Patient Repositioning during Hospitalization and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers: a Narrative Review / Reposicionamiento de pacientes en hospitalización y prevención de úlceras por presión: una revisión narrativa / Reposicionamento de pacientes na internação e prevenção de úlceras por pressão: uma revisão narrativa

Objective. This article presents a literature review to explore and analyze the current situation of pressure ulcers or lesions or decubitus ulcers, pathophysiological, epidemiological aspects, and risk factors. The progress in evidence of the effectiveness of preventive repositioning in the appearance of these lesions in vulnerable hospitalized patients is also evaluated. Methods. Databases were reviewed in non-systematic manner, including the Cochrane Wounds Specialized Register; Medline, Scopus, PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE (Ovid); EMBASE (Ovid), Web of Science, SciELO, and Lilacs. The general search terms included [pressure ulcers or pressure lesions or decubitus ulcers] and [prevention or preventive] and [repositioning or positioning or position changes or postural change] and [patient at risk or vulnerable] and [hospitalized or ICU or intensive care]. Systematic literature reviews, randomized clinical trials, observational studies, cost-effectiveness and qualitative studies in English or Spanish were included. Results. Although globally, the incidence, prevalence, and years of disability associated to these lesions has diminished between 1990 and 2019, the high impact on health persists. Evidence found on the effectiveness of repositioning in preventing pressure ulcers and health associated costs has been evaluated with certainty between low and very low, as a result of conducting research with serious methodological limitations that report results with high inaccuracy. Conclusion.The findings reported present that these lesions persist at hospital level and continue being a global social and health problem with high impact on health budgets. Likewise, there is a need to develop greater quality research on prevention strategies, such as repositioning, which validate their effectiveness, and justify their use.

Objetivo. Este artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura con el objetivo de explorar y analizar la situación actual de las úlceras o lesiones por presión o úlceras por decúbito, aspectos fisiopatológicos, epidemiológicos, y factores de riesgo. Se evalúa además el progreso en la evidencia de la eficacia del reposicionamiento preventivo en la aparición de estas lesiones en pacientes vulnerables hospitalizados. Métodos. Se revisaron bases de datos de forma no sistemática, incluyendo The Cochrane Wounds Specialised Register; Medline, Scopus, PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE (Ovid); EMBASE (Ovid), Web of Science, Scielo, y Lilacs. Los términos de búsqueda generales incluyeron [úlceras por presión o lesiones por presión o úlceras por decúbito] y [prevención o preventivo] y [reposicionamiento o posicionamiento o cambios de posición o cambio postural] y [paciente en riesgo o vulnerable] y [hospitalizado o UCI o cuidados intensivos]. Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura, ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios observacionales, estudios de costo-efectividad y cualitativos en idioma inglés o español. Resultados. Aunque globalmente la incidencia, prevalencia y años de incapacidad asociado a estas lesiones ha disminuido entre 1990 y 2019, el impacto en salud persiste de forma elevada. La evidencia encontrada sobre la eficacia del reposicionamiento en prevención de úlceras por presión y costos asociados en salud ha sido evaluada con certeza entre baja y muy baja, como resultado de la realización de investigaciones con serias limitaciones metodológicas que reportan resultados con alta imprecisión. Conclusión.Los hallazgos reportados presentan que estas lesiones persisten a nivel hospitalario y continúan siendo un problema social y de salud mundial con alto impacto en los presupuestos en salud. Así mismo se presenta la necesidad de desarrollar mayor investigación de calidad en estrategias preventivas como el reposicionamiento, que validen su eficacia, y justifiquen su utilización.

Objetivo. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura com o objetivo de explorar e analisar a situação atual das úlceras por pressão ou úlceras de decúbito, os aspectos fisiopatológicos e epidemiológicos e os fatores de risco. Também avalia o progresso na evidência da eficácia do reposicionamento preventivo no desenvolvimento dessas lesões em pacientes hospitalizados vulneráveis. Métodos.Foram revisados bancos de dados não específicos do local, incluindo The Cochrane Wounds Specialised Register; Medline, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE (Ovid); EMBASE (Ovid), Web of Science, Scielo e Lilacs. Os termos gerais de pesquisa incluíram [úlceras de pressão ou lesões por pressão ou úlceras de pressão ou úlceras de decúbito] e [prevenção ou preventivo] e [reposicionamento ou posicionamento ou mudanças de posição ou mudança postural] e [paciente em risco ou vulnerável] e [hospitalizado ou UTI ou terapia intensiva]. Foram incluídas revisões sistemáticas da literatura, ensaios clínicos randomizados, estudos observacionais, estudos de custo-efetividade e qualitativos em inglês ou espanhol. Resultados. Embora, em geral, a incidência, a prevalência e os anos de incapacidade associados a essas lesões tenham diminuído entre 1990 e 2019, o impacto na saúde continua alto. As evidências encontradas sobre a eficácia do reposicionamento na prevenção de úlceras por pressão e os custos de saúde associados foram avaliadas com certeza baixa a muito baixa, como resultado de pesquisas com sérias limitações metodológicas que relataram resultados altamente imprecisos. Conclusão. Os resultados relatados mostram que essas lesões persistem em nível hospitalar e continuam a ser um problema social e de saúde global com alto impacto nos orçamentos de saúde. Também há necessidade de mais pesquisas de qualidade sobre estratégias preventivas, como o reposicionamento, para validar sua eficácia e justificar seu uso.

