education, and poor access to basic resources were prevalent. Out of 100 women 14-41 years old, 33% did not use the formal health care sector for antenatal care; the majority consulted a traditional birth attendant. Only 13% delivered in a hospital. Lower socioeconomic status, lack of fluency in Spanish, and no ownership of a motorized vehicle were associated with the highest likelihood of poor utilization of services. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of factors affect utilization of maternal health services by indigenous women in rural Quetzaltenango. These include socioeconomic disparities, ethnic and linguistic differences, and poor access to basic resources. The current reproductive needs of women should be addressed to improve their health and increase their chance of having healthy children.
OBJETIVO: Obtener información básica acerca de la salud materna y los comportamientos relacionados con la búsqueda de asistencia sanitaria en madres indígenas residentes en comunidades rurales de la etnia maya mam en Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un análisis transversal de 100 mujeres pertenecientes a cuatro comunidades, embarazadas o en período de lactancia, con objeto de determinar la prevalencia y los determinantes de la utilización de servicios. RESULTADOS: La pobreza extrema, la escasa formación y el acceso limitado a los recursos básicos fueron prevalentes. De las 100 mujeres, de 14 a 41 años de edad, 33% no acudieron al sector formal de atención de salud en busca de asistencia prenatal; la mayor parte de ellas consultaron a una partera tradicional. Solo 12% dieron a luz en un hospital. El nivel socioeconómico inferior, la falta de fluidez en español y la carencia de un vehículo motorizado se asociaron con la mayor probabilidad de escasa utilización de los servicios. CONCLUSIONES: Diversos factores afectan a la utilización de los servicios de salud materna por parte de las mujeres indígenas del Quetzaltenango rural. Entre estos factores figuran las desigualdades socioeconómicas, las diferencias lingüísticas y étnicas, y el acceso limitado a los recursos básicos. Es preciso atender a las necesidades reproductivas actuales de las mujeres para mejorar su salud y aumentar sus probabilidades de tener hijos sanos.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Indians, Central American , Maternal Health Services , Maternal Welfare , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Guatemala , Rural Population , Social Classالملخص
OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality from diabetes mellitus (DM) for the period 2001-2011 in the Republic of Panama, by province/indigenous territory, and determine its relationship with biological and socioeconomic risk factors. METHODS: Cases for the years 2001-2011 with DM listed as the principal cause of death were selected from Panama's National Mortality Registry. Crude and adjusted mortality rates were generated by sex, age, and geographic area. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between DM mortality and biological and socioeconomic risk factors. A composite health index (CHI) calculated from biological and socioeconomic risk factors was estimated for each province/indigenous territory in Panama. RESULTS: DM mortality rates did not increase for men or women during 2001-2011. Of the biological risk factors, being overweight had the strongest association with DM mortality. Of the socioeconomic risk factors, earning less than US$ 100 per month had the strongest association with DM mortality. The highest socioeconomic CHI scores were found in a province that is predominantly rural and in areas with indigenous populations. The highest biological CHI scores were found in urban-rural provinces and those with the highest percentage of elderly people. CONCLUSIONS: Regional disparities in the association between DM mortality and DM risk factors reaffirm the heterogeneous composition of the Panamanian population and the uneven distribution of biological and social determinant risk factors in the country and point to the need to vary management strategies by geographic area for this important cause of disability and death in Panama.
