Anesthetic and airway management in a pediatric patient with Morquio Syndrome:A case report

@#Morquio syndrome is a subtype of mucopolysaccharidoses, wherein the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in various organ systems lead to alteration of anatomy and physiology. Most prominent features are extensive bony abnormalities, which normally require surgical correction. This paper reports the case of a 7-year-old child with Morquio syndrome who successfully underwent correction of genu valgum under general endotracheal anesthesia via asleep induction and videolaryngoscopy, with supplemental peripheral nerve block. The precautions and anesthetic care done to ensure a safe procedure are discussed, especially with anticipation of a possible difficult airway.

Salivary Metabolites in Patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the salivary metabolites profile of Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) types I, II, IV, and VI patients. Material and Methods: The participants were asked to refrain from eating and drinking for one hour before sampling, performed between 7:30 and 9:00 a.m. Samples were centrifuged at 10.000 × g for 60 min at 4°C, and the supernatants (500µl) were stored at −80°C until NMR analysis. The salivary proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra were acquired in a 500 MHz spectrometer, and TOCSY experiments were used to confirm and assign metabolites. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results: Differences in salivary metabolites were found among MPS types and the control, such as lactate, propionate, alanine, and N-acetyl sugar. Understanding these metabolite changes may contribute to precision medicine and early detection of mucopolysaccharidosis and its monitoring. Conclusion: The composition of low molecular weight salivary metabolites of mucopolysaccharidosis subjects may present specific features compared to healthy controls.

Clinical characteristics of 111 cases with mucopolysaccharidosis ⅣA / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis ⅣA (MPS ⅣA). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 111 patients with MPS ⅣA in Xinhua Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medcine from December 2008 to August 2020, confirmed by enzyme activity and genetic testing. General situation, clinical manifestations and enzyme activity test results were analyzed. According to the clinical manifestations, it can be divided into severe, intermediate and mild group. The independent sample t test was used to compare the birth body length and weight of children with that of normal boys and girls, and group comparisons of enzyme activities were evaluated by median test. Results: One hundred and eleven unrelated patients, 69 males and 42 females, were classified into 3 subtypes: severe (n=85), intermediate (n=14), and mild (n=12). The age at symptom onset were 1.6 (1.0, 3.0) years, and at diagnosis were 4.3 (2.8, 7.8) years. Skeletal manifestations were observed in all patients and consisted mainly of pectus carinatum (96/111, 86.5%), motor dysfunction (78/111, 70.3%), spinal deformity (71/111, 64.0%), growth retardation (64/111, 57.7%), joint laxity (63/111, 56.8%) and genu valgum (62/111, 55.9%). Eighty-eight patients (88/111, 79.3%) with MPS ⅣA were also along with non-skeletal manifestations, mainly including snoring (38/111, 34.2%), coarse faces (34/111, 30.6%), and visual impairment (26/111, 23.4%). The most common skeletal manifestation was pectus carinatum (79 cases), and non-skeletal manifestation was snoring (30 cases) and coarse faces (30 cases) in severe patients, pectus carinatum (13 cases) and snoring (5 cases) in intermediate type, motor dysfunction (11 cases) and snoring (3 cases) and visual impairment (3 cases) in mild patients. The height and weight of severe patients began to fall below -2 s at 2-<5 years and 5-<7 years, respectively. At the age of 10-<15 years, the standard deviation score of the height of severe patients reached (-6.2±1.6) s in males and (-6.4±1.2) s in females, and the score of weight got (-3.0±1.1) s in males and (-3.5±0.5) s in females. The height of intermediate patients began to fall below -2 s at the age of 7-<10 years, and the standard deviation score of height were -4.6 s and -3.6 s in 2 males, and -4.6 s and -3.8 s in 2 females at the age of 10-<15 years. The weight remained within -2 s in 72.0% (18/25) of intermediate patients compared to age-matched healthy children. In the mild patients with MPS ⅣA, the mean standard deviation score of height and weight was within -2 s. The enzyme activities of mild patients (2.02 (1.05, 8.20) nmol/(17 h·mg)) were both significantly higher than that of intermediate (0.57 (0.47, 0.94) nmol/(17 h·mg)) and severe (0.22 (0, 0.59) nmol/(17 h·mg)) patients (Z=9.91, 13.98, P=0.005, 0.001), and the enzyme activity of intermediate patients was significantly higher than that of severe patients (Z=8.56, P=0.010). Conclusions: The clinical manifestations of MPS ⅣA are charactered by pectus carinatum, motor function impairment, spinal deformity and growth retardation. The clinical characteristics, growth rate and enzyme activity differ among the 3 subtypes of MPS ⅣA.