Norma técnica de salud para el cuidado integral de la persona afectada por tuberculosis, familia y comunidad (NTS N° 200-MINSA/DGIESP-2023) / Technical health standard for the comprehensive care of the person affected by tuberculosis, family and community (NTS N° 200-MINSA/DGIESP-2023)

La presente publicación describe los criterios clínicos y programáticos, así como los procedimientos técnicos de las intervenciones sanitarias en el cuidado integral por curso de vida de la prevención y control de la tuberculosis en la población afectada o con factores de riesgo. Asimismo, incorpora importantes avances e innovaciones para la prevención y control de la tuberculosis, basadas en las recomendaciones brindadas por los organismos internacionales de salud y evidencias científicas, aplicadas a la realidad nacional. Así, incluye la introducción de metodología molecular en el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad, el uso de nuevos medicamentos para la terapia preventiva, esquemas totalmente orales y acortados para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis resistente, un mayor involucramiento de los actores comunitarios en la prevención y la detección de la tuberculosis, así como su participación activa en las diversas intervenciones estratégicas

Protótipo de colchão pneumático ergonômico para o manejo de paciente com mobilidade física prejudicada / Ergonomic pneumatic mattress prototype for the management of patients with impaired physical mobility

Resumo: Trata-se do desenvolvimento de tecnologia para assistência na saúde, com depósito de Patente ­ Modelo de Utilidade, denominado de Colchão Pneumático Ergonômico com Bolsões Insufláveis Individualmente. A finalidade dessa inovação tecnológica é auxiliar na mobilização e reposicionamento de pacientes com mobilidade física prejudicada, restritos ao leito, com alto risco de lesões cutâneas, complicações pulmonares e outros agravos à saúde. A mudança de decúbito, um dos principais cuidado de enfermagem, exige técnica adequada, disponibilidade de mais de um profissional qualificado e uso de dispositivos, como coxins de posicionamento convencionais ou improvisados. Tem como objetivo reduzir riscos de agravos à saúde do paciente e doenças ocupacionais, como lombalgia e doenças osteoarticulares nos profissionais de saúde ou cuidadores em domicílio. A tecnologia foi projetada com bolsões de diferentes dimensões, de acordo com cada região corporal, os quais possuem válvulas pneumáticas internas, que permitem insuflar individualmente as câmaras de ar presentes na estrutura. Um teclado matricial recebe comandos para insuflar e desinflar os bolsões de ar pela mangueira pneumática, de modo a permitir o reposicionamento do paciente sem necessidade de força própria. Baseado em conhecimento inédito, introduziu novidade, resultando em nova tecnologia para o ambiente social e produtivo. É uma inovação radical, disrruptiva com impacto significativo no ambiente de cuidado, a qual apresenta blocos em diferentes dimensões, insufláveis individualmente, com uma camada de espuma entre a câmara de ar e a cobertura externa, cintas de fixação para estabilidade do colchão, confeccionado com tecido macio, impermeável e de boa elasticidade. Caracteriza-se como tecnologia de alta complexidade, pois associa diferentes tipos de conhecimento e interage com múltiplos saberes, na solução do problema identificado na prática clínica. O impacto social e econômico ocorre pela melhoria da qualidade da assistência, redução de agravos e, consequentemente, redução de custos ao sistema de saúde. Aplicável em diversos cenários de cuidado, como hospitais, casas de longa permanência e domicílio, tem potencial para abrangência nacional e internacional. Atende uma demanda profissional, pois oferece condição ergonômica adequada para o manejo de pacientes restritos ao leito. Com depósito de Patente no Instituto de Propriedade Industrial (INPI), sob o Protocolo de Número BR202022008156-0, está disponível para transferência da tecnologia entre a organização pública (Universidade ­ Pós-Graduação) e a Indústria, resultando em inovação que necessariamente aperfeiçoa o processo de cuidar e o serviço de saúde.

Abstract: This is the development of technology for health care, with the filing of a Patent ­ Utility Model, called Ergonomic Pneumatic Mattress with Individually Inflatable Pockets. The purpose of this technological innovation is to assist in the movement and repositioning of patients with impaired physical mobility, restricted to bed, with a high risk of skin lesions, pulmonary complications and other health problems. Changing positions, one of the main nursing care procedures, requires adequate technique, the availability of more than one qualified professional and the use of devices, such as theoretical or improvised positioning pads. It aims to reduce risks of harm to the patient's health and occupational diseases, such as low back pain and osteoarticular diseases in health professionals or caregivers at home. The technology was designed with pockets of different dimensions, according to each body region, which have internal pneumatic valves, which allow individually inflating the air chambers present in the structure. A matrix keyboard receives commands to inflate and deflate the air pockets through the pneumatic hose, in order to allow the patient to be repositioned without the need for its own strength. Based on innovative knowledge, innovation, generated in new technology for the social and productive environment. It is a radical, disruptive innovation with a significant impact on the care environment, which features blocks in different dimensions, individually inflatable, with a layer of foam between the air chamber and the outer cover, fastening straps for the mattress pad, made with soft fabric, waterproof and good elasticity. It is characterized as a highly complex technology, as it associates different types of knowledge and interacts with multiple types of knowledge in order to solve the problem identified in clinical practice. The social and economic impact occurs by improving the quality of care, reducing injuries and, consequently, reducing costs to the health system. Applicable in different care settings, such as hospitals, long-term care facilities and at home, it has the potential for national and international coverage. It meets a professional demand, as it offers adequate ergonomic conditions for the management of bedridden patients. With a patent filed at the Industrial Property Institute (INPI), under Protocol Number BR202022008156-0, the technology is available for download between the public organization (University - Graduate) and the Industry, generated in innovation that necessarily improved the care process and the health service.