OBJETIVO: Calcular la mortalidad por diabetes sacarina durante el período del 2001 al 2011 en la República de Panamá por provincias o comarcas indígenas, y determinar su relación con los factores de riesgo biológicos y socioeconómicos de aparición de la enfermedad. MÉTODOS: Se escogieron del Registro Nacional de Mortalidad de Panamá del 2001 al 2011 los casos en los cuales la diabetes constituyó la principal causa de muerte. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad brutas y ajustadas desglosadas por sexo, edad y zona geográfica. Mediante análisis de regresión lineal se determinó la relación entre la mortalidad por diabetes y los factores de riesgo socioeconómicos y biológicos y se calculó un índice de salud compuesto con base en cada tipo de factores de riesgo en cada provincia o comarca indígena de Panamá. RESULTADOS: Las tasas de mortalidad por diabetes no aumentaron en los hombres ni las mujeres del 2001 al 2011. De los factores de riesgo biológicos, el exceso de peso exhibió la asociación más fuerte con la mortalidad por diabetes y el factor de riesgo socioeconómico que presentó una mayor asociación con la mortalidad fue un ingreso mensual inferior a US$ 100. Las puntuaciones más altas del índice de salud compuesto desde el punto de vista socioeconómico se obtuvieron en una provincia que es rural en su mayor parte y en zonas con poblaciones indígenas. Las puntuaciones más altas con los factores biológicos se observaron en las provincias urbanas y rurales y en las que contaban con el porcentaje más alto de personas ancianas. CONCLUSIONES: Las disparidades regionales de la asociación entre la mortalidad por diabetes sacarina y los factores de riesgo de padecer la enfermedad reafirman la composición heterogénea de la población de Panamá y la distribución desigual de los factores determinantes de riesgo biológicos y sociales en el país y ponen en evidencia la necesidad de diversificar las estrategias de manejo de esta importante causa de discapacidad y muerte, en función de las zonas geográficas en Panamá.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Diabetes Mellitus/mortality , Cause of Death , Diabetes Mellitus/ethnology , Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data , Health Surveys , Indians, Central American/statistics & numerical data , Overweight/epidemiology , Panama/epidemiology , Poverty , Registries , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Rural Population , Socioeconomic Factors , Spatial Analysis , Urban Populationالملخص
A high prevalence of occult hepatitis B (OHB) genotype H infections has been observed in the native Mexican Nahua population. In addition, a low incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma has been described in Mexico. The immune response to infection among OHB-infected patients has been poorly evaluated in vivo. Therefore, we assessed the expression profiles of 23 cytokines in OHB genotype H-infected Nahua patients. A total of 41 sera samples from natives of the Nahua community were retrospectively analysed. Based on their HBV antibody profiles, patients were stratified into two groups: OHB patients (n = 21) and patients that had recovered from HBV infection (n = 20). Herein, we report distinctive cytokines profiles in OHB-infected individuals. Compared to healthy controls (n = 20) and patients who resolved HBV infection, OHB-infected patients displayed an increase in interleukin (IL)-2 secretion in addition to a characteristic inflammation profile (decrease in IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels and increased levels of tumour growth factor-beta). IL-15 and interferon-gamma levels were reduced in OHB-infected individuals when compared to those patients who resolved HBV infection. In contrast, OHB patients showed an increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and MCP-2 compared to healthy controls and patients who resolved HBV infection. These findings suggest that cytokine expression can influence the severity of OHB disease and could lead to new investigation into the treatment of liver and other infectious diseases.
الموضوعات
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Cytokines/blood , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatitis B/immunology , Indians, Central American , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Genotype , Hepatitis B/blood , Hepatitis B/ethnology , Mexico/ethnologyالملخص
OBJECTIVE: To explore social determinants of drinking water beliefs and practices among the Tz'utujil Maya of Santiago Atitlán, Guatemala, through analysis of demographics, socioeconomic status, memory of historical events, sensory experience, and water attitudes. METHODS: Parallel mixed (qualitative and quantitative) methods, including participant observation, in-depth interviews based on a purposive sample, and 201 semi-structured interviews based on a regional quota sample, were used to collect data from March 2007 to August 2008. Data analysis included the use of grounded theory methodology and Pearson's chi-square test for independence. RESULTS: Qualitative results based on grounded theory highlighted how memory of the Guatemalan Civil War and Hurricane Stan, attitudes about Lake Atitlán water, and the taste and smell of chlorine influenced Tz'utujil Maya drinking water beliefs. Quantitative survey results revealed that differences in ethnicity, literacy, years of schooling, distrust of the water supply during the Civil War and Hurricane Stan, and current beliefs about Lake Atitlán and tap water quality were associated with significantly different water self-treatment practices. CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with social determinants of health paradigms, demographic, socioeconomic, social, cultural, political, and historical factors continue to be significant determinants of water-related health. Public health water interventions must address inequalities related to these underlying factors in order to achieve maximum effectiveness.