Long-term outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in two children with Mucopolysaccharidosis / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the long-term efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) in patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS), which has rarely been reported in China.@*METHODS@#A 18-month-old boy and a 23-month-old girl undergoing alloHSCT for MPS VI and MPS IH Shanghai Children's Medical Center on March 30, 2006 and September 6, 2006 were selected as the study subjects. A busulfan-based myeloablative regimen was used as the conditioning regimen. Peripheral stem cells were respectively collected from a human leucocyte antigen (HLA) matched sibling carrier donor and a HLA 9/10 matched unrelated donor. Both patients were followed up for more than 15 years. The functions of internal organs before and after the transplantation were compared, and child 1 was also compared with his untreated brother and healthy brother.@*RESULTS@#Both children have achieved full donor chimerism after the transplantation, and their enzymatic activities have remained stable. The enzymatic activity of the child 1 was slightly lower than normal but similar to that of his carrier donor, whilst that of the child 2 was normal. Both children have attended schools with good academic performance. Compared with his untreated brother, the respiratory function and hearing of child 1 have significantly improved. However, his orthopedic and cardiac disorders have still remained and required medical intervention. For child 2, her obstructive pulmonary disease was resolved and cognitive development was well preserved after the HSCT. Her heart disease has become stabilized and even improved with time, though her corneal clouding and skeletal malformation still required surgery.@*CONCLUSION@#MPS patients can sustain long-term and stable enzymatic activities after successful alloHSCT. Compared with untreated patients, their health can be significantly improved, along with considerably prolonged survival, though the long-term efficacy of HSCT for different organs may vary to a certain extent.

Awake airway endoscopy in mucopolysaccharidosis: a case report

Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) are a group of rare genetic inherited diseases with a progressive course due to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans resulting in anatomic abnormalities and organ dysfunction, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, skeletal, and neurological systems that can increase the risk of anesthesia complications. Clinical manifestations are variable, multisystemic, and include severe morphological changes. The anesthetic management of these patients is complex, particularly airway management, which can be planned to include a fiberoptic airway investigation prior to surgery. We present two cases of patients with MPS type VI and VII who underwent fiberoptic airway mapping under conscious sedation, with no complications. Since MPS is a rare but challenging disease concerning the airway management, we propose a safe and effective anesthetic technique that could be used for fiberoptic bronchoscopy and allow fiberoptic-assisted tracheal intubation at the time of surgery.

Consideraciones anestésicas en mucopolisacaridosis / Anesthetic managament in muccipolysaccharidosis

Mucopolysaccharidoses correspond to the set of congenital defects of metabolism in which there is a déficit for the processing of glycosaminoglycans, at the moment the risks of complications in the respiratory tract and neurological associated with abnormal deposits of intermediate metabolites of metabolism is high, for such Because of the high need for surgical interventions during childhood, this narrative review aims to explore the available evidence regarding the anesthetic management of patients with mucopolysaccharidoses, for which 2 cohort studies and 6 observational studies were selected, finding that the approach through multidisciplinar teams, premedication with anxiolytics, the use of videolaryngoscopy to protect the airway and the use of Propofol associated with dexmedetomidine in cases of patients with sanfilippo syndrome were recommended in the management of patients with mucopolysaccharides If, however, multiple residual biases were detected during the evaluation of the publications, which is why it is not possible to suggest such changes as evidence-based recommendations, new experimental investigations are required.

Las mucopolisacaridosis corresponden al conjunto de defectos congénitos del metabolismo en los cuales existen déficit para el procesamiento de los glucosaminoglucanos, en el momento los riesgos de complicaciones en la vía respiratoria y neurológicos asociados a los depósitos anormales de metabolitos intermedios del metabolismo es alto, por tal motivo la necesidad de intervenciones quirúrgicas durante la infancia es alta, la presente revisión narrativa, tiene como objetivo explorar la evidencia disponible en torno al manejo anestésico de los pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis, para lo cual se filtraron 2 estudios de cohorte y 6 estudios observacionales encontrando que el abordaje a través de equipos mul- tidisciplinarios, la premedicación con ansiolíticos, el uso de videolaringoscopia para la protección de la vía aérea y el uso de propofol asociado a dexmedetomidina en casos de pacientes con síndrome de sanfilipp; fueron recomendados en el manejo de los pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis. No obstante múltiples sesgos residuales fueron detectados durante la evaluación de las publicaciones, motivo por el cual no es posible sugerir dichos cambios como recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, nuevas investigaciones de tipo experimental son requeridas.

Indivíduos com doenças genéticas raras que afetam o desenvolvimento esquelético: vulnerabilidade aos problemas bucais / Individuals with rare genetic diseases that affect skeletal development: vulnerability to oral problems