Valoración de las respuestas conductuales al dolor durante el cambio postural en pacientes sedados orointubados / Assessment of behavioral responses to pain during postural change in intubated sedated patients

Introducción: los pacientes críticos, bajo sedación y apoyo ventilatorio invasivo presentan dolor, la barrera más grande para su detección es la incapacidad de comunicarse; sin embargo, el hecho de que el paciente no pueda referir su dolor, no significa que no lo padezca. Objetivo: describir las respuestas conductuales al dolor durante el cambio postural en pacientes sedados oro intubados. Material y métodos: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, observacional, longitudinal. Muestra n= 50 pacientes, se utilizó la escala BPS (Behavioral Pain Scale) como instrumento de valoración del dolor, se midió en tres momentos: 1 minuto antes, durante y 10 minutos después del cambio postural. Resultados: el cambio postural del paciente con sedación y ventilación mecánica provocó dolor en 56% de los pacientes; antes de realizar el cambio postural se identificó una media del dolor de 4.6, durante el cambio postural aumento a 6.5 y posterior al cambio disminuyo a una media de 4, siendo un factor protector. Conclusiones: la movilización del paciente sedado oro intubado requiere de la participación del equipo multidisciplinar, para el manejo de la ventilación mecánica, el cuidado de sondas y catéteres, cuidados de la piel, prevención de caídas y aplicación correcta de la técnica de movilización, la cual demanda experiencia clínica del personal que participa en la valoración y manejo de las respuestas conductuales al dolor.

Introduction: critical patients, under sedation and invasive ventilatory support present pain, the greatest barrier to its detection is the inability to communicate, however, the fact that the patient cannot report their pain does not mean that they do not suffer from it. Objective: to describe the behavioral responses to pain during postural change in sedated or intubated patients. Material and Methods: quantitative, descriptive, observational, longitudinal study. Sample n = 50 patients, the BPS scale (Behavioral Pain Scale) was used as an instrument for assessing pain, it was measured at three moments: 1 minute before, during and 10 minutes after the postural change. Results: the postural change of the patient with sedation and mechanical ventilation caused unacceptable pain in 56% of the patients; Before making the postural change, a mean pain of 4.6 was identified, during the postural change it increased to 6.5 and after the change it decreased to a mean of 4, being a protective factor. Conclusions: the mobilization of the sedated or intubated patient requires the participation of the multidisciplinary team, for the management of mechanical ventilation, care of tubes and catheters, skin care, prevention of falls and correct application of the mobilization technique, which It demands clinical experience from the personnel involved in the assessment and management of behavioral responses to pain.

Fundamentos teóricos de la mecánica corporal en la movilización de pacientes en el ámbito de enfermería / Theoretical foundations of body mechanics in the mobilization of patients in the field of nursing

Existe un conglomerado importante de fundamento teórico que en su discurso sustenta la importancia de la mecánica corporal en la medicina, por ser una actividad completa; su correcta aplicación garantiza una buena salud. Objetivo: Describir los fundamentos teóricos de la mecánica corporal en la movilización de pacientes en el ámbito de la enfermería. Metodología: Documental, descriptiva. Resultados: Diversos estudios demuestran que las lesiones musculo-esqueléticas en el personal de enfermería, en un porcentaje alto se deben a la aplicación inadecuada de la mecánica corporal durante la movilización de pacientes. La bibliografía consultada revela: en el ámbito de la enfermería se refleja desconocimiento en el tema de la mecánica corporal en la movilización de pacientes, antes, durante o después de la ejecución de procedimientos, lo cual es causante de lesiones musculo-esqueléticas en el personal de enfermería. Recomendación: Es un deber para el personal de enfermería aplicar la mecánica corporal en todas las acciones que realiza en la práctica consigo mismo y también con el paciente, aprovechando al máximo la energía que brinda, el bienestar que ofrece a ambos y la prevención que trae consigo ante posibles lesiones músculo-esqueléticas(AU)

There is an important conglomerate of theoretical foundation, which in its speech supports the importance of body mechanics in medicine as a complete activity; because its correct application guarantees good health. Objective: Describe the theoretical foundations of body mechanics in the mobilization of patients in the field of Nursing. Methodology: Documentary, descriptive. Several studies show that musculoskeletal injuries in nursing staff, in a high percentage, are due to improper application of body mechanics during patient mobilization. Conclusion: The bibliography consulted reveals that in the nursing field the subject of body mechanics in the mobilization of patients, before, during or after the execution of procedures is unknown, which is the cause of musculoskeletal injuries in nursing staff. Recommendation: It is a duty for the nursing staff to apply body mechanics in all the actions they perform in practice with themselves and also with the patient, taking full advantage of the energy it provides, the well-being it offers to both and the prevention it brings before possible musculoskeletal injuries(AU)

Caracterização dos atendimentos clínicos realizados pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência / Characterization of the clinical care provided by the Mobile Emergency Care Service

Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil dos atendimentos clínicos prestados pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU). Métodos: Estudo descritivo, transversal, não intervencionista, realizado a partir de dados secundários coletados das fichas de regulação do SAMU de um município brasileiro em 2016. Resultados: Das 2.930 ocorrências estudadas, 1.966 foram atendimentos clínicos (67,1%). A incidência desses atendimentos foi maior no sexo feminino (55,2%). A faixa etária mais acometida foi de pessoas com 70 anos ou mais (20,9%). As síndromes álgicas foram as doenças mais incidentes (16,8%), e, dentre elas, a dor abdominal teve destaque, com 35,8%. Com relação ao destino dado à vítima, 60,2% foram encaminhadas ao serviço hospitalar. A Unidade de Suporte Básico foi enviada em 95,0% das ocorrências. A letalidade observada foi de 3,6%. Conclusão: A grande incidência de doenças clínicas e a caracterização epidemiológica do perfil dos atendimentos destacam a importância de direcionar ações preventivas, promoção da saúde e educação da população a respeito da relevância e da área de abrangência do SAMU, a fim de melhorar continuamente o serviço de saúde.

Objective: To characterize the profile of clinical care provided by the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU). Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, non-interventional study based on secondary data collected from SAMUS's regulation sheets in a Brazilian city in 2016. Results: Of the 2,930 cases studied, 1,966 were clinical care (67.1%). The incidence of these visits was higher in females (55.2%). The most affected age group was people aged 70 years or above (20.9%). Pain syndromes were the most incident diseases (16.8%), with abdominal pain being highlighted with 35.8%. Regarding the direction given to the victim, 60.2% were referred to the hospital. Ninety five percent of occurrences were referred to the Basic Support Units. The observed lethality was 3.6%. Conclusion: The high incidence of medical diseases and the epidemiological characterization of the care profile highlights the importance of actions directed to prevention, health promotion and education of the population regarding the relevance and the area of coverage of SAMU, to improve the health service continuously

Orientações sobre transferências na redução da intensidade da dor lombar crônica de cuidadores familiares em um ambulatório de cuidados paliativos: estudo piloto / Guidelines on transfers in the reduction of chronic low back pain intensity of family caregivers in a palliative care ambulatory: pilot study

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de uma estratégia de orientações verbal e escrita sobre transferências na redução da dor lombar em cuidador familiar de pacientes em cuidados paliativos; o impacto no desempenho das tarefas diárias do cuidador antes e após a intervenção e se a adesão às orientações resultou em melhora clínica significativa da dor e do desempenho nas atividades. Método: Trata-se de ensaio clínico piloto, realizado no ambulatório de cuidados paliativos do HCFMUSP. Foram avaliados 4 cuidadores familiares divididos em dois grupos. O grupo intervenção recebeu orientação verbal e escrita e o grupo controle apenas orientação verbal. A análise dos dados foi realizada através de medida de proporção e análise de significância estatística pelo teste exato de Fisher. A correlação entre as variáveis será realizada através de regressão logística. Resultados: Houve dificuldade no recrutamento com influência direta no tamanho reduzido da amostra. Os resultados preliminares sobre a eficácia da intervenção para redução de dor e aumento de desempenho em cuidadores familiares não demonstraram significância estatística. A análise descritiva de aderência às recomendações aponta para uma tendência promissora quanto à viabilidade da intervenção educativa. Conclusão: A relevância deste ensaio piloto deve-se a avaliação preliminar do tempo necessário para se recrutar um número adequado de participantes e a tendência de boa aderência à intervenção. A dificuldade de recrutamento de pacientes em final de vida é previsível devido ao tempo reduzido de sobrevida e a complexidade do cuidado. A eficácia da intervenção somente poderá ser demonstrada com o ajuste do tamanho da amostra.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of strategy of verbal and written guidance on transference in the reduction of low back pain in the family caregiver of patients in palliative care; the impact on the performance of the daily tasks of the caregiver before and after the intervention and whether adherence to the guidelines resulted in a significant clinical improvement of pain and performance in the activities. Method: This is a pilot clinical trial, performed at the HCFMUSP palliative care outpatient. Four family caregivers were divided into two groups. The intervention group received verbal and written guidance and the group controlled verbal guidance. The analysis of the data was performed by measurement of proportion and analysis of statistical significance by the Fisher exact test. The correlation between the variables will be performed through logistic regression. Results: Due to the small sample size, preliminary results on the efficacy of the intervention to reduce pain and increase performance in family caregivers did not demonstrate statistical significance. The descriptive analysis of adherence to the recommendations points to a promising tendency towards the feasibility of the educational intervention. Conclusion: The relevance of this pilot test is due to the preliminary evaluation of the time needed to recruit an adequate number of participants and the tendency of good adherence to the intervention. The difficulty of recruiting end-of-life patients is predictable due to reduced survival time and the complexity of care. The effectiveness of the intervention can only be demonstrated by adjusting the sample size.