OBJETIVO: Explorar los factores sociales determinantes de las creencias y prácticas con respecto al agua potable de la población maya tz'utujil, que habita en Santiago Atitlán (Guatemala), mediante el análisis de la información demográfica, la situación socioeconómica, la memoria de hechos históricos, la experiencia sensorial y las actitudes con respecto al agua. MÉTODOS: De marzo del 2007 a agosto del 2008, se recopilaron datos por medio de métodos paralelos mixtos (tanto cualitativos como cuantitativos), como la observación de participantes, entrevistas en profundidad basadas en un muestreo intencionado y 201 entrevistas semiestructuradas basadas en un muestreo por cuota regional. En el análisis de los datos se usó el método de la teoría fundamentada o muestreo teórico y la prueba de la chi al cuadrado de Pearson para la independencia. RESULTADOS: Los resultados cualitativos basados en la teoría fundamentada pusieron de relieve que los recuerdos de la guerra civil guatemalteca y del huracán Stan, las actitudes acerca del agua del Lago Atitlán, y el gusto y el olor del cloro influían las creencias de los tz'utujiles con respecto al agua potable. Los resultados cuantitativos de la encuesta indicaron que las diferencias a raíz del grupo étnico, el alfabetismo, los años de escolaridad, la desconfianza del abastecimiento de agua durante la guerra civil y el huracán Stan, y las creencias actuales acerca de la calidad del agua del Lago Atitlán y del agua de grifo estaban asociadas con prácticas de autotratamiento del agua sumamente diferentes. CONCLUSIONES: En consonancia con el paradigma de los factores sociales determinantes de la salud, los factores demográficos, socioeconómicos, sociales, culturales, políticos e históricos siguen siendo determinantes significativos de la salud en relación con el agua. Para que puedan lograr la mayor eficacia posible, las intervenciones de salud pública con respecto al agua deben abordar las desigualdades relacionadas con estos factores fundamentales.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Culture , Ethnicity/psychology , Halogenation , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Indians, Central American/psychology , Water Pollution , Water Purification/methods , Water Supply , Consumer Behavior , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cyclonic Storms , Fresh Water , Odorants , Refuse Disposal , Sanitation , Social Environment , Socioeconomic Factors , Taste , Trust , Armed Conflictsالملخص
Históricamente, la salud pública en Latinoamérica ha atravesado por diferentes etapas influidas por eventos regionales o globales, por instituciones públicas como la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, o por iniciativas de fundaciones filantrópicas u organizaciones internacionales bilaterales o multinacionales. Estas diferentes iniciativas han resultado en mejoras significativas en la salud pública en las diferentes regiones de América Latina. En general, ha habido un aumento en los índices de desarrollo humano y en la salud; sin embargo, estos éxitos no son compartidos por todos en América Latina. En la región Mesoamericana, que abarca desde el sur de México hasta Panamá, ha existido una transición epidemiológica inversa a pesar de esfuerzos regionales y nacionales. El determinante fundamental es la inequidad social prevalente en Mesoamérica y su focalización en poblaciones indígenas y en aquellas de origen afroamericano que viven en zonas urbanas, periurbanas y rurales. La Iniciativa Mesoamericana de Salud Pública (IMSP) es una asociación público-privada que pretende cambiar el rumbo de la salud pública de las poblaciones más desprotegidas y, de esta forma, promover acciones que contribuyan a mejorar las desigualdades de salud y cumplir con los objetivos del milenio en la región.