Os indivíduos com doenças genéticas raras podem apresentar alterações no sistema nervoso e/ou musculoesquelético, inclusive comprometimento cognitivo, distúrbios neuropsicomotores, más formações craniofaciais e alterações oclusais e dentárias. Posição alterada dos dentes na arcada, alterações na estrutura óssea e na formação dentária, quando associadas a uma dieta cariogênica e a uma escovação deficiente, podem atuar como fatores predisponentes às doenças cárie e gengivite. As Mucopolissacaridoses (MPS) e a Osteogênese Imperfeita (OI) são doenças raras que afetam o desenvolvimento esquelético. Alterações físicas e motoras presentes na maioria dos indivíduos com essas doenças podem aumentar a dificuldade para realização da higiene bucal. Além disso, o desconhecimento de grande parte dos cirurgiões-dentistas em relação às doenças genéticas raras, dificulta muito o acesso dessa parcela da população para atendimento odontológico tanto na rede pública quanto na rede privada. Isso torna esses indivíduos mais vulneráveis aos problemas bucais quando comparados a indivíduos com outras deficiências e à população normotípica. O objetivo da pesquisa foi comparar indivíduos brasileiros com doenças genéticas raras com envolvimento esquelético e indivíduos sem doenças raras em relação à prevalência de problemas bucais. Além disso, objetivou-se sintetizar as modalidades do tratamento ortodôntico e da cirurgia ortognática para correção da má oclusão em indivíduos com OI. Desse modo, a tese conta com a apresentação de dois artigos científicos, sendo um estudo transversal e uma revisão sistemática. O artigo 1 objetivou comparar a prevalência de problemas bucais de indivíduos brasileiros com doenças genéticas raras que afetam o desenvolvimento esquelético e indivíduos sem doenças raras. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, pareado por idade e sexo, com 210 indivíduos [105 com doença genética rara: MPS (n=27) / OI (n=78) e 105 sem doença rara], na faixa etária de dois a 57 anos e os pais/responsáveis. O grupo com doenças raras foi recrutado em ambulatórios médicos de serviços especializados ou de referência em doenças genéticas raras, de cinco estados brasileiros (Ceará, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo). Os indivíduos sem doença rara foram recrutados em outros ambulatórios dos mesmos hospitais. Os grupos foram examinados quanto a má oclusão, anomalias dentárias, cárie dentária e gengivite. Os pais/responsáveis responderam um questionário sobre aspectos individuais, sociodemográficos, comportamentais, história médica e odontológica dos indivíduos com doença rara e sem doença rara. O Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) foi utilizado para identificar possíveis variáveis de confusão. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CAAE 01480212.4.0000.5149 [MPS] / CAAE 54755516.4.0000.5149 [OI]). Foi realizada a análise descritiva e modelos de regressão logística binária não-ajustados e ajustados (Odds Ratio, método Conditional Backward, IC95%). A média de idade dos indivíduos examinados foi de 14,2 anos (± 12,3). No modelo final permaneceram as variáveis doença genética rara, cor da pele e renda familiar. Apenas a variável doença genética rara foi associada com os problemas bucais. Indivíduos com doença genética rara apresentaram 12,9 vezes mais chance de ter algum problema bucal (IC95% 3,7- 44,7), em comparação com indivíduos sem doença rara. Concluiu-se que indivíduos com doença genética rara apresentaram maior prevalência de problemas bucais quando comparados a indivíduos sem doença rara. O artigo 2 objetivou sintetizar, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, as modalidades de tratamento ortodôntico, cirurgia ortognática e a combinação de ambos os tratamentos, para a correção de má oclusão em indivíduos com OI. A busca em bases de dados identificou 22 artigos, contabilizando 28 casos clínicos. A má oclusão foi considerada grave em 11 casos, com registros de overjet negativo entre 9 e 26 mm. O tratamento ortodôntico foi realizado em quatro casos, a cirurgia ortognática em cinco e o tratamento ortodôntico associado à cirurgia ortognática em 19 casos. Concluiu-se que o tratamento das más oclusões é viável em indivíduos com OI. Quando devidamente indicado, esse tratamento pode proporcionar resultados estéticos e funcionais satisfatórios e com estabilidade adequada.

Individuals with rare genetic diseases may present changes in the nervous and/or musculoskeletal system, including cognitive impairment, neuropsychomotor disorders, craniofacial malformations, and occlusal and dental changes. Altered tooth position in the arch, changes in bone structure and tooth formation, when associated with a cariogenic diet and poor brushing, can act as predisposing factors for caries and gingivitis. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) and Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) are rare diseases that affect skeletal development. Physical and motor changes present in most individuals with these diseases can increase the difficulty in performing oral hygiene. In addition, the lack of knowledge of most dentists about rare genetic diseases makes it very difficult for this portion of the population to have access to dental care in both the public and private networks. This makes these individuals more vulnerable to oral problems when compared to individuals with other disabilities and the normotypical population. The aim of the study was to compare Brazilian individuals with rare genetic diseases with skeletal involvement and individuals without rare diseases about the prevalence of oral problems. The other aim was to synthesize the modalities of orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery to correct malocclusion in individuals with OI. Thus, the thesis has the presentation of two scientific articles, being a cross- sectional study and a systematic review. Article 1 aimed to compare the prevalence of oral problems in Brazilian individuals with rare genetic diseases that affect skeletal development and individuals without rare diseases. A cross-sectional study, paired by age and sex, was carried out with 210 individuals [105 with rare genetic disease: MPS (n=27) / OI (n=78) and 105 without rare disease], aged from two to 57 years and parents/guardians. The group with rare diseases was recruited from medical clinics of specialized or reference services in rare genetic diseases, in five Brazilian states (Ceará, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo). Individuals without rare diseases were recruited from other outpatient clinics in the same hospitals. The groups were examined for malocclusion, dental anomalies, tooth decay and gingivitis. Parents/guardians answered a questionnaire on the individual, sociodemographic, behavioral, medical and dental history of individuals with rare diseases and without rare diseases. Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) was used to identify possible confounding variables. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (CAAE 01480212.4.0000.5149 [MPS] / CAAE 54755516.4.0000.5149 [OI]). Descriptive analysis and unadjusted and adjusted binary logistic regression models were performed (Odds Ratio, Conditional Backward method, 95%CI). The average age of the individuals examined was 14.2 years (± 12.3). The variables rare genetic disease, skin color and family income remained in the final model. Only the rare genetic disease variable was associated with oral problems. Individuals with a rare genetic disease were 12.9 times more likely to have an oral problem (95%CI 3.7-44.7), compared to individuals without a rare disease. It was concluded that individuals with a rare genetic disease had a higher prevalence of oral problems when compared to individuals without a rare disease. Article 2 aimed to synthesize, through a systematic review, the modalities of orthodontic treatment, orthognathic surgery and the combination of both treatments for the correction of malocclusion in individuals with OI. The search in databases identified 22 articles, accounting for 28 clinical cases. Malocclusion was considered severe in 11 cases, with negative overjet recordings between 9- and 26- mm. Orthodontic treatment was performed in four cases, orthognathic surgery in five, and orthodontic treatment associated with orthognathic surgery in 19 cases. It was concluded that the treatment of malocclusions is feasible in individuals with OI. When properly indicated, this treatment can provide satisfactory aesthetic and functional results and with adequate stability.