Úlceras por presión: cómo prevenirlas / Pressure ulcers: how to prevent them

Las úlceras por presión han constituido un problema para la salud en general a través del tiempo. La realidad es que son una preocupación para el cuidado de la salud y todos los profesionales son responsables de su prevención y tratamiento. Se requieren múltiples estrategias de intervención para evitar el daño de la piel; una de ellas, el manejo de las cargas sobre los tejidos blandos. La correcta elección de las superficies de apoyo, la adecuada redistribución de la presión especialmente en las prominencias óseas y un progresivo programa de movilización constituyen las bases para evitar la producción de las úlceras por presión. (AU)

Pressure ulcers (PU) have been as a health problem throughout time. The reality is that PU are a global health care concern and all the professionals need to be responsible for the prevention and treatment of them. Multiple intervention strategies are needed to avoid the skin breakdown. Managing loads on the skin and associated soft tissue is one of these strategies. Properly chosen support surfaces, adequate periodic pressure redistribution, protection of specially vulnerable bony prominences and a progressive program of joint mobilization are the basis to avoid PU production. (AU)

Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy: Does It Have a Role in Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a form of radiotherapy that delivers high doses of irradiation with high precision in a small number of fractions. However, it has not frequently been performed for the liver due to the risk of radiation-induced liver toxicity. Furthermore, liver SBRT is cumbersome because it requires accurate patient repositioning, target localization, control of breathing-related motion, and confers a toxicity risk to the small bowel. Recently, with the advancement of modern technologies including intensity-modulated RT and image-guided RT, SBRT has been shown to significantly improve local control and survival outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), specifically those unfit for other local therapies. While it can be used as a stand-alone treatment for those patients, it can also be applied either as an alternative or as an adjunct to other HCC therapies (e.g., transarterial chemoembolization, and radiofrequency ablation). SBRT might be an effective and safe bridging therapy for patients awaiting liver transplantation. Furthermore, in recent studies, SBRT has been shown to have a potential role as an immunostimulator, supporting the novel combination strategy of immunoradiotherapy for HCC. In this review, the role of SBRT with some technical issues is discussed. In addition, future implications of SBRT as an immunostimulator are considered.

The method to reduce the malposition rate via reposition of guidewire with ultrasound guidance in the central venous catheterization

OBJECTIVE: Malposition of central venous catheterization (CVC) may cause vascular related complications and catheter dysfunctions. The aim of this study was to reduce the malposition rate of CVC by repositioning the malposition after confirming the location of the guide-wire with ultrasound (US) guidance. METHODS: This research assessed the before study (group A) from January to December 2016 and after study (group B) from January to December 2017 in the emergency department. CVCs were performed using the anatomical landmark technique (group A) and US guided technique (group B). In group B, if the guided-wire was misplaced, it was drawn back and repositioned under US guidance. The final location of the catheter tip was confirmed by chest X-ray. The rate of malposition before and after repositioning of the two groups was compared. RESULTS: The subjects were group A (694 cases) and group B (619 cases) with a total of 1,313 patients. The rate of malposition before repositioning of the two groups were 16 cases (2.3%) and 13 cases (2.1%), respectively, and no statistically significant difference was observed (P>0.05). In group B, there were 10 cases (1.6%) of guidewire malposition that was identified and three cases (0.5%) of catheter malposition could not be identified under US examination. The malpositioned guidewires were all corrected by repositioning under ultrasound guidance. The rate of malposition after repositioning of the two groups were 2.3% (n=16) and 0.5% (n=3), respectively, and a statistically significant difference was observed (P=0.009). CONCLUSION: With US guidance, confirming the location and repositioning CVC guidewire can reduce the malposition rate in CVCs.

A Multidisciplinary Workplace Intervention for Chronic Low Back Pain among Nursing Assistants in Iran

STUDY DESIGN: Interventional research with a 6-month follow-up period. PURPOSE: We aimed to establish the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary workplace intervention on reduction of work-related low back pain (WRLBP), using ergonomic posture training coupled with an educational program based on social cognitive theory. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: WRLBP is a major occupational problem among healthcare workers, who are often required to lift heavy loads. Patient handling is a particular requirement of nurse aides, and has been reported as the main cause of chronic WRLBP. METHODS: We included 125 nursing assistants from two hospitals affiliated to Qom University of Medical Sciences from May to December 2015. There was an intervention hospital with a number of 63 nursing assistants who received four multidisciplinary educational sessions for 2 hours each plus ergonomic posture training over two days and a control hospital with a number of 62 nursing assistants who didn't receive educational intervention about low back pain. The outcomes of interest were reductions in WRLBP intensity and disability from baseline to the follow up at 6 months, which were measured using a visual analog scale and the Quebec Disability Scale. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The comparison tests showed significant change from baseline in reduction of WRLBP intensity following the multidisciplinary program, with scores of 5.01±1.97 to 3.42±2.53 after 6 months on the visual analog scale in the intervention group (p<0.001) and no significant change in control groups. There was no significant difference in the disability scores between the two groups (p=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: We showed that our multidisciplinary intervention could reduce the intensity of WRLBP among nurse aides, making them suitable for implementation in programs to improve WRLBP among nursing assistants working in hospitals.