Latin America has undergone gradual transformations in public health influenced by historical events locally or at a global level. These epidemiologic transitions have also occurred through the implementation of interventions by public institutions such as the Pan-American Health Organization, by philanthropic foundations, non-governmental organizations, and bilateral or multilateral international donor organizations. These public health initiatives have produced substantial improvements in the heath status of many populations in Latin America. Overall, human development and health have advanced over the past century. However, these public health benefits have not been shared equally among all areas of Latin America. The Mesoamerican Region -the area encompassing from Southern Mexico to Panama- continues to experience profound social inequities focalized to indigenous communities and groups of African-descent living in urban, periurban, or rural areas. The Mesoamerican Health Initiative is a private-public partnership that attempts to close the gap of health inequalities affecting the most vulnerable populations in this region of Latin America.
الموضوعات
History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Health Promotion/history , Public Health , Academies and Institutes , Africa/ethnology , Black People , Central America , Developing Countries , Ethnicity , Foundations , Health Promotion/economics , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Health Services Needs and Demand , Indians, Central American , Indians, North American , International Cooperation , Mexico , Pan American Health Organization/history , Population Groups , Public-Private Sector Partnerships , Socioeconomic Factors , Vulnerable Populationsالملخص
Dermatoglyphic traits have been used to evaluate population structure and microdifferentiation in several populations. For Chibcha-speaking groups of Lower Central America there are few dermatoglyphic studies, but extensive linguistic, anthropological and genetic data support their historical, cultural and biological relationships. The main objectives of this study were to describe new dermatoglyphic data for six Chibcha- speaking Amerindians of Costa Rica, and to assess the relationships between these and other Amerindian and Eskimo groups, at different levels of population differentiation by means of multivariate analyses of quantitative traits. Sexual (2 =227.22, df=33, p<0.01),, and bimanual (2 =554.45, df=33, p<0.01) differences were both significant for the overall population, as has been reported previously. Remarkably, higher frequencies of arches, lower frequencies of whorls and lower means of total ridge counts were observed in the tribes analyzed compared with other American indians. At the lowest level of population differentiation, two Cabecar subpopulations (Aatlantic and Chirripo) were compared and no significant differences were found (FF=0.001, p=0.72),, suggesting that dermatoglyphic variation might not reflect known genetic divergence at this level of association. Comparisons within the Chibchan dataset using Principal Components Analysis (PPCA) placed the Huetar and the Cabecar in close proximity, and separated the Guatuso and the Guaymi. Additionally, the Chibchan tribes, although showing nearer proximity to Non-Andean South American groups, can be separated from other Amerindian and Eskimo populations, confirming previous results based on extensive genetic surveys and linguistic analyses that have demonstrated the existence of a Chibchan cluster within a larger South American phylogenetic group. The results obtained support the use of dermatoglyphics to assess interpopulation affinities, even at the level of tribes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (SSuppl. 1): 357-369. Epub 2009 November 30.
Los dermatoglifos se han utilizado para evaluar la estructura poblacional y microdiferenciación de varias poblaciones. Para los grupos chibcha de Baja Centroamérica hay pocos estudios sobre dermatoglifos pero los datos lingüísticos, antropológicos y genéticos muestran la existencia de relaciones históricas, culturales y biológicas. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron describir nuevos datos de dermatoglifos para seis tribus amerindias chibcha de Costa Rica y evaluar las relaciones entre estas y otros grupos amerindios y esquimales, a diferentes niveles de diferenciación poblacional por medio de análisis multivariados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos sexos (2=27.22, df=3, p<0.01) y ambas manos (2=54.45, df=3, p<0.01), similar a lo descrito para otras poblaciones. Las tribus estudiadas se caracterizan por presentar alta frecuencia de arcos, baja frecuencia de verticilos y bajo conteo total de líneas. Al nivel más bajo de diferenciación poblacional, se compararon dos subpoblaciones cabécar (Atlántico y Chirripo) y no se encontraron diferencias significativas (F=0.001, p=0.72) lo cual sugiere que los dermatoglifos no permiten discriminar entre grupos a este nivel. Las comparaciones entre las tribus chibcha estudiadas por medio de análisis de componentes principales (PCA) ubican a los huetar cercanos a los cabécar; mientras que los guatuso y guaymí aparecen como grupos más aislados. Adicionalmente, el grupo chibcha, aunque muestra mayor afinidad con poblaciones suramericanas, puede separarse de otras tribus amerindias y esquimales, confirmando los resultados de estudios genéticos y lingüísticos que han colocado a los chibchas dentro del un grupo filogenético mayor formado por tribus amerindias de Suramerica. Dichos resultados confirman el valor de las características dermatoglíficas para evaluar las afinidades interpoblacionales aún a nivel de tribus.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Indians, Central American/genetics , Genetic Drift , Dermatoglyphics , Costa Ricaالملخص