Dental and maxillomandibular incidental findings in panoramic radiography among individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a group of rare and inherited metabolic disorders caused by the accumulation of macromolecule glycosaminoglycans inside lysosomes. Affected individuals may have dental and craniofacial tissue alterations, facilitating the development of several oral diseases. Objectives To assess, with panoramic radiographic images, the frequency of dental and maxillomandibular incidental findings among MPS individuals and compare them with non-MPS individuals. Methodology A cross-sectional study evaluating a sample of 14 MPS individuals and 28 non-MPS individuals aged from 5 to 26 years was carried out. They were matched for sex and age on a 2:1 proportion. Panoramic radiographs were assessed for the presence/absence of the following dental and maxillomandibular alterations: dental anomalies of number (hypodontia/dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth); anomalies of form (microdontia, macrodontia, conoid teeth, taurodontism, and root dilaceration); anomalies of position (impacted tooth, inverted tooth, tooth migration, partially bony teeth, complete bony teeth); periapical alterations (furcation lesion, circumscribed bone rarefaction); other alterations (radiolucent bone lesions, radiopaque bone lesions, radiopacity in the maxillary sinus, condylar hypoplasia). Differences between groups were tested by the Fisher's exact test and chi-square test (p<0.05). Results For intrarater agreement, Kappa values were 0.76 to 0.85. The presence of supernumerary teeth (p=0.003); conoid teeth (p=0.009); taurodontism (p<0.001); impacted teeth (p<0.001); partial bony teeth (p=0.040); complete bony teeth (p=0.013); and root dilaceration (p=0.047) were statistically more frequent in MPS individuals compared to non-MPS individuals. Bone rarefaction/furcation lesions (p=0.032), condylar hypoplasia (p<0.001), radiolucent bone lesions (p=0.001), and dentigerous cysts (p=0.002) were also more frequent in MPS individuals. Conclusion The presence of specific oral manifestations is more common in MPS individuals than non-MPS individuals.

Aspectos neuroquirúrgicos de las mucopolisacaridosis / Neurosurgical aspects of mucopolysaccharidoses

Mucopolisacaridosis es una rara enfermedad que afecta al metabolismo de los mucopolisacaridos debida a la ausencia o deficiencia de las enzimas encargadas de su síntesis lo que produce depósitos de aminoglucósidos en casi todos los tejidos del organismo. De acuerdo a la enzima faltante se clasifican los distintos tipos de la enfermedad, siendo más frecuente el Tipo I con sus tres variantes: Hurler, Hurler-Sheie y Sheie de distinta gravedad y tratamiento. Al nacimiento el niño no presenta síntomas, éstos van apareciendo a partir del año de vida: retardo físico y mental, múltiples deformidades esqueléticas, hepatoesplenomegalia, sordera, opacidades corneanas, entre otras. La intervención neuroquirúrgica en esta entidad es en dos patologías: la hidrocefalia, que al no presentar los signos clásicos de hipertensión endocraneana puede ser confundida con atrofia y la compresión medular cervical por los depósitos de mucopolisacáridos en vértebras, ligamentos y leptomeninges.

Mucopolysaccharidosis is a rare illness that involves the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides, that due to the absence or deficiency of corresponding enzymes, accumulate in almost all the tissues of the body. According to which enzyme is missing, different types of the disease have been identified; the most frequent being Type I with its three variants: Hurler, Hurler-Sheie, and Sheie. Symptoms of this disorder progress and range from mental and physical retardation, multiple skeletal deformities, hepatosplenomegaly, deafness, and corneal opacities among others. Children affected usually appear normal at birth and the slowness in their development may be the first evidence of the disorder whose progression is downhill. Neurosurgical intervention occurs in two pathologies: hydrocephalus that does not show signs of intracranial hypertension and can be confused with atrophy, and cervical cord compression due to storage of mucopolysaccharides in vertebrae, ligaments, and leptomeninges.