Evaluation of the educational technology "Caring for dependent people" by family caregivers in changes and transfers of patients and tube feeding / Avaliação da tecnologia educacional "Cuidar de pessoas dependentes" por familiares cuidadores na mudança e transferência de paciente e alimentação por sonda / Evaluación de la tecnología educativa "Cuidar de personas dependientes" por parte de familiares cuidadores, en el cambio y transferencia del paciente y la alimentación por sonda

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the contributions of interactive educational technology "Caring for Dependent People" in the development of knowledge to family caregivers of dependent people in a household context and their satisfaction in its use. Method: quasi-experimental study, not randomized, of the before and after type, with a convenience sample of 65 family caregivers, from two Medicine services of a hospital in Porto, Portugal. The Control Group consisted of 33 family caregivers and the Experimental Group of 32, identified by consecutive sampling. The experimental group had access to educational technology at home. Data were collected by socio-demographic, satisfaction and evaluation of knowledge questionnaire, about how to feed by nasogastric tube, positioning and transferring the dependent person. The assessment in both groups had two moments: initial, during hospitalization and one month after discharge. Results: the experimental group had a larger increase in knowledge related to the use of the educational technology. In the control group the knowledge did not differ in the two evaluation time points. Conclusion: these results confirm the improvement of interactive educational technologies and in the training of family caregivers to care for dependents. This technology successfully met the technical quality and learning needs of caregivers, and was considered easy and stimulating.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os contributos da tecnologia educacional interativa "Cuidar de Pessoas Dependentes" no desenvolvimento de conhecimentos aos familiares cuidadores de pessoas dependentes, no contexto domiciliário e a satisfação no seu uso. Método: estudo quasi-experimental, não randomizado, do tipo antes e depois, com amostra de conveniência constituída por 65 familiares cuidadores, de dois Serviços de Medicina de um hospital do Porto, Portugal. O Grupo Controle foi constituído por 33 familiares cuidadores e o Grupo Experimental por 32, identificados por amostragem consecutiva. O grupo experimental teve Acesso à tecnologia educacional no domicílio. Os dados foram colhidos por questionário sociodemográfico de satisfação e avaliação de conhecimentos sobre como alimentar por sonda nasogástrica, posicionar e transferir a pessoa dependente. A avaliação nos dois grupos teve dois momentos: inicial, no internamento e um mês após alta hospitalar. Resultados: registou-se no grupo experimental um ganho maior de conhecimentos relacionado com a utilização da tecnologia educacional. No grupo controle os conhecimentos não variaram nos dois momentos de avaliação. Conclusão: esses resultados corroboraram na melhoria das tecnologias educacionais interativas e na capacitação dos familiares cuidadores para cuidar de pessoas dependentes. Essa tecnologia atendeu satisfatoriamente as necessidades de qualidade técnica e de aprendizagem dos cuidadores, sendo considerada fácil e estimulante.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar las contribuciones de la tecnología educativa interactiva "Cuidar de personas dependientes" en el desarrollo de conocimiento de los familiares cuidadores de personas dependientes en el contexto domiciliario y la satisfacción en su uso. Método: estudio cuasi-experimental, no aleatorizado, de tipo antes-después, con una muestra de 65 familiares cuidadores, de dos servicios de Medicina de un hospital en Oporto, Portugal. El grupo control consistió en 33 familiares cuidadores y el grupo experimental en 32, identificados por muestreo consecutivo. El grupo experimental tuvo acceso a la tecnología de la educación en el hogar. Los datos fueron recolectados por cuestionario sociodemográfico de satisfacción y evaluación de los conocimientos sobre cómo alimentar por sonda nasogástrica, posicionar y transferir a la persona dependiente. La evaluación en ambos grupos tuvo dos etapas: inicial, durante la hospitalización y un mes después del alta. Resultados: se registraron en el grupo experimental aumentos del conocimiento relacionado con el uso de la tecnología educativa. En el grupo control el conocimiento no difirió en los dos puntos en el tiempo. Conclusión: estos resultados confirmaron el beneficio de las tecnologías interactivas educativas y la formación de los familiares cuidadores para el cuidado de personas dependientes. Esta tecnología cumplió con éxito con las necesidades técnicas y de calidad de aprendizaje de los cuidadores, siendo considerada fácil y estimulante.

A Multidisciplinary Work-Related Low Back Pain Predictor Questionnaire: Psychometric Evaluation of Iranian Patient-Care Workers

STUDY DESIGN: Psychometric evaluation design. PURPOSE: Psychometric evaluation of a multidisciplinary work-related low back pain predictor questionnaire (MWRLBPPQ) of Iranians patient-care workers based on the social cognitive theory. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Healthcare is one of the professions in which work-related musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent. The chronic low back pain experienced by patient caregivers can negatively impact their professional performance, and patient handling in a hospital is the main cause of low back pain in this population. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Qom, Iran from July 2014 to November 2014. A MWRLBPPQ based on nine concepts of the social cognitive theory and existing literature regarding chronic low back pain was developed. Ten patient-care workers first completed the questionnaire as a pilot test, allowing the ambiguities of the instrument to be resolved. Exploratory factor analysis was used to confirm construct validity. This questionnaire was distributed among 452 patient-care workers in hospitals located in different geographically areas in Qom, Iran. Cronbach's Alpha was calculated to assess reliability. RESULTS: In all, 452 caregivers of patients with mean age of 37.71 (standard deviation=8.3) years participated in the study. An exploratory factor analysis loaded seven concepts of self-efficacy, knowledge, outcome perception, self-control, emotional coping, and self-efficacy in overcoming impediments and challenges in the environment. All concepts were jointly accounted for 50.08% of variance of behavior change. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed favorable internal consistency (alpha=0.83), and test-retest of the scale with 2-week intervals indicated an appropriate stability for the MWRLBPPQ. CONCLUSIONS: The MWRLBPPQ is a reliable and valid theory-based instrument that can be used to predict factors influencing work-related low back pain among workers who lift and transfer patients in hospitals.

