Minimally invasive lymphocele drainage using the Da Vinci® single port platform: step-by- step technique

ABSTRACT Background: Reports in the literature describe lymphocele formation in up to half of patients following pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) (1) in robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), with 1-2% requiring intervention (2). The advantage of surgical approach is permanent excision of the lymphocele capsule and fewer days with pelvic drains compared to percutaneous drainage. This study aims to describe the step-by-step surgical management of symptomatic lymphoceles using a less invasive robotic platform, the Da Vinci® Single Port (SP). Material and Methods: We describe the technique of lymphocelectomy and marsupialization with the Da Vinci® SP for symptomatic lymphocele. For this study, several treatment modalities for symptomatic lymphoceles were available, including percutaneous drainage, sclerosing agents, and surgical marsupialization. All the data for this study were obtained through the procedure via Da Vinci® SP. Results: Operative time for the case was 84 minutes. Blood loss was 25ml. No intra- or post- operative complications were reported. The patient had his drain removed in under 24 hours after surgery. The mean follow-up period was 7.7 months. There were no complications or lymphocele recurrence. Conclusion: Da Vinci® SP lymphocelectomy is safe and feasible with satisfactory outcomes. The SP enables definitive treatment of the lymphocele sac (3), reducing the number of days with abdominal drains and allows further decrease in surgical invasiveness with fewer incisions and better cosmesis.

Influência das complicações pós-operatórias no insucesso da reconstrução de mama imediata com implante de silicone / Influence of postoperative complications on the failure of immediate breast reconstruction with silicone implants

Introdução: A reconstrução da mama imediata pós-mastectomia, com implante de silicone é um método simples, porém, pode evoluir com complicações e remoção do implante. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as complicações pós-operatórias e buscar relação entre estas e a remoção do implante. Método: No período de 4 anos, foram estudados retrospectivamente 323 casos de reconstrução de mama imediata com implante de silicone após mastectomia total realizados no Institut Gustave-Roussy, França. Resultados: A complicação mais frequente foi a linfocele (34,9%), seguida da necrose cutânea com 22,9%, da infecção com 19,3% e do hematoma, com 13,3% dos casos. A remoção do implante foi mais frequente quando ocorreu algum tipo de complicação cirúrgica e maior quando ocorreu mais de um tipo de complicação. A complicação mais frequente nos casos de remoção do implante foi a infecção (75,0%). O expansor foi o implante que mais teve relação com remoção do implante. O uso de implantes de volume acima de 300 ml teve significativamente mais risco de remoção do implante. Conclusões: 1) A presença de complicação pós-operatória foi fator de risco para a remoção do implante. 2) O risco de remoção foi maior na presença de mais de um tipo de complicação 3) A infecção foi o principal tipo de complicação que se relacionou com a remoção 4) O expansor apresentou maior risco de complicações e de remoção do implante. 5) A utilização de implantes de volume maior do que 300 ml apresentou maior risco de remoção.

Introduction: Immediate breast reconstruction with silicone implants following mastectomy is a simple method, but can develop complications culminating in implant removal. The aim of this study was to analyze postoperative complications and evaluate their correlation with implant removal. Method: In a period of 4 years, 323 cases of immediate breast reconstruction with silicone implants following total mastectomy were retrospectively studied in the Institut Gustave-Roussy, France. Results: The most frequent complication was lymphocele (34.9%), followed by cutaneous necrosis (22.9%), infection (19.3%), and hematoma (13.3%). Implant removal was more frequent when a surgical complication occurred, and even more frequent when there was more than one type of complication. The most frequent complication leading to implant removal was infection (75.0%). The expander was the implant that had the highest correlation with implant removal. The use of implants with a volume greater than 300 ml was associated with a significantly higher risk of implant removal. Conclusions: 1) The presence of postoperative complications was a risk factor for implant removal. 2) The risk of removal was higher when more than one complication was present. 3) Infection was the main type of complication associated with implant removal. 4) The expander presented a higher risk of complications and implant removal. 5) The use of implants with a volume greater than 300 ml had a greater risk of need for removal.