Applying the functional independence measure to the assessment of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis / Test de medida de independencia funcional en la evaluación de pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis

Abstract Objective: To assess the functional independence of a group of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis using the Functional Independence Measure as a tool that accomplishes this purpose. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis. Our data was collected between June 2015 and July 2016. In addition to history of present illness and physical examination each study participant was asked to answer a questionnaire to specifically evaluate their functional independence using the functional independence measure. the internal consistency of the functional independence measure was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: We collected data on 20 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis. The average age was 10.8 (8.67-13.03) years, the average weight was 23.6 (19.91-27.37) kg and the average height was 1 (0.83-1.17) m. The most prevalent type of mucopolysaccharidosis in the study was type VI (n= 14). The average total functional independence measure score was 104.4 (97.61-111.19), the average for the mobility domain was 73.50 (68.22-78.78) and the average for the cognitive function domain was 30.90 (28.68-33.13). The internal consistency of the entire questionnaire was 0.859, with values of 0.966 for the mobility domain and 0.624 for the cognitive function domain. Conclusion: The lowest functional independence measure scores were obtained in the following sub-domains: self-care, locomotion and cognitive function. The functional independence measure questionnaire demonstrated internal consistency for the evaluation of functional independence in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis, being able to value all the affected sub-domains separately.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la independencia funcional de un grupo de pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis utilizando la Medida de Independencia Funcional como herramienta para lograr este propósito. Métodos: Este es un estudio transversal de pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis. Nuestros datos se recopilaron entre junio de 2015 y julio de 2016. Además de la historia de la enfermedad actual y el examen físico, se pidió a cada participante del estudio que respondiera un cuestionario para evaluar específicamente su independencia funcional utilizando la Medida de Independencia Funcional. la consistencia interna de la Medida de Independencia Funcional se evaluó mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: Recopilamos datos de 20 pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis. La edad promedio fue de 10.8 (8.67-13.03) años, el peso promedio fue de 23.6 (19.91-27.37) kg y la altura promedio fue de 1 m (0.83-1.17). El tipo de mucopolisacaridosis más prevalente en el estudio fue el tipo VI (n= 14). El puntaje promedio de la medida de independencia funcional total fue 104.4 (97.61-111.19), el promedio para el dominio de movilidad fue 73.50 (68.22-78.78) y el promedio para el dominio de función cognitiva fue 30.90 (28.68-33.13). La consistencia interna de todo el cuestionario fue de 0.859, con valores de 0.966 para el dominio de movilidad y 0.624 para el dominio de función cognitiva. Conclusión: Las puntuaciones más bajas de la medida de independencia funcional se obtuvieron en los siguientes subdominios: autocuidado, locomoción y función cognitiva. El cuestionario de medida de independencia funcional demostró consistencia interna para la evaluación de la independencia funcional en pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis, pudiendo valorar todos los subdominios afectados por separado.

Variantes del Complejo MPS en población Colombiana / Variants of the MPS Complex in the Colombian population

Introducción: Las Mucopolisacaridosis (MPS) son enfermedades de depósito lisosomal que se caracterizan por la acumulación excesiva de sulfato de Glucosaminoglicanos (GAGs) en órganos y tejidos, debido a la alteración en los genes que codifican para enzimas involucradas en la degradación lisosomal de glucosaminoglicanos. Se reconocen siete tipos distintos de trastornos de MPS (I, II, III, IV, VI, VII y IX) con 11 deficiencias específicas de enzimas lisosomales. El país no tiene datos exactos sobre la carga de la enfermedad, ni datos de frecuencia alélica que permita conocer la presencia de variantes poblacionales y posibles individuos afectados y portadores. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia alélica poblacional de las variantes del complejo MPS en una población sin diagnóstico clínico y molecular de esta patología. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional donde se determinó la frecuencia alélica de variantes presentes en los genes IDUA, IDS, SGSH, NAGLU, HGSNAT, GNS, GALNS, GLB1, ARSB ,GUSB ,HYAL1, asociados a MPS por medio de la secuenciación de 320 exomas completos de pacientes sin diagnóstico clínico de MPS del Suroccidente Colombiano; los resultados fueron tabulados y fueron utilizadas fórmulas de frecuencia alélica para determinar los valores asociados a cada uno de los genes. Resultados: Se reportaron 509 alelos asociadas al complejo MPS, de las cuales 262 no se habían informado previamente. Los genes con presencia alélica más frecuentes fueron IDUA, GLB1 y GALNS, involucrados en MPS I y MPS IV A / B. Las frecuencias totales oscilaron entre 0,00393 (2 alelos) y 0,47937 (248 alelos). Estos estudios nos permiten conocer la frecuencia poblacional de cada una de las variantes asociadas al complejo MPS, lo que facilita la identificación oportuna de posibles pacientes, y portadores, realizar intervenciones oportunas que incluya además asesoramiento genético. Conclusiones: Con el avance en los métodos diagnósticos genómicos es posible ampliar el conocimiento sobre el impacto de presencia de variantes de los genes asociados al complejo MPS en nuestra población, identificación e instauración de programas integrales que nos acerca a la medicina de precisión.