A Multidisciplinary Work-Related Low Back Pain Predictor Questionnaire: Psychometric Evaluation of Iranian Patient-Care Workers

STUDY DESIGN: Psychometric evaluation design. PURPOSE: Psychometric evaluation of a multidisciplinary work-related low back pain predictor questionnaire (MWRLBPPQ) of Iranians patient-care workers based on the social cognitive theory. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Healthcare is one of the professions in which work-related musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent. The chronic low back pain experienced by patient caregivers can negatively impact their professional performance, and patient handling in a hospital is the main cause of low back pain in this population. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Qom, Iran from July 2014 to November 2014. A MWRLBPPQ based on nine concepts of the social cognitive theory and existing literature regarding chronic low back pain was developed. Ten patient-care workers first completed the questionnaire as a pilot test, allowing the ambiguities of the instrument to be resolved. Exploratory factor analysis was used to confirm construct validity. This questionnaire was distributed among 452 patient-care workers in hospitals located in different geographically areas in Qom, Iran. Cronbach's Alpha was calculated to assess reliability. RESULTS: In all, 452 caregivers of patients with mean age of 37.71 (standard deviation=8.3) years participated in the study. An exploratory factor analysis loaded seven concepts of self-efficacy, knowledge, outcome perception, self-control, emotional coping, and self-efficacy in overcoming impediments and challenges in the environment. All concepts were jointly accounted for 50.08% of variance of behavior change. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed favorable internal consistency (alpha=0.83), and test-retest of the scale with 2-week intervals indicated an appropriate stability for the MWRLBPPQ. CONCLUSIONS: The MWRLBPPQ is a reliable and valid theory-based instrument that can be used to predict factors influencing work-related low back pain among workers who lift and transfer patients in hospitals.

Conocimientos de las enfermeras(os) del Programa SAMU sobre la evaluación inicial al paciente politraumatizado por accidente de tránsito Lima - Perú. 2013 / Knowledge of the nurses of SAMU about the initial assessment of politraumatized patients by transit accidents

Determinar los conocimientos de las enfermeras (os) del programa SAMU sobre la evaluación inicial del paciente politraumatizado por accidente de tránsito. Lima - Perú. 2013. Material y Método: El estudio fue de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 41 enfermeras. La técnica fue la encuesta y el instrumento el cuestionario, que se aplicó previo consentimiento informado. Resultados: Del 100 por ciento (41), 51 por ciento (21) no conoce y 49 por ciento (20) conoce. En la dimensión evaluación primaria 51 por ciento (21) conoce y 49 por ciento (20) no conoce; y en la dimensión evaluación secundaria, 41 por ciento (17) conoce y 59 por ciento (24) no conoce. Conclusiones: Los conocimientos de las enfermeras (os) del programa SAMU sobre la evaluación inicial del paciente poli traumatizado; el mayor porcentaje no conoce los aspectos sobre por el examen físico, la evaluación del sistema respiratorio, la secuencia de la evaluación primaria, complicaciones de la vía aérea, y asegurar buena ventilación; seguido de un porcentaje considerable de enfermeros que conocen sobre la obstrucción de la vía aérea, condiciones para una buena ventilación, asegurar la permeabilidad de la vía aérea, maniobra para control de la columna cervical, complicaciones de la vía aérea, apertura de la vía aérea, evaluación del estado hemodinámico, pulso, control de hemorragias en amputación, y evaluación para determinar traslado...

To determine the knowledge of the nurses of SAMU (Urgency System of Movable Care) about the initial assessment of politraumatized patients by transit accidents. Lima - Peru 2013. Material and Method: The study was applicative, quantitative, descriptive method of transversal cutting. The population consisted of 41 nurses. The technique was the survey, questionnaire the instrument that was applied prior informed consent. Results: Of the 100 per cent (41), the 51 per cent (21) does not know and 49 per cent (20) known. In primary evaluation dimension the 51 per cent (21) know and 49 per cent (20) does not know. In secondary evaluation dimension 41 per cent (17) known and 59 per cent (24) does not know. Conclusions: The knowledge of the nurses of the SAMU program about the initial evaluation of politraumatized patients, the highest percentage of nurses do not know about the aspects about the physical exams, the evaluation of the respiratory system, the sequence of the initial assessment, complications of the respiratory system, and assure good ventilation, followed from a percentage of nurses that know about respiratory obstruction, conditions for good ventilation, assure the permeability of the respiratory system, how to handle and control cervical spinal cord, complications of the respiratory system, assure the mechanical conditions to guaranty a good pass of the air, evaluation of the hemodynamic state, pulse, control bleeding and amputation, and evaluation to determine to move the patients...