Laparoscopic treatment of lymphoceles after renal transplantation

OBJECTIVE: Lymphocele formation following renal transplantation is a frequent complication and may affect as many as 49% of patients. Operative treatment of symptomatic post transplant lymphocele (PTL) consists of wide drainage of the fluid collection into the abdominal cavity by excising its wall, connecting the lymphocele cavity to the intraperitoneal space. Laparoscopic fenestration seems to be the best treatment as it combines satisfying success rates with a minimally invasive approach. The aim of the study was to review a single center experience on the laparoscopic treatment of symptomatic PTL and detail relevant aspects of the surgical technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data of 25 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgical treatment for a symptomatic lymphocele following kidney transplantation were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data and surgical results were assessed. Detailed surgical technique is provided. RESULTS: Between 1996 and 2008, 991 patients received a kidney transplant at our institution. Twenty-five patients (2.52%) developed a symptomatic lymphocele and laparoscopic drainage was performed. The indications for surgical drainage were graft dysfunction (84%), local symptoms (16%) or both (32%). The mean time until surgical therapy was 14.2 ± 6 weeks. Mean hospital stay was 1.5 ± 0.2 days. Postoperative complications occurred in only 2 patients (8%) (one ureteral injury and one incisional hernia) and required reoperation. After a mean follow-up of 36.2 ± 4 months, only 1 patient had a symptomatic recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic fenestration is an effective surgical technique to treat symptomatic lymphocele following kidney transplantation with low recurrence rate and long standing results.

Symptomatic lymphocele after kidney transplantation a single-center experience

In a retrospective study, we evaluated the frequency, clinical presentation, and management of lymphocele in kidney transplant recipients operated on in a single center. Between September 1984 and June 2005, we had 2147 kidney transplantations from living donors. During the follow-up period, ultrasonography was performed in symptomatic patients and those with elevated serum creatinine level postoperatively. Other radiological procedures were done in complicated cases. Patients with lymphocele were treated by percutaneous drainage with or without injection of sclerotizing agent [povidone iodine]. If recurrence occurred, surgical intraperitoneal drainage was performed. In cases with multiloculated collection or inappropriate access for percutaneous drainage, the primary approach was surgical intraperitoneal drainage. Symptomatic lymphocele collection was seen in 17 kidney recipients of our series [0.8%; 95% confidence interval, 0.4% to 1.2%]. It presented with elevation of serum creatinine concentrations [47.1%], pain and abdominopelvic swelling [29.4%], and lower extremity edema [23.5%]. Percutaneous drainage was used for the treatment of lymphocele in 11 patients, but recurrence occurred in 7 [63.6%]. These cases were treated with open surgical drainage. In 6 patients, the primary approach was surgical intraperitoneal drainage, because of multiloculated collection or inappropriate access for percutaneous drainage. All of the patients were treated successfully and no graft loss occurred during the follow-up period. Symptomatic lymphocele is an uncommon complication after kidney transplantation. Surgical intraperitoneal drainage is the most effective approach for the management of symptomatic lymphocele

Tratamento de linfocele inguinal pós-operatória com injeção de cola de fibrina: relato de caso / Treatment of postoperative inguinal lymphocele with fibrin glue injection: case report

O paciente desenvolveu linforragia na região inguinal direita, depois de ponte aorto-bifemoral com enxerto de dácron®. Não respondeu ao tratamento conservador com cuidados locais e compressão. Foi realizado exame de ultra-sonografia Doppler, que evidenciou grande linfocele (6,4 x 3,36 x 6,1 cm), tratada pelo esvaziamento da loja por aspiração e injeção de cola de fibrina (1,6 mL) em seu interior. O paciente se recuperou sem intercorrências e sem recidiva, após 3 meses de seguimento.

The patient developed lymphatic drainage in the right groin after an aortobifemoral bypass with Dacron® graft. Conservative treatment with local wound care and compression was unsuccessful. Duplex scan showed a 6.4 x 3.36 x 6.1 cm lymphocele, which was treated by aspiration and injection of fibrin glue (1.6 mL). The patient recovered uneventfully and without recurrence after a 3-month follow-up.