Introduction: Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are lysosomal storage diseases characterized by the excessive accumulation of glycosaminoglycan sulfate (GAGs) in organs and tissues, due to the alteration in the genes that code for enzymes involved in the lysosomal degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Seven different types of MPS disorders (I, II, III, IV, VI, VII, and IX) are recognized with 11 specific lysosomal enzyme deficiencies. Colombia does not have exact data on the burden of the disease, nor data on the allelic frequency that allows knowing the presence of population variants and possible affected individuals and carriers. Objective: To determine the population allelic frequency of the variants of the MPS complex in a population without a clinical and molecular diagnosis of this pathology. Materials and methods: An observational descriptive study was carried out where the allelic frequency of variants present in the IDUA, IDS, SGSH, NAGLU, HGSNAT, GNS, GALNS, GLB1, ARSB, GUSB, HYAL1 genes associated with MPS was determined by means of the sequencing of 320 exomes from patients without a clinical diagnosis of MPS from the Southwest of Colombia; the results were tabulated and allelic frequency formulas were used to determine the values associated with each of the genes. Results: 509 alleles associated with the MPS complex were reported, of which 262 have not been previously reported. The genes with the most frequent allelic presence were IDUA, GLB1 and GALNS, involved in MPS I and MPS IV A. These studies allow us to know the population frequency of each of the variants associated with the MPS complex, which facilitates the timely identification of possible patients and carriers, and to carry out timely interventions that also include genetic counseling. Conclusions: With the advancement in genomic diagnostic methods, it is possible to expand the knowledge about the impact of the presence of variants of the genes associated with the MPS complex in our population, identification and establishment of comprehensive programs that bring us closer to precision medicine.

Características orofaciais de indivíduos com mucopolissacaridoses: um estudo transversal pareado / Orofacial characteristics of individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis: a paired cross-sectional study

As mucopolissacaridoses (MPS) caracterizam-se por um grupo de doenças genéticas metabólicas raras, com manifestações multissistêmicas progressivas. Acarretam diversas alterações físicas, motoras e intelectuais. Dentre as alterações físicas, muitas estão presentes na face e na cavidade bucal. Na área odontológica ainda são poucos os estudos dedicados à MPS, sendo insuficientes as informações sobre as características orofaciais presentes nas pessoas acometidas por essa anomalia. O presente estudo objetivou identificar as características orofaciais de indivíduos com MPS e comparar com um grupo de indivíduos sem MPS. Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal com uma amostra pareada de 14 indivíduos com MPS e 28 sem MPS, na faixa etária de 5 a 26 anos, pareados por sexo e idade. Os participantes com MPS e sem MPS são atendidos em dois hospitais públicos de Belo Horizonte, região sudeste do Brasil. Em ambos os grupos foi realizada a análise facial e a análise cefalométrica (medidas angulares e lineares). Além disso, também foram identificadas a presença ou ausência de alterações dentárias e maxilomandibulares por meio de radiografias panorâmicas. Previamente ao estudo principal, a examinadora passou pelo processo de calibração prática. Foram obtidos valores kappa entre 0,76 e 0,98. Para as variáveis cefalométricas, não foram observados erros sistemáticos significativos (p> 0,05). Os erros aleatórios para as medidas lineares e angulares foram baixos. A análise estatística entre os grupos foi realizada por meio do teste qui-quadrado e teste t independente. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. A média de idade dos 42 participantes foi de 13,9 anos (± 7,2). Em relação às alterações faciais e cefalométricas, observou-se que quando comparados com indivíduos sem MPS, a maioria dos indivíduos com MPS apresentou perfil dolicofacial, alteração nas proporções faciais, com aumento da altura facial anterior inferior (AFAI) e incompetência labial (todos p<0,05). Seis medidas angulares foram significativamente maiores entre os indivíduos com MPS: 1s.Na, 1s.NB, FMA, IMPA, AFI e Po.Or_Go.Me; todos p <0,05. Duas medidas angulares apresentaram-se significativamente reduzidas nos indivíduos com MPS: 1s.1i, Ba.N-Ptm.Gn; p <0,05. Quatro medidas lineares apresentaram-se aumentadas entre os indivíduos com MPS: 1s-NA, 1i-NB, S-UL e S-LL; todos p<0,05. E, cinco medidas lineares (PogN-Perp, Co-A, Co-Gn, Nfa-Nfp e overbite; todos p<0,05) apresentaram-se reduzidas entre os indivíduos com MPS. Em relação à presença/ausência de alterações dentárias e maxilomandibulares, observou-se que a presença de dentes supranumerários (p=0,003); dentes conóides (p = 0,009); taurodontismo (p<0,001); dentes impactados (p<0,001); dentes semi-inclusos (p=0,040); dentes inclusos (p=0,013); e dilaceração radicular (p=0,047) foi estatisticamente mais frequente nos indivíduos com MPS quando comparados aos sem MPS. Além disso, a presença de rarefação óssea/ lesão de furca óssea (p=0,032), hipoplasia condilar (p<0,001), lesões ósseas radiolúcidas (p=0,001) e cistos dentígeros (p=0,001) também foram mais frequentes em indivíduos com MPS. Conclui-se que a maioria dos indivíduos com MPS apresentou perfil dolicofacial com aumento da altura facial anteroinferior. Os indivíduos com MPS foram identificados com incisivos superiores e inferiores vestibularizados, espaço nasofaríngeo reduzido e overbite reduzido. A presença de alterações dentárias e maxilomandibulares também foram frequentes nos indivíduos com MPS, ressaltando assim a importância do conhecimento a cerca das manifestações clínicas orais e faciais que podem ser herdadas através da MPS, a fim de se realizar um atendimento odontológico preventivo e eficaz.