OBJETIVO: Identificar y documentar las barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud en la población indígena de Rabinal en Guatemala. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se privilegió el análisis cualitativo y la recopilación de datos se realizó en Rabinal durante dos meses (Guatemala). Se realizaron quince entrevistas semi dirigidas a indígenas achís y cinco entrevistas a profesionales de la salud. Un grupo de discusión fue formado para validar la información recogida durante las entrevistas individuales; la retranscripción de éstas y la compilación de los datos permitieron hacer el análisis de contenido. RESULTADOS: Las barreras de acceso están interrelacionadas y las barreras geográficas están relacionadas con la distancia y con la escasez de transporte; las barreras económicas son los precios de las consultas y de los medicamentos, además, entre las barreras culturales, la lengua española es un obstáculo. Los indígenas tienen otra concepción de la medicina y de los tratamientos y se quejan en ocasiones de trato abusivo por parte de los profesionales sanitarios. A su vez, los profesionales de la salud reconocen que el trauma de la guerra está presente y critican las malas condiciones de vida y la falta de recursos. CONCLUSIONES: Los servicios de salud no son adecuados ni suficientes para responder a las necesidades de la población local.
OBJECTIVE: To identify and document access barriers to health care services for the indigenous population in Rabinal, Guatemala. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A qualitative analysis was used. Over a period of two months, 20 semi-directional interviews were conducted in Rabinal, Guatemala: 15 with Achis indigenous people and five with health professionals. A focus group was done to verify the information collected during the individual interviews. The qualitative analysis was based on the transcription of interviews and the compilation of the data. RESULTS: Barriers to access are inter-relational. Geographic barriers include distance and a significant lack of means of transportation. Economic barriers are the cost of office visits and medicine. Among the cultural barriers, the Spanish language is an obstacle. Indigenous people have other concepts of medicine and treatments and they complain on occasion of abuse by health professionals. At the same time, health professionals recognize that the trauma of the civil war is still present and criticize the poor living conditions and the lack of resources. CONCLUSIONS: Health care services in Rabinal are inadequate and insufficient for responding to the needs of the local population.
الموضوعات
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Indians, Central American , Guatemala , Interviews as Topicالملخص
This paper examines the synergism among diet, disease, and ecology at two related coastal Maya sites in Belize (Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro) for the Postclassic and Historic periods (1350-1650 AD), which immediately follow the Classic period collapse. Stable carbon- and nitrogen-isotope ratios in collagen and stable carbon-isotope ratios in structural carbonate were analysed for bones from 65 humans and a wide variety of faunal species. There are no apparent differences in whole diets or degree of carnivory between individuals with lesions indicative of anemia and those without, but those with lesions appear to have consumed significantly more C4 foods and protein from lower trophic levels. Non-specific infection (periostitis) and vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) are also present in high frequencies and appear to co-occur with lesions indicative of anemia, particularly in childhood. Individuals with scurvy also appear to have consumed significantly more C4 foods than normal individuals. Spondyloarthropathy is common in adults. These findings are discussed in light of: (1) the debate on how anemia versus scurvy are manifest and diagnosed, (2) Spanish ethnohistoric descriptions of the poor state of Maya health at the time of contact, and (3) the Osteological Paradox. We suggest that although this coastal environment exacerbated morbidity because of possible parasitic infection, the inhabitants were probably able to survive physiological stresses better than either their inland contemporaries or their modern counterparts.