Prototipo de bioingenieria para el traslado y pesaje de pacientes hospitalizados con sobrepeso o movilidad limitada / Prototype of bioengineering for the transfer and weighing inpatient overweight or limited mobility

Objetivo: diseñar, fabricar y realizar pruebas de un prototipo de sistema electromecánico para mejorar la atención a pacientes hospitalizados, con sobrepeso o problemas de movilidad, en los servicios de enfermería. Material y métodos: estudio de investigación experimental, como base de prueba, realizado por los profesores de las facultades de Enfermería de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia y Ingeniería Mecánica de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Se partió de la realidad de los servicios de un hospital del Ministerio de Salud-Lima. Resultados: se presentó el prototipo integrando la camilla recta, la balanza electrónica y el sistema de comunicación vía bluetooth, cuyas funcionalidades (lectura de pesos, uso y manejo del sistema integrado) fueron explicadas al personal de la Facultad de Enfermería para su posterior validación con los pacientes. Conclusiones: el prototipo de sistema bioingenieril contribuye a mejorar la calidad de atención en el pesaje y en el traslado de manera segura y cómoda de pacientes hospitalizados y evitar lesiones físicas al personal de salud.

Objetive: Design, manufacture and testing of a prototype of electromechanical system to improve care to hospitalized patients, overweight or problems of mobility in nursing services. Material and Methods: Study of experimental research, as a basis for testing, conducted by professors from the faculties of Nursing of the Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University and Mechanical Engineering of the National University of Engineering. It departed from the reality of the services of a hospital of the Ministry of health-Lima. Results: Presented the prototype integrating the stretcher straight, the electronic scale and the communication system via bluetooth, whose capabilities (weights, use and management of the integrated reading) were explained to the staff of the school of nursing for further validation with patients.Conclusions. The prototype bioingenieril system contributes to improve the quality of care at the weigh-in and in the transfer of safe and comfortable way of hospitalized patients and prevent injury to health personnel.

When place and time matter: how to conduct safe inter-hospital transfer of patients

Inter-hospital transfer [IHT] of patients is often needed for diagnostic or therapeutic interventions. However, the transfer process carries its own risks as a poorly and hastily conducted transfer could lead to adverse events. In this article, we have reviewed literature on the key elements of IHT process including pre-transfer patient stabilization. We have also discussed various modes of transfer, physiological effects of transfer, possible adverse events and how to avoid or mitigate these. Even critically ill-patients can be transported safely by experienced and trained personnel using appropriate equipment. The patient must be maximally stabilized prior to transfer though complete optimization may be possible only at the receiving hospital. Ground or air transport may be employed depending on the urgency, feasibility and availability. Meticulous pre-transfer check and adherence to standard protocols during the transfer will help keep the entire process smooth and event free. The transport team should be trained to anticipate and manage any possible adverse events, medical or technical, during the transfer. Coordination between the referring and receiving hospitals would facilitate prompt transfer to the definitive destination avoiding delay at the emergency or casualty. Documentation of the transfer process and transfer of medical record and investigation reports are important for maintaining continuity of medical care and for medico-legal purposes

An Evidence-Based Multidisciplinary Practice Guideline to Reduce the Workload due to Lifting for Preventing Work-Related Low Back Pain

We developed an evidence-based practice guideline to support occupational safety and health (OSH) professionals in assessing the risk due to lifting and in selecting effective preventive measures for low back pain (LBP) in the Netherlands. The guideline was developed at the request of the Dutch government by a project team of experts and OSH professionals in lifting and work-related LBP. The recommendations for risk assessment were based on the quality of instruments to assess the risk on LBP due to lifting. Recommendations for interventions were based on a systematic review of the effects of worker- and work directed interventions to reduce back load due to lifting. The quality of the evidence was rated as strong (A), moderate (B), limited (C) or based on consensus (D). Finally, eight experts and twenty-four OSH professionals commented on and evaluated the content and the feasibility of the preliminary guideline. For risk assessment we recommend loads heavier than 25 kg always to be considered a risk for LBP while loads less than 3 kg do not pose a risk. For loads between 3-25 kg, risk assessment shall be performed using the Manual handling Assessment Charts (MAC)-Tool or National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting equation. Effective work oriented interventions are patient lifting devices (Level A) and lifting devices for goods (Level C), optimizing working height (Level A) and reducing load mass (Level C). Ineffective work oriented preventive measures are regulations to ban lifting without proper alternatives (Level D). We do not recommend worker-oriented interventions but consider personal lift assist devices as promising (Level C). Ineffective worker-oriented preventive measures are training in lifting technique (Level A), use of back-belts (Level A) and pre-employment medical examinations (Level A). This multidisciplinary evidence-based practice guideline gives clear criteria whether an employee is at risk for LBP while lifting and provides an easy-reference for (in)effective risk reduction measures based on scientific evidence, experience, and consensus among OSH experts and practitioners.

Deslocamento das mulheres para assistência ao parto: o município de São Paulo como origem ou destino / Displacement for women during childbirth: the municipality of São Paulo as a source or destination

Este Boletim apresenta análise da dinâmica dos nascimentos no Município de São Paulo, enfocando o deslocamento de gestantes residentes no município que buscaram assistência ao parto em outras localidades e as procedentes de outras cidades cujos nascimentos aconteceram no Município de São Paulo. Avalia também a participação do SUS e da iniciativa privada, na assistência ao parto, dos nascimentos ocorridos no ano de 2012.

Deslocamento das mulheres para assistência ao parto: o município de São Paulo como origem ou destino

Este Boletim apresenta análise da dinâmica dos nascimentos no Município de São Paulo, enfocando o deslocamento de gestantes residentes no município que buscaram assistência ao parto em outras localidades e as procedentes de outras cidades cujos nascimentos aconteceram no Município de São Paulo. Avalia também a participação do SUS e da iniciativa privada, na assistência ao parto, dos nascimentos ocorridos no ano de 2012.