Lymphocele: a possible relationship with acute cellular rejection in kidney transplantation

CONTEXT: The incidence of lymphocele after renal transplantation varies between 0.6 and 18 percent of cases, and many factors have been associated to its etiology. Cellular rejection of the kidney allograft has been described as a possible causal factor of lymphocele. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the possible relationship between lymphocele and acute cellular rejection. DESIGN: A retrospective study. SETTING: A referral hospital center. SAMPLE: 170 patients submitted to kidney transplantation from March 1992 to January 1997. A standard technique for renal transplantation was used. RESULTS: Of the 19 patients that developed lymphocele, 16 presented at least one episode of acute cell rejection (84 percent), and were treated with methylprednisolone. The relation between lymphocele and rejection was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Treatment of lymphocele consisted of peritoneal marsupialization in 3 patients (15.3 percent), percutaneous drainage in 7 (36.8 percent), laparascopic marsupialization in 2 (10.5 percent), and conservative treatment in 7 patients (36.8percent. Evolution was favorable in 15 patients (78.9 percent), 1 patient (5.3 percent) died due to a cause unrelated to lymphocele, and 3 (15.8 percent) lost the graft due to immunological factors. The average follow-up period was 24.5 months. CONCLUSION: The high incidence of acute cell rejection in patients with lymphocele suggests a possible causal relationship between both conditions

Linfocele pós-transplante renal: tratamento videolaparoscópico: relato de cinco casos e revisäo de literatura / Lymphocele post renal transplantation: videolaparoscopic treatment: report of five cases and review of the literature

Cinco pacientes submetidos a transplante renal evoluíram com linfoceles sintomáticas, quatro com hidronefrose e reduçäo da funçäo renal e um com dor e compressäo inguinal-escrotal. Foram tratados pela técnica de marsupializaçäo intraperitoneal videolaparoscópica. O tempo médio de cirurgia foi de 96 minutos (variou de45 a 210 min.) e o sangramento foi desprezível. Ocorreu em um paciente a secçäo acidental do ureter do rim transplantado, que foi tratada por cirurgia aberta, com bom resultado. Houve recidiva da linfocele em outro paciente, que foi drenada externamente com sucesso. Os pacientes receberam alta em média depois de 2,7 dias e foram acompanhados por um tempo médio de 11,4 meses, ficando todos curados

Linfocele como complicación del trasplante renal / Lymphocoele as complication of the renal transplantation

Se presenta una revisión retrospectiva de la incidencia y el manejo del linfocele en 293 trasplantes renales realizados en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en el Hospital del Salvador, desde 1975 hasta junio de 1996. Se produjo linfocele como complicación postoperatoria en 9 pacientes (3.1 por ciento), siendo sospechado el diagnóstico por el cuadro clínico y confirmado por estudio de ultrasonido. El tratamiento par esta complicación fue: punción dirigida por ecografía en 3 casos, drenaje a cielo abierto en 2 y marsupialización laparoscópica en 4. Con las dos modalidades quirúrgicas tuvimos recurrencia que requirió reintervención, resolviéndose el problema en segunda instancia. No tuvimos complicaciones ni mortalidad derivadas de los procedimientos efectuados. Tenemos 8 (96 por ciento) pacientes con su injerto funcionante

Linfocele pós-transplante renal: análise de 24 casos e revisäo da literatura / Lymphoceles after renal transplantation: retrospective study of 24 cases and literature review

Linfoceles säo coleçöes de linfa localizadas em cavidades epitelizadas. Possivelmente resultam da secçäo de ductos linfáticos durante a cirurgia, os quais säo inadequadamente ligados ou coagulados. As linfoceles säo incomuns após o tranplante renal, com incidência relatada de 0,6 a 18 por cento dos casos. Os autores apresentam um estudo retrospectivo de 24 casos de linfocele tratados nos últimos 18 anos, revisando etiopatogenia, diagnóstico e tratamento. Concluem que linfoceles sintomáticas, ocorrendo após transplante renal säo melhor manejadas com marsupializaçäo cirúrgica e drenagem para a cavidade peritoneal. A maioria dos pacientes säo assintomáticos e as linfoceles säo achados ocasionais de ultrasonografia rotineira do enxerto renal e, consequentemente näo requerem intervençäo terapêutica