الموضوعات
History, Ancient , Humans , Anemia/history , Bone Diseases/history , Diet/history , Ecology/history , Indians, Central American/history , Scurvy/history , Anemia/complications , Belize , Bone Diseases/etiology , Paleopathology , Scurvy/complicationsالموضوعات
Humans , Ethnicity , Medicine, Traditional , Right to Health , Biodiversity , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Health Promotion , Indians, Central American , Indians, South American , Mexico , Peruالملخص
In Costa Rica there were three national surveys of intestinal parasitism (1966, 1982, and 1996) that showed dramatic reduction of the prevalence of Trichuris, Ascaris, and Necator/Ancylostoma (hookworms); however, these nematodes persist with high prevalence in low socio-economically groups, as the squatter settlements around the cities; however, it is possible that pour Amerindian communities with substandard housing condition also suffer the burden of intestinal parasites. For this reason, the present study was planted in a rural disperse Amerindian community from the South of Costa Rica. 45 fecal samples were collected from children under 15 years old, and were processed according a modification of the Baermann method, which also permits the observation of other parasites beyond Strongyloides. 38 (84 percent) of the analyzed samples were positive for at least one parasite. The prevalence for nematodes was Ascaris (36 percent), hookworms (22 percent) Enterobius (4 percent), and Trichuris (2 percent). For protozoa was Endolimax nana (33 percent), Entamoeba coli (27 percent), and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (11 percent). These data are the reflect of the inadequate sanitation conditions of this community.
In Costa Rica there were three national surveys of intestinal parasitism (1966, 1982, and 1996) that showed dramatic reduction of the prevalence of Trichuris, Ascaris, and Necator/Ancylostoma (hookworms); however, these nematodes persist with high prevalence in low socio-economically groups, as the squatter settlements around the cities; however, it is possible that pour Amerindian communities with substandard housing condition also suffer the burden of intestinal parasites. For this reason, the present study was planted in a rural disperse Amerindian community from the South of Costa Rica. 45 fecal samples were collected from children under 15 years old, and were processed according a modification of the Baermann method, which also permits the observation of other parasites beyond Strongyloides. 38 (84%) of the analyzed samples were positive for at least one parasite. The prevalence for nematodes was Ascaris (36%), hookworms (22%) Enterobius (4%), and Trichuris (2%). For protozoa was Endolimax nana (33%), Entamoeba coli (27%), and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (11%). These data are the reflect of the inadequate sanitation conditions of this community.
الموضوعات
Humans , Eukaryota , Helminthiasis/epidemiology , Helminths/isolation & purification , Protozoan Infections/epidemiology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Costa Rica/epidemiology , Feces/parasitology , Helminthiasis/ethnology , Indians, Central American , Protozoan Infections/diagnosis , Protozoan Infections/ethnology , Parasite Egg Count , Prevalence , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/diagnosis , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/ethnologyالملخص
Na América Latina e no Caribe vivem 518 milhões de pessoas, sendo 25 porcento na área rural. Os índios da Bolívia, Equador, Guatemala, México e Peru são 47 milhões, os que mais ficaram à margem dos serviços em anticoncepção. A urbanização varia desde 38 porcento (Guatemala) até 91 porcento (Uruguai). Entre 1990 e 2025 o aumento na população rural será de 50 milhões de pessoas. A prevalência de uso de anticoncepcionais chega a 77 porcento no Brasil e 32 porcento na Guatemala. Na Bolívia e no Peru 23 porcento da população usam contraceptivos tradicionais. O número ideal de filhos desejados por casal tem diminuído em toda a região. Entretanto, o acesso aos contraceptivos, em especial da população rural/indígena, é limitado; as necesidades insatisfeitas variam de 16 a 29 porcento nos países. Praticam-se desde dois até seis abortamentos por dez nascidos vivos, resultando em alta morbidade/mortalidade. A pílula anticoncepcional é o método mais conhecido e usado, com alto nível de satisfação das usuárias. Falhas e descontinuidade no uso podem ser altas por falta de orientação. Amigas/familiares e médicos/hospitais são as fontes mais comuns para informação. A drospirenona, usada na pílula combinada, graças aos seus efeitos antimineralocorticóides e anti-androgênicos, pode justificar que as mulheres continuem a usá-la