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) are characterized as a group of rare metabolic genetic diseases, with progressive multisystemic manifestations. There are several physical, motor and intellectual alterations. Among the physical alterations, many are presented in the face and oral cavity. In the the area of dentistry, there are still few studies dedicated to MPS, with insufficient information about the orofacial characteristics presented in individuals affected by this anomaly. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the orofacial features of individuals with Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) and to compare the characteristics of those individuals with a group of non-MPS individuals. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a paired sample of 14 MPS individuals and 28 non-MPS individuals between five and 26 years old matched for sex and age. Participants with and without MPS are patients attended at two public hospitals in Belo Horizonte, southeastern region of Brazil. Facial and cephalometric analysis (angular and linear measurements) was performed for both groups. Besides that, the presence/absence of dental and maxillomandibular alterations were assessed through panoramic radiographs. Prior to the main study, the examiner went through practical calibration process. Kappa scores for categorical variables obtained were 0.76 to 0.98. For the cephalometric variables, no systematic errors were observed (p>0.05). Random errors for linear and angular measurements were low. Statistical analysis between groups was performed by means of chi-square test and independent t test. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. The mean age of the 42 participants was 13.9 years (±7.2). Regarding facial and cephalometric measures, it was observed that when compared to non-MPS individuals, most MPS individuals were dolichofacial, with facial proportions alterations, increased ALFH, and no passive lip sealing (all p<0.05). Six angular measurements (1s.Na, 1s.NB, FMA, IMPA, AFI, and Po.Or_Go.Me; all p<0.05) were significantly increased among MPS individuals. Two angular measurements (1s.1i, Ba.N-Ptm.Gn; all p<0.05) were significantly decreased among MPS individuals. Four linear measurements were significantly increased among MPS individuals (1s-NA, 1i-NB, S-UL and S-LL; all p<0.05). Five linear measurements (PogN-Perp, Co-A, Co-Gn, Nfa-Nfp and overbite; all p<0.05) were significantly decreased among MPS individuals. It can be concluded that, most MPS individuals were dolichofacial with increased anterior lower facial height. MPS individuals also present pro-inclined upper and lower incisors, reduced nasopharyngeal space and reduced overbite. The presence of dental and maxillomandibular alterations were also more frequent in MPS individuals, highlighting the importance of the knowledge about the oral and facial clinical manifestations that can be inherited with the MPS disease, in order to provide preventive and effective dental care.

Integralidade do cuidado para indivíduos com doenças genéticas raras que afetam o desenvolvimento esquelético: fatores associados ao acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal / Integrality of care for individuals with rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development: factors associated with access to oral health service

As doenças genéticas raras são consideradas eventos patológicos de origem genética de baixa ocorrência e com ampla diversidade de sinais e sintomas. Geralmente, indivíduos acometidos com doenças raras apresentam alterações musculares, esqueléticas e do sistema nervoso central. Muitas manifestações orofaciais são comuns nessa parcela da população, que, na grande maioria das vezes, apresenta dificuldade de acesso ao tratamento odontológico adequado. O conceito de integralidade do cuidado é amplamente discutido tanto nas práticas na área da saúde, quanto nas discussões relacionadas à compreensão do ser humano, de sua condição integral e não parcial. Este estudo objetivou identificar fatores associados ao acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal para indivíduos com doença genética rara e sem doença genética rara. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, pareado por sexo e idade, com 140 indivíduos [70 com doença genética rara - Mucopolissacaridoses (n=29) / Osteogênese Imperfeita (n=41) - e 70 sem doença genética rara] e os pais/responsáveis. A amostra foi selecionada em dois hospitais referência para pacientes com doenças raras em Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil. Os pais/responsáveis responderam um questionário sobre aspectos individuais (sexo, idade, cor da pele e escolaridade dos pais/responsáveis) e história médica e odontológica do filho (infecções respiratórias, uso rotineiro de medicamentos, acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal). O tipo de doença rara (MPS ou OI) foi confirmado pelo prontuário médico do paciente. O acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal foi analisado por meio da questão "Seu filho já foi ao dentista?" Os participantes com doença rara e sem doença rara foram examinados quanto à cárie dentária, má oclusão, anomalias dentárias e higiene bucal. Foi construído um modelo teórico por meio de Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) para identificar possíveis variáveis de confusão na associação entre doenças raras e acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Foram realizadas análises de regressão logística condicional não-ajustada e ajustada (p<0,05). A faixa etária dos indivíduos examinados foi de três a 27 anos, com média de idade de 10,3 anos (±6,5). A chance de o indivíduo sem doença genética rara ter acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal foi 5,32 vezes maior (IC95%: 2,35-12,01). Indivíduos sem episódios de infecções das vias aéreas superiores (menos de seis meses) apresentaram 3,16 vezes maior chance de terem acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal (IC95%: 1,45-6,90). Concluiu-se que indivíduos sem doença rara e sem história de infecções das vias aéreas superiores (menos de seis meses) apresentaram maior chance de pertencerem ao grupo de indivíduos com acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal

Rare genetic diseases are considered pathological events of low-occurrence genetic origin and with wide diversity of signs and symptoms. Generally, individuals affected with rare diseases present muscle, skeletal and central nervous system alterations. Many orofacial manifestations are common in this part of the population, that in the vast majority of time it has difficulty accessing adequate dental treatment. The concept of comprehensive care is widely discussed both in health practices, then discussions related to the understanding of the human being, of his integral and non-partial condition. This study aimed to identify factors associated with access to oral health service for individuals with rare genetic disease and without rare genetic disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted, matched by sex and age, with 140 individuals [70 with rare genetic disease - Mucopolysaccharidosis (n=29) / Osteogenesis Imperfect (n=41) - and 70 without rare genetic disease] and parents/guardians. The sample was selected in two reference hospitals for patients with rare diseases in Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Parents/guardians answered a questionnaire about individual aspects and medical and dental history of the child. Participants with rare disease and without rare disease were examined for dental caries, malocclusion, dental anomalies and oral hygiene. The theoretical model of the Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) was used to identify possible confounding variables in the association between rare diseases and access to oral health service. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Federal University of Minas Gerais. Unadjusted and adjusted conditional logistic regression analyzes were performed (p<0.05). The age group of the individuals examined was three to 27 years, with a mean age of 10.3 years (±6.5). The chance of the individual without rare genetic disease belonging to the group with access to oral health service was 5.32 times higher (IC95%: 2.35-12.01). Individuals without episodes of upper airway infections (less than six months) were 3.16 times more likely to be in the group with access to oral health service (IC95%: 1.45-6.90). It was concluded that individuals without rare disease and without history of upper airway infections (< 6 months) were more likely to belong to the group of individuals with access to oral health services.

Oral health-related quality of life of young people with mucopolysaccharidosis: a paired cross-sectional study

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to compare the perceptions of the parents/ caregivers of young people with and without Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) with regards to their oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 29 individuals with MPS and 29 normotypic individuals aged three to 21 years and their parents/caregivers. All parents/caregivers of young people with MPS in follow-up at two reference hospitals in the city of Belo Horizonte, southeastern Brazil, were invited to participate in the study. Individuals without MPS were recruited from the pediatric clinics of both hospitals. Parents/caregivers answered a structured questionnaire addressing the sociodemographic characteristics, behavioral habits and medical and dental history of the children as well as the Brazilian short-form version of the Parental-Caregiver (P-CPQ). The individuals with and without MPS were examined for malocclusion, dental caries and oral hygiene by an examiner who had undergone training and calibration exercises. Mean age of the subjects was 12.1 years (± 4.2). Comparing total P-CPQ scores and scores on the oral symptoms, functional limitations and wellbeing domains, the parents/caregivers individuos with MPS reported a statistically significant greater negative impact on OS domain than their counterparts. Regarding the clinical variables, malocclusion was also associated a greater negative impact on OHRQoL of young people with MPS when compared to those of young people without MPS. Our findings show the great negative impact caused by the malocclusion of young people with MPS.

Left ventricular assessment in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis using conventional echocardiography and myocardial deformation by two-dimensional speckle-tracking method / Avaliação do ventrículo esquerdo em pacientes com mucopolissacaridose através do ecocardiograma convencional e da deformação miocárdica pelo speckle-tracking bidimensional

Abstract Objective: Mucopolysaccharidosis is a rare genetic disease characterized by the intralysosomal deposition of glycosaminoglycans. Cardiovascular impairment is a common feature. Cardiac signs and symptoms are underestimated due to the disease involvement in other organs. Enzyme replacement therapy can be used in mucopolysaccharidosis I, II, IV, and VI. Thus, the knowledge about the use of new echocardiography tools is relevant to improve the care of this population. This study aimed to describe left ventricular function assessment by conventional echocardiography and left ventricular global longitudinal strain analysis and compare the alterations in patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy and who had different ages at the start of therapy. Method: Outpatient-based descriptive study. The patients were submitted to conventional echocardiography and left ventricular global longitudinal strain measurement. Results: Sixteen patients were evaluated; median age of 14.2 years (SD = 5.2 years). Left ventricular hypertrophy was found in nine patients (56.2%). All patients had preserved left ventricular systolic function (Simpson and Teichholz). Nine (56.2%) patients showed alterations in left ventricular global longitudinal strain. The study showed a positive association between left ventricular hypertrophy and alteration in the left ventricular global longitudinal strain, and late start of enzyme replacement therapy and alteration in the left ventricular global longitudinal strain. Conclusion: Echocardiographic alterations in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis were frequently observed, especially alterations in the left ventricular geometry and subclinical dysfunction. Patients who had a late enzyme replacement therapy start showed an association with worse left ventricular global longitudinal strain values, reinforcing the need for early diagnosis and treatment. The use of new echocardiographic tools may improve the follow-up of these patients.

Resumo Objetivo: A mucopolissacaridose é uma doença genética rara, caracterizada por depósito intralisossômico de glicosaminoglicanos. O comprometimento cardiovascular é frequente. Sinais e sintomas cardíacos são subestimados pelo envolvimento da doença em outros órgãos. A terapia de reposição enzimática pode ser usada em mucopolissacaridose I, II, IV e VI. Assim, o conhecimento da aplicação de novas ferramentas de ecocardiografia é relevante para melhorar a assistência dessa população. Este estudo visou descrever a função do