Effects of moderate sedation induced by propofol or midazolam on intracranial pressure / Efeitos da sedação moderada induzida por propofol ou midazolam na pressão intracranial

INTRODUCTION: Propofol and midazolam are the main options for moderate sedation in clinical practice. In addition, these drugs are used to reduce intracranial pressure in cases of intracranial hypertension, and their use in these situations is guided by limited evidence. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of propofol and midazolam on intracranial pressure wave morphology in moderate sedation in patients undergoing upper digestive endoscopy. METHODS: Sixty patients were included in this study, being divided into two groups, propofol and midazolam group. Intracranial pressure was monitored during and after upper digestive endoscopy, using non-invasive monitoring equipment developed by the company Brain4care. Arterial pressure was measured before and after the exam. RESULTS: The propofol group had lower intracranial pressure (p=0.037) during moderate sedation compared to intracranial pressure after endoscopy and a significant decrease in systolic (p=0.0001) and diastolic pressure (p=0.001) after sedation. Midazolam, on the other hand, reduced systolic pressure (p=0.001), but didn't change the other parameters after the procedure. There wasn't a significant difference between the propofol and midazolam groups. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between the groups studied, however, analyses within the propofol and midazolam groups indicate that propofol, but not midazolam, causes changes in intracranial pressure in moderate sedation.

INTRODUÇÃO: O propofol e o midazolam são as principais opções para sedação moderada na prática clínica. Além disso, esses medicamentos são usados para reduzir a pressão intracraniana em casos de hipertensão intracraniana e seu uso nessas situações é orientado por evidências limitadas. OBJETIVO: Comparar os efeitos do propofol e do midazolam na morfologia da curva de pressão intracraniana na sedação moderada em pacientes submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta. MÉTODOS: Sessenta pacientes foram incluídos nesse estudo, sendo divididos em dois grupos: propofol e midazolam. A pressão intracraniana foi monitorada durante e após a endoscopia digestiva alta, usando um equipamento de monitoramento não invasivo desenvolvido pela empresa Brain4care. A pressão arterial foi medida antes e depois do exame. RESULTADOS: O grupo do propofol apresentou pressão intracraniana mais baixa (p=0,037) durante a sedação moderada em comparação com a pressão intracraniana após a endoscopia, e uma diminuição significativa na pressão sistólica (p=0,0001) e diastólica (p=0,001) após a sedação. O midazolam, por outro lado, reduziu a pressão sistólica (p=0,001), mas não alterou os outros parâmetros após o procedimento. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos propofol e midazolam. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos estudados; entretanto, as análises dentro dos grupos de propofol e midazolam indicam que apenas o propofol causa alterações na pressão intracraniana em sedação moderada.

Preliminary Study on Application of Combined Monitoring of Neuroelectrophysiology-Intracranial Pressure-Cerebral Perfusion Pressure in Craniotomy for Intracranial Aneurysm Clipping: An Anatomical and Clinical Study

SUMMARY: Intracranial aneurysm is a common cerebrovascular disease with high mortality. Neurosurgical clipping for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms can easily lead to serious postoperative complications. Studies have shown that intraoperative monitoring of the degree of cerebral ischemia is extremely important to ensure the safety of operation and improve the prognosis of patients. Aim of this study was to probe the application value of combined monitoring of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM)-intracranial pressure (ICP)-cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) in craniotomy clipping of intracranial aneurysms. From January 2020 to December 2022, 126 patients in our hospital with intracranial aneurysms who underwent neurosurgical clipping were randomly divided into two groups. One group received IONM monitoring during neurosurgical clipping (control group, n=63), and the other group received IONM-ICP-CPP monitoring during neurosurgical clipping (monitoring group, n=63). The aneurysm clipping and new neurological deficits at 1 day after operation were compared between the two groups. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score and national institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS) score were compared before operation, at 1 day and 3 months after operation. Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) and modified Rankin scale (mRS) were compared at 3 months after operation. All aneurysms were clipped completely. Rate of new neurological deficit at 1 day after operation in monitoring group was 3.17 % (2/63), which was markedly lower than that in control group of 11.11 % (7/30) (P0.05). Combined monitoring of IONM-ICP-CPP can monitor the cerebral blood flow of patients in real time during neurosurgical clipping, according to the monitoring results, timely intervention measures can improve the consciousness state of patients in early postoperative period and reduce the occurrence of early postoperative neurological deficits.

El aneurisma intracraneal es una enfermedad cerebrovascular común con alta mortalidad. El clipaje neuroquirúrgico para el tratamiento de aneurismas intracraneales puede provocar complicaciones posoperatorias graves. Los estudios han demostrado que la monitorización intraoperatoria del grado de isquemia cerebral es extremadamente importante para garantizar la seguridad de la operación y mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue probar el valor de la aplicación de la monitorización combinada de la monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria (IONM), la presión intracraneal (PIC) y la presión de perfusión cerebral (CPP) en el clipaje de craneotomía de aneurismas intracraneales. Desde enero de 2020 hasta diciembre de 2022, 126 pacientes de nuestro hospital con aneurismas intracraneales que se sometieron a clipaje neuroquirúrgico se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Un grupo recibió monitorización IONM durante el clipaje neuroquirúrgico (grupo de control, n=63) y el otro grupo recibió monitorización IONM-ICP-CPP durante el clipaje neuroquirúrgico (grupo de monitorización, n=63). Se compararon entre los dos grupos el recorte del aneurisma y los nuevos déficits neurológicos un día después de la operación. La puntuación de la escala de coma de Glasgow (GCS) y la puntuación de la escala de accidentes cerebrovasculares de los institutos nacionales de salud (NIHSS) se compararon antes de la operación, 1 día y 3 meses después de la operación. La escala de resultados de Glasgow (GOS) y la escala de Rankin modificada (mRS) se compararon 3 meses después de la operación. Todos los aneurismas fueron cortados por completo. La tasa de nuevo déficit neurológico 1 día después de la operación en el grupo de seguimiento fue del 3,17 % (2/63), que fue notablemente inferior a la del grupo de control del 11,11 % (7/30) (P 0,05). La monitorización combinada de IONM-ICP-CPP puede controlar el flujo sanguíneo cerebral de los pacientes en tiempo real durante el corte neuroquirúrgico; de acuerdo con los resultados de la monitorización, las medidas de intervención oportunas pueden mejorar el estado de conciencia de los pacientes en el período postoperatorio temprano y reducir la aparición de problemas postoperatorios tempranos y déficits neurológicos.

The effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) application on optic nerve sheath diameter in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized trial

Abstract Background: Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) can overcome respiratory changes that occur during pneumoperitoneum application in laparoscopic procedures, but it can also increase intracranial pressure. We investigated PEEP vs. no PEEP application on ultrasound measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (indirect measure of increased intracranial pressure) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Eighty ASA I-II patients aged between 18 and 60 years scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included. The study was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials (ACTRN12618000771257). Patients were randomly divided into either Group C (control, PEEP not applied), or Group P (PEEP applied at 10 cmH20). Optic nerve sheath diameter, hemodynamic, and respiratory parameters were recorded at six different time points. Ocular ultrasonography was used to measure optic nerve sheath diameter. Results: Peak pressure (PPeak) values were significantly higher in Group P after application of PEEP (p = 0.012). Mean respiratory rate was higher in Group C at all time points after application of pneumoperitoneum (p < 0.05). The mean values of optic nerve sheath diameters measured at all time points were similar between the groups (p > 0.05). The pulmonary dynamic compliance value was significantly higher in group P as long as PEEP was applied (p = 0.001). Conclusions: During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, application of 10 cmH2O PEEP did not induce a significant change in optic nerve sheath diameter (indirect indicator of intracranial pressure) compared to no PEEP application. It would appear that PEEP can be used safely to correct

Ecografía de nervio óptico para estimar hipertensión intracraneal en pacientes adultos con neurotrauma / Optic Nerve Ultrasound to Estimate Intracranial Hypertension in Adult Patients with Neurotrauma

Introducción: El neurotrauma es una condición que puede dar paso a una hipertensión intracraneana, situación que es muy grave. Los métodos diagnósticos de elección son los invasivos, aun así, los no invasivos y entre ellos la ecografía del nervio óptico, ofrecen muchísimas ventajas. Objetivo: Describir elementos esenciales de la ecografía de nervio óptico como método para diagnosticar hipertensión intracraneal en pacientes adultos con neurotrauma. Métodos: Se hizo una revisión de la literatura más reciente sin restricción lingüística o geográfica en las bases de datos PubMed y SciELO, se usaron términos afines al tema del artículo y se realizó una valoración crítica sobre la bibliografía consultada. Resultados: La literatura disponible sobre la ecografía del nervio óptico en la determinación de la hipertensión intracraneal es abundante y la mayoría apunta a sus beneficios como método no invasivo. La principal debilidad del mismo es que no es capaz de dar un valor exacto y esto se debe a que el valor normal del diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico por cada persona puede variar significativamente. La proporción directa entre el diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico y la presión intracraneal es un hecho que ningún autor intenta invalidar. Conclusiones: La ecografía del nervio óptico es un método seguro, accesible económicamente, no invasivo, fácil de usar y con un valor predictivo confiable para determinar la hipertensión intracraneal(AU)

Introduction: Neurotrauma is a condition that can lead to intracranial hypertension, which is a very serious situation. The diagnostic methods of choice are the invasive ones, even so, the non-invasive ones offer many advantages, the ultrasound of the optic nerve is among them. Objective: To describe essential elements of optic nerve ultrasound as a method to diagnose intracranial hypertension in adult patients with neurotrauma. Methods: A review of the most recent literature was made without linguistic or geographical restrictions in databases such as PubMed and SciELO, terms related to the theme of the manuscript were used. A critical assessment of the consulted bibliography was made. Results: The available literature on optic nerve ultrasound in the determination of intracranial hypertension is abundant and most points to the benefits as a non-invasive method. However, its main weakness lies in the fact that it is not capable of giving an exact value, due to the fact that the normal value of the diameter of the optic nerve sheath for each person can vary significantly. The direct relationship between optic nerve sheath diameter and intracranial pressure is a fact that no author attempts to invalidate. Conclusions: Optic nerve ultrasound is a safe, affordable, non-invasive, easy-to-use method with a reliable predictive value to determine intracranial hypertension(AU)

Comparison between the parietal foramina observed in samples of African and European population groups / Comparación entre los forámenes parietales observados en muestras de grupos de población africanos y europeos

SUMMARY: Parietal foramina of the human skull act as a passageway for emissary veins, connecting the superior sagittal sinus to the veins of the scalp. This passageway can lead to the spread of infection from the scalp to the dural venous sinuses, but may also assist in relieving intracranial pressure. However, variation in the prevalence of parietal foramina has been noted among population groups. This observational and descriptive study aimed to determine the incidence, size and location of parietal foramina by using osteological specimens of 252 African skulls from the Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa and 95 European skulls from the University of Leipzig, Germany. Parietal foramina were significantly more common in the African sample (61.9 %) compared to the European sample (55.8 %). Moreover, the Central European sample displayed more unilateral foramina (29.5 %), while the African sample exhibited more bilateral foramina (40.8 %). The diameter of the parietal foramen average 1.98 mm and 1.88 mm for the European and African samples, respectively. In this study, a median foramen on the sagittal suture was observed in 14 of the overall skull caps (4 %). This study demonstrated that parietal foramina are more prevalent than anticipated in both population groups. Findings of this study, indicating an increased prevalence, and the subsequent possibility of more emissary veins encountered, can be used to improve the understanding of the variations in the prevalence and clinical implications of the parietal foramen among various population groups located world-wide.

Los forámenes parietales del cráneo humano actúan como una vía para las venas emisarias, conectando el seno sagital superior con las venas del cuero cabelludo. Este pasaje puede conducir a la propagación de infecciones desde el epicráneo (calva) hasta los senos venosos durales, pero también puede ayudar a aliviar la presión intracraneal. Sin embargo, se ha observado una variación en la prevalencia de los forámenes parietales entre los grupos de población. Este estudio observacional y descriptivo tuvo como objetivo determinar la incidencia, el tamaño y la ubicación de los forámenes parietales mediante el uso de muestras osteológicas de 252 cráneos africanos de la Universidad de Ciencias de la Salud Sefako Makgatho, Sudáfrica, y 95 cráneos europeos de la Universidad de Leipzig, Alemania. Los forámenes parietales fueron significativamente más comunes en la muestra africana (61,9 %) en comparación con la muestra europea (55,8 %). Además, la muestra centroeuropea mostró más forámenes unilaterales (29,5 %), mientras que la muestra africana mostró más forámenes bilaterales (40,8 %). El diámetro del foramen parietal promedió 1,98 mm y 1,88 mm para las muestras europeas y africanas, respectivamente. En este estudio, se observó un foramen medio en la sutura sagital en 14 de los cráneos en general (4 %). El estudio demostró que los forámenes parietales son más frecuentes de lo previsto en ambos grupos de población. Los hallazgos de este estudio, que indican una mayor prevalencia y la subsiguiente posibilidad de que se encuentren más venas emisarias, pueden ser útiles para mejorar la comprensión de las variaciones en la prevalencia y las implicaciones clínicas del foramen parietal entre varios grupos de población ubicados en el mundo.

Non-invasive study of intracranial pressure in pre- and post-chemotherapy patients for the treatment of breast neoplasia / Estudo não-invasivo da pressão intracraniana pré e pós-quimioterapia em pacientes em tratamento para câncer de mama

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common type among women and brings to them significant organic changes. A new intracranial pressure monitorization method consists of an external system of sensors that detects micrometric deformations on the cranial bones and transmits, in real-time, electrical signals that are visualized on a monitor. OBJECTIVE: To identify changes in intracranial pressure due to chemotherapy connections through non-invasive methodology. METHODS: The present study was conducted at Hospital Santa Casa de Misericordia in the city of Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil in 2017. The variables P2/P1 ratio (ICP morphological evaluation), laboratory parameters, comorbidities, and clinical aspects of the volunteers were evaluated. The vascular toxicity of chemotherapy often causes endothelial dysfunction, resulting in a loss of vasodilation effects and suppresses anti-inflammatory and vascular repair functions. RESULTS: The values of the P2/P1 ratio before and after chemotherapy were also compared between groups. A statistically significant difference was observed in the pre chemotherapy P2/P1 values compared to the post-chemotherapy values. CONCLUSION: Variations in ICP may occur in cancer patients. Further studies are necessary to evaluate if this change may contribute to the chemotherapy side effects occurrence.

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de mama é o tipo mais comum entre as mulheres e traz para elas significativas alterações orgânicas. Um novo método de monitoramento da pressão intracraniana consiste em um sistema externo de sensores que detecta deformações micrométricas nos ossos cranianos e transmite, em tempo real, sinais elétricos que são visualizados em um monitor. OBJETIVO: Identificar alterações na pressão intracraniana devido às conexões de quimioterapia por meio de metodologia não invasiva. MÉTODOS: O presente estudo foi realizado no Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia da cidade de Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil, em 2017. Foram avaliadas as variáveis relação P2/P1 (avaliação morfológica da PIC), parâmetros laboratoriais, comorbidades e aspectos clínicos dos voluntários. A toxicidade vascular da quimioterapia frequentemente causa disfunção endotelial, resultando na perda dos efeitos vasodilatadores e suprime as funções anti-inflamatórias e de reparo vascular. RESULTADOS: Os valores da relação P2/P1 antes e após a quimioterapia também foram comparados entre os grupos. Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi observada nos valores de P2/P1 pré-quimioterapia em comparação com os valores pós-quimioterapia. CONCLUSÃO: Variações na PIC podem ocorrer em pacientes com câncer. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar se essa alteração pode contribuir para a ocorrência dos efeitos colaterais da quimioterapia.

Application of analgesia and sedation under BIS monitoring combined with hydraulic coupling intracranial pressure monitoring in severe craniocerebral injury / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical value of analgesia and sedation under bispectral index (BIS) monitoring combined with hydraulic coupled intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in severe craniocerebral injury (sTBI).@*METHODS@#(1) A prospective self-controlled parallel control study was conducted. A total of 32 patients with sTBI after craniotomy admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the First People's Hospital of Huzhou from December 2020 to July 2021 were selected as the research objects. ICP was monitored by Codman monitoring system and hydraulically coupled monitoring system, and the difference and correlation between them were compared. (2) A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted. A total of 108 sTBI patients admitted to the ICU of the First People's Hospital of Huzhou from August 2021 to August 2022 were selected patients were divided into 3 groups according to the random number table method. All patients were given routine treatment after brain surgery. On this basis, the ICP values of the patients in group A (35 cases) were monitored by Codman monitoring system, the ICP values of the patients in group B (40 cases) were monitored by hydraulic coupling monitoring system, and the ICP values of the patients in group C (33 cases) were monitored combined with hydraulic coupling monitoring system, and the analgesia and sedation were guided by BIS. The ICP after treatment, cerebrospinal fluid drainage time, ICP monitoring time, ICU stay time, complications and Glasgow outcome score (GOS) at 6 months after surgery were compared among the 3 groups. In addition, patients in group B and group C were further grouped according to the waveforms. If P1 = P2 wave or P2 and P3 wave were low, they were classified as compensatory group. If the round wave or P2 > P1 wave was defined as decompensated group, the GOS scores of the two groups at 6 months after operation were compared.@*RESULTS@#(1) There was no significant difference in ICP values measured by Codman monitoring system and hydraulic coupling monitoring system in the same patient (mmHg: 11.94±1.76 vs. 11.88±1.90, t = 0.150, P = 0.882; 1 mmHg≈0.133 kPa). Blan-altman analysis showed that the 95% consistency limit (95%LoA) of ICP values measured by the two methods was -4.55 to 4.68 mmHg, and all points fell within 95%LoA, indicating that the two methods had a good correlation. (2) There were no significant differences in cerebrospinal fluid drainage time, ICP monitoring time, ICU stay time, and incidence of complications such as intracranial infection, intracranial rebleeding, traumatic hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and accidental extubation among the 3 groups of sTBI patients (P > 0.05 or P > 0.017). The ICP value of group C after treatment was significantly lower than that of group A and group B (mmHg: 20.94±2.37 vs. 25.86±3.15, 26.40±3.09, all P < 0.05), the incidence of pulmonary infection (9.1% vs. 45.7%, 42.5%), seizure (3.0% vs. 31.4%, 30.0%), reoperation (3.0% vs. 31.4%, 40.0%), and poor prognosis 6 months after operation (33.3% vs. 65.7%, 65.0%) were significantly lower than those in group A and group B (all P < 0.017). According to the hydraulic coupling waveform, GOS scores of 35 patients in the compensated group were significantly higher than those of 38 patients in the decompensated group 6 months after operation (4.03±1.18 vs. 2.39±1.50, t = 5.153, P < 0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The hydraulic coupled intracranial pressure monitoring system has good accuracy and consistency in measuring ICP value, and it can better display ICP waveform changes than the traditional ICP monitoring method, and has better prediction value for prognosis evaluation, which can replace Codman monitoring to accurately guide clinical work. In addition, analgesia and sedation under BIS monitoring combined with hydraulic coupled ICP monitoring can effectively reduce ICP, reduce the incidence of complications, and improve the prognosis, which has high clinical application value.

Actualización en el tratamiento del síndrome de hipertensión intracraneana / Update on the management of intracranial hypertension syndrome

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a devastating complication, with great impact on neurological status and high morbidity and mortality. Intracranial hypertension (ICH) has multiple etiologies. The natural history of this condition can lead to brain death. The successful management of patients with elevated ICP (> 20-25 mmHg) requires fast and timely recognition, judicious use of invasive monitoring and therapies aimed to reversing its underlying cause. Therefore, it must be managed as a neurological emergency. The objective of this review is to present in a friendly way the diagnostic approach and the management of ICH, focused on general practitioners.

Efficacy of 20% Mannitol versus 3% hypertonic saline in decreasing intracranial pressure in the pediatric age group: A systematic review

@#<p><strong>Background:</strong> There are no established guidelines preferring mannitol over hypertonic saline in managing increased intracranial pressure in children.</p><p><strong>Objective:</strong> This systematic review aimed to assess the available data on the efficacy of 20% mannitol and 3% hypertonic saline in decreasing intracranial hypertension in the pediatric age group.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> Search was done through PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Registry of Clinical Trials (CENTRAL) and EMBASE. The search of articles yielded 280 studies. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 7 articles were deemed eligible for assessment.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Seven studies with a total of 1,892 pediatric patients met the eligibility criteria: three RCTs and four retrospective studies. From these studies, two randomized controlled studies showed statistically significant evidence that 3% hypertonic saline was superior to 20% mannitol in reducing increased intracranial pressure (ICP) while two other studies had results that were insufficient to establish statistical significance. A study showed that Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores were higher and length of stay was shorter in patients given hypertonic saline than in the mannitol group. Relative risk of mortality was comparable in both groups. While more episodes of hypotension and rebound increase in ICP was seen with mannitol, both agents reported occurrences of acute kidney injury, hemolysis and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This review showed that while both agents effectively decreased intracranial pressure, 3% hypertonic saline showed better results compared with 20% mannitol. Due to the limited number and heterogeneity of studies, a pooled analysis of the effects in ICP could not be done. Recommendations: Larger prospective controlled studies using 20% mannitol and 3% hypertonic saline in the treatment of increased ICP in the pediatric age group are needed to render valid affirmations.</p>

Subarachnoid lavage following inadvertent intrathecal injection of tranexamic acid

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a commonly used antifibrinolytic drug during surgical procedures to reduce blood loss. An Inadvertent intrathecal injection of TXAmay lead to serious side effects including seizures and ventricular fibrillation with reported fatalities. We report a case of an inadvertentintrathecal injection of TXAwhich occurred as a result of similarities in appearance between TXAand heavy bupivacaine ampoules. The patient had subarachnoid lavage after experiencing back pain, systemic hypertension followed by generalized tonic clonic seizures

Ultrasonografía del diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico en el monitoreo de la presión intracraneal / Ultrasound of optic nerve sheath diameter for monitoring intracranial pressure

Introducción: El neuromonitoreo no invasivo en pacientes críticos representa una opción de primera línea para el manejo de complicaciones fatales derivadas del aumento de la presión intracraneal. En esta modalidad se incluye la ultrasonografía del diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico, la cual representa una técnica rápida, fácil de realizar y disponible a la cabecera del paciente. Objetivos: Describir aspectos fundamentales y actualizados sobre el uso de la ultrasonografía en el monitoreo de la presión intracraneal a través de la medición del diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico en los diferentes escenarios neuroclínicos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura publicada en bases de datos como: PubMed/Medline, SciELO y Google académico entre los meses mayo y julio de 2020. Se revisaron publicaciones en inglés y español. Se seleccionaron 46 bibliografías que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se describen aspectos fundamentales como la anatomía ecográfica del nervio óptico, descripción de la técnica y su uso en entidades neurocríticas como el traumatismo craneoencefálico, ictus, muerte encefálica, entre otros. Conclusiones: La ecografía de la vaina del nervio óptico representa una alternativa no invasiva ampliamente aceptada para la medición del incremento de la presión intracranial. Con un diámetro de 5,0 hasta 5,9 mm o más se puede asumir el diagnóstico de hipertensión intracraneal con alta sensibilidad y especificidad, aunque debe individualizarse su uso en cada patología neurocrítica. La curva de aprendizaje para la realización del proceder es de breve tiempo y satisface las habilidades necesarias(AU)

Introduction: Noninvasive neuromonitoring in critically ill patients is a first-line option for the management of fatal complications derived from increased intracranial pressure. This modality includes ultrasound of optic nerve sheath diameter, which is a quick technique, easy to perform and available at the bedside. Objectives: To describe significant and state-of-the-art aspects regarding the use of ultrasound for monitoring intracranial pressure through measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter in different neuroclinical settings. Methods: A review was carried out, between May and July 2020, of the literature published in databases such as PubMed/Medline, SciELO and Google Scholar. Publications in English and Spanish were reviewed. Forty-six bibliographic sources were chosen, as long as they met the inclusion criteria. Fundamental aspects are described, such as the ultrasound anatomy of the optic nerve, the technique procedures and its use in neurocritical entities such as head trauma, stroke and brain death, among others. Conclusions: Ultrasound of the optic nerve sheath is a widely accepted noninvasive choice for measurement of increased intracranial pressure. With a diameter of 5.0 to 5.9 mm or more, the diagnosis of intracranial hypertension can be assumed with high sensitivity and specificity, although its use should be individualized in each neurocritical pathology. The learning curve for carrying out the procedure is short and satisfies the necessary skills(AU)

The association between intracranial pressure and optic nerve sheath diameter on patients with head trauma / Associação entre a pressão intracraniana e o diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico

Abstract Background: Although intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is the gold standard method for measuring intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury, optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement with ultrasound (US) is also used in the evaluation of ICP. Objective: To investigate the association between a series of OSND measurements by US and changes in clinical presentation of the patient. Methods: Prospective study including 162 patients with traumatic brain injury. Age, sex, cerebral CT findings, ONSD levels by US at minutes 0, 60, and 120, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) within same period, change of consciousness, treatment, and mortality data were reviewed. The association of ONSD levels with GCS, change of consciousness, treatment, and mortality was evaluated. Results: There was no difference in ONSD changes in the patients' sample within the period (p=0.326). ONSD significantly increased in patients who died (p<0.001), but not in those who survived (p=0.938). There was no significant change in ONSD of the patients who received anti-edema therapy (p=801), but significantly increased ONSD values were found in those who received anti-edema therapy (p=0.03). Patients without change of consciousness did not have any significant change in ONSD (p=0.672), but ONSD values increased in patients who consciousness became worse, and decreased in those who presented a recovery (respectively, p<0.001, p=0.002). A negative correlation was detected between ONSD values and GSC values measured at primary, secondary, and tertiary time periods (for all p<0.001). Conclusions: ONSD follow-up may be useful to monitor ICP increase in patients with acute traumatic brain injury.

RESUMO Antecedentes: Embora o monitoramento da pressão intracraniana (PIC) seja o método padrão-ouro para medir a pressão intracraniana após lesão encefálica traumática, a medição do diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico (DBNO) com ultrassom (US) também é usada na avaliação da PIC. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre uma série de medidas de DBNO por US e mudanças na apresentação clínica do paciente. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo incluindo 162 pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico. Idade, sexo, achados de TC cerebral, níveis de DBNO por US nos minutos 0, 60 e 120, Escala de Coma de Glasgow (GCS) no mesmo período, mudança de consciência, tratamento e dados de mortalidade foram revisados. A associação dos níveis de DBNO com GCS, mudança de consciência, tratamento e mortalidade foi avaliada. Resultados: Não houve diferença nas mudanças de DBNO na amostra de pacientes no período (p=0,326). O DBNO aumentou significativamente em pacientes que morreram (p<0,001), mas não naqueles que sobreviveram (p=0,938). Não houve mudança significativa no DBNO dos pacientes que receberam terapia antiedema (p=801), mas valores significativamente aumentados de DBNO foram encontrados naqueles que receberam terapia antiedema (p=0,03). Pacientes sem alteração da consciência não tiveram alteração significativa no DBNO (p=0,672), mas os valores do DBNO aumentaram nos pacientes que pioraram a consciência e diminuíram naqueles que apresentaram recuperação (respectivamente, p<0,001, p=0,002). Detectou-se correlação negativa entre os valores de DBNO e os valores de GSC medidos nos períodos primário, secundário e terciário (para todos, p<0,001). Conclusões: O acompanhamento do DBNO pode ser útil para monitorar o aumento da PIC em pacientes com lesão cerebral traumática aguda.

Uso de um método não invasivo no monitoramento da pressão intracraniana em unidade de terapia intensiva para melhorar a neuroproteção em pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca após circulação extracorpórea / The use of a noninvasive intracranial pressure monitoring method in the intensive care unit to improve neuroprotection in postoperative cardiac surgery patients after extracorporeal circulation

RESUMO Desde a instituição da circulação extracorpórea, há cinco décadas, a lesão cerebral decorrente desse procedimento durante cirurgias cardiovasculares tem sido uma complicação frequente. Não existe uma causa única de lesão cerebral pelo uso de circulação extracorpórea, porém se sabe que acomete cerca de 70% dos pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento. A avaliação da pressão intracraniana é um dos métodos que podem orientar os cuidados com os pacientes submetidos a procedimentos associados com distúrbios neurológicos. Este artigo descreve dois casos de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardiovascular com circulação extracorpórea, para os quais os procedimentos de neuroproteção na fase pós-operatória foram guiados pelos achados relacionados ao formato das ondas de pressão intracraniana, obtidos por meio de um método não invasivo de monitoramento.

ABSTRACT Brain injury caused by extracorporeal circulation during cardiovascular surgical procedures has been a recurring complication since the implementation of extracorporeal circulation five decades ago. There is no unique cause of brain injury due to the use of extracorporeal circulation, but it is known that brain injury affects about 70% of patients who undergo this procedure. Intracranial pressure assessment is one method that can guide the management of patients undergoing procedures associated with neurological disturbances. This study describes two cases of patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery with extracorporeal circulation in whom clinical protocols for neuroprotection in the postoperative phase were guided by intracranial pressure waveform findings obtained with a novel noninvasive intracranial pressure monitoring method.

Noninvasive intracranial pressure monitoring methods: a critical review / Métodos de monitorização não invasivos da pressão intracraniana: uma revisão crítica

ABSTRACT Background: Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring has been used for decades in management of various neurological conditions. The gold standard for measuring ICP is a ventricular catheter connected to an external strain gauge, which is an invasive system associated with a number of complications. Despite its limitations, no noninvasive ICP monitoring (niICP) method fulfilling the technical requirements for replacing invasive techniques has yet been developed, not even in cases requiring only ICP monitoring without cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage. Objectives: Here, we review the current methods for niICP monitoring. Methods: The different methods and approaches were grouped according to the mechanism used for detecting elevated ICP or its associated consequences. Results: The main approaches reviewed here were: physical examination, brain imaging (magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography), indirect ICP estimation techniques (fundoscopy, tympanic membrane displacement, skull elasticity, optic nerve sheath ultrasound), cerebral blood flow evaluation (transcranial Doppler, ophthalmic artery Doppler), metabolic changes measurements (near-infrared spectroscopy) and neurophysiological studies (electroencephalogram, visual evoked potential, otoacoustic emissions). Conclusion: In terms of accuracy, reliability and therapeutic options, intraventricular catheter systems still remain the gold standard method. However, with advances in technology, noninvasive monitoring methods have become more relevant. Further evidence is needed before noninvasive methods for ICP monitoring or estimation become a more widespread alternative to invasive techniques.

RESUMO Introdução: O uso da monitorização da pressão intracraniana (PIC, em sua sigla em inglês) é adotado há décadas no manejo de diversas condições neurológicas. O padrão ouro atual é a monitorização invasiva intraventricular, que está relacionada a inúmeras complicações. Apesar dessas limitações, até o momento nenhum método de monitorização não invasiva (niPIC, em sua sigla em inglês) conseguiu substituir a técnica invasiva. Objetivos: Revisar os métodos não invasivos de monitorização da PIC. Métodos: As diferentes modalidades e abordagens foram agrupadas de acordo com o mecanismo utilizado para detectar elevação da PIC ou suas consequências. Resultados: As técnicas descritas foram: o exame físico, neuroimagem (tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética de crânio), estimativas indiretas da PIC (fundoscopia, deslocamento da membrana timpânica, elasticidade craniana), avaliação do fluxo cerebral (doppler transcraniano e doppler da artéria oftálmica), alterações metabólicas (Espectroscopia próxima do infravermelho) e estudos neurofisiológicos (eletroencefalograma, potencial evocado visual e emissões otoacústicas). Conclusão: Considerando a acurácia, confiabilidade e opções terapêuticas, o sistema de cateteres intraventricular ainda permanece como padrão ouro. No entanto, com os avanços tecnológicos, os métodos não invasivos têm se tornados mais relevantes. Mais evidências são necessárias antes que essas modalidades de monitorização ou estimativas não invasivas se tornem uma alternativa mais robusta às técnicas invasivas.

Intervenciones especializadas de enfermería en el cuidado de drenajes cerebrales / Specialized nursing interventions in the care of brain drains

Los drenajes cerebrales son dispositivos utilizados como métodos terapéuticos, permitiendo la salida de líquido normal o patológico a personas que cursen por alguna enfermedad neurológica, convirtiéndose en uno de los procedimientos más comunes en el área de la enfermería neurológica. He aquí que los cuidados de enfermería deben ser considerados específicos para poder visualizar resultados satisfactorios en pacientes portadores de estos sistemas en áreas críticas. Por este motivo, las intervenciones especializadas de enfermería en el cuidado a los drenajes cerebrales se basaron en la necesidad de elaborar una guía de intervenciones específicas, y especializadas, para personas con uso de drenajes cerebrales siendo un tema de importancia en enfermería neurológica.

Brain drains are devices used as therapeutic methods, allowing the exit of normal or pathological fluid to people suffering from a neurological disease, becoming one of the most common procedures in the area of neurological nursing. Here, nursing care must be considered specific in order to visualize satisfactory results in patients with these systems in critical areas. For this reason, specialized nursing interventions in the care of brain drains were based on the need to develop a guide for specific and specialized interventions for people with use of brain drains, being a topic of importance in neurological nursing.

Reflejo de Bezold-Jarish: una puesta al día en neurocirugía / Bezold-Jarisch reflex: an update in neurosurgery

El reflejo de Bezold Jarisch es un reflejo cardioinhibitorio que juega un papel en la homeostasis cardiovascular. Consiste en la triada dada por hipotensión, bradicardia y vasodilatación periférica que puede ser desencadenada tanto por estímulos mecánicos, como químicos. Se considera que el mecanismo eferente contrarresta e inhibe los efectos del influjo simpático y, por el contrario, activa los efectos producidos por el sistema parasimpático. Durante la cirugía neurológica, la disminución de la presión intracraneal posterior a la extracción de colgajo óseo en la craneotomía, el uso de medicamentos osmóticos para disminuir el edema cerebral e incluso la posición del paciente durante el procedimiento suponen situaciones más propensas a la aparición del reflejo.

The Bezold Jarisch reflex is a cardioinhibitory reflex that plays a role in cardiovascular homeostasis. It consists of a triad given by hypotension, bradycardia, and peripheral vasodilation that can be triggered by both mechanical and chemical stimuli. The efferent counteracting mechanism is considered to inhibit the effects of sympathetic influx and, conversely, activates the effects produced by the parasympathetic system. During neurological surgery, the decrease in intracranial pressure after bone flap extraction in the craniotomy, the use of osmotic medications to decrease cerebral edema and even the position of the patient during the procedure supposes situations more prone to reflex appearance

Comparison of half-molar sodium lactate and mannitol to treat brain edema in severe traumatic brain injury: A systematic review / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Hypertonic fluids such as mannitol and half-molar sodium lactate are given to treat intracranial hypertension in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, sodium lactate was compared to mannitol in patients with TBI to investigate the efficacy in reducing intracranial pressure (ICP).@*METHODS@#This study was a systematic review with literature research on articles published in any year in the databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Asian Journal of Neurosurgery, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The keywords were "half-molar sodium lactate", "mannitol", "cerebral edema or brain swelling", and "severe traumatic brain injury". The inclusion criteria were (1) studies published in English, (2) randomized control trials or retrospective/prospective studies on TBI patients, and (3) therapies including half-molar sodium lactate and mannitol and (4) sufficient data such as mean difference (MD) and risk ratio (RR). Data analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.3.@*RESULTS@#From 1499 studies, a total of 8 studies were eligible. Mannitol group reduced ICP of 0.65 times (MD 0.65; p = 0.64) and improved cerebral perfusion pressure of 0.61 times (MD 0.61; p = 0.88), better than the half-molar group of sodium lactate. But the half-molar group of sodium lactate maintained the mean arterial pressure level of 0.86 times, better than the mannitol group (MD 0.86; p = 0.09).@*CONCLUSION@#Half-molar sodium lactate is as effective as mannitol in reducing ICP in the early phase of brain injury, superior over mannitol in an extended period. It is able to prevent intracranial hypertension and give better brain tissue perfusion as well as more stable hemodynamics. Blood osmolarity is a concern as it increases serum sodium.

Effects of lumbar myelography on subarachnoid pressure and cardiorespiratory parameters in healthy sheep / Efeitos da mielografia lombar na pressão subaracnoidea e nos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios em ovelhas saudáveis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lumbar myelography on subarachnoid pressure, cardiorespiratory parameters and pressure-volume index in sheep. Eight sheep were evaluated. The animals were submitted to puncture of the cisterna magna for monitoring of subarachnoid pressure (SaP). Lumbar myelography was performed through applying Iohexol (0.4mL/kg). ToC, PAS, PAD, MAP, InspISO, FeISO, SaP and CPP were recorded immediately after anesthetic stabilization (M0), during lumbar puncture (M1), and two, four and six minutes after contrast application (M2, M3 and M4, respectively). Blood pressure initially increased, then decreased, returning to basal level, similarly observed for InspISo and FeISo. The SaP rose initially thereafter remaining stable. Despite of the effect on subarachnoid pressure, lumbar myelography can be considered safe in sheep.(AU)

O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da mielografia lombar na pressão subaracnóidea, parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e índice pressão-volume em ovinos. Oito ovelhas foram avaliadas. Os animais foram submetidos à punção da cisterna magna para monitoramento da pressão subaracnoidea (SaP). A mielografia lombar foi realizada com a aplicação de Iohexol (0,4mL/kg). Os momentos estudados foram: imediatamente após a estabilização anestésica (M0), durante a punção lombar (M1), dois, quatro e seis minutos após a aplicação do contraste (M2, M3 e M4, respectivamente), para avaliar as seguintes variáveis: ToC, PAS, PAD, MAP, InspISO, FeISO, Sap e CPP. A pressão arterial aumentou inicialmente, depois diminuiu, retornando aos valores iniciais, padrão também observado para o InspISo e o FeISo. O SaP subiu inicialmente, posteriormente, permanecendo estável. A mielografia lombar, apesar de influenciar a pressão subaracnoidea, pode ser considerada segura em ovinos.(AU)

Tumores cerebrales en pacientes menores de 3 años: 10 años de experiencia / Brain tumors in patients younger than 3 years: 10 years of experience

Introducción: Los primeros 3 años de vida son cruciales en el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central (SNC). Un tumor en dicha localización, en este período, está asociado a un severo deterioro de la calidad de vida y alta mortalidad. El objetivo del trabajo es realizar un análisis de la evolución y tratamiento en estos pacientes. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de las historias clínicas y el archivo de imágenes de pacientes menores de 36 meses de edad con diagnóstico de tumor en SNC tratado quirúrgicamente en el Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, CABA, Argentina. Periodo: 01/03/2009-01/01/2020. Se dividieron en 3 grupos según edad: 1 (0-12 meses), 2 (13-24 meses) y 3 (25-35 meses).Resultados: Se incluyeron 71 pacientes, 36 varones y 35 mujeres. El síndrome de hipertensión endocraneana se presentó al debut en 42 pacientes (59%) luego alteraciones de la motricidad en 13 (18%). 46 (65%) presentaron hidrocefalia, de los cuales 20 presentaron post-resección tumoral. Se observó predominio de localización supratentorial en los grupos 1 (69%) y 2 (58%), e infratentorial en el grupo 3 (86%). Se realizó resección completa en 18 pacientes (25%), subtotal en 6 (11%), parcial en 38 (54%), y biopsia en 7 (10%). 27 (38%) pacientes requirieron reoperaciones, de los cuales 19 (70%) pertenecieron al grupo 1. Los diagnósticos anatomopatológicos más frecuentes fueron astrocitomas (20), meduloblastomas (12), papilomas de plexos coroideos (9), ependimomas anaplásicos (8), tumores teratoides rabdoides atípicos (8) y otros (14). En el estudio de calidad de vida, 15 pacientes (21%) presentaron un severo retraso psicomotor, y 23 pacientes (32%) presentaron desarrollo normal. La mortalidad a los 5 años fue 38% y a los 10 años 50%. Conclusión: Los tumores de SNC en menores de 3 años son de difícil manejo, con pronóstico reservado. Debido a que la radioterapia está contraindicada, la cirugía tiene una importancia fundamental en el tratamiento junto a la quimioterapia.

Introduction: The first three years of life are critical for the central nervous system (CNS) development. A tumor in this location at this stage will be associated with severe impairment of the quality of life and high mortality. The objective of the paper is to analyze the evolution and treatment of these patients. Material and methods: The records of all the patients under 3 years of age who were operated for intracranial brain tumors at our institution from March 2009 to January 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups depending on their age at onset: under 1 year of age (group 1), between 13-24 months (group 2), and between 25-35 months (group 3). Results: We included 71 patients (36 male and 35 female). 42 patients (59%) presented with an increase of intracranial pressure at the onset, followed by gait disturbance in 13 (18%). 46 patients (65%) suffered hydrocephalus, of whom 20 were post-resection. The predominance of supratentorial localization was observed in group 1 (69%) and 2 (58%), and infratentorial localization in group 3 (86%). Total resection of the tumor was accomplished in 18 patients (25%), subtotal in 6 (11%), partial in 38 (54%), and biopsy in 7 (10%). 27 patients (38%) required re-intervention. Of these, 19 (70%) corresponded to group 1. The principal histological diagnoses were astrocytoma (20), medulloblastoma (12), choroid plexus papilloma (9), anaplastic ependymoma (8), atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (8), and others (14). The quality of life analysis showed 23 patients (32%) with normal development and 15 (21%) with severe psychomotor retardation. 5-years mortality was 38% and 10-years mortality was 50%. Conclusion: CNS tumors in children younger than 3 years are difficult to handle and have a guarded prognosis. Surgery, along with chemotherapy, is very important to treat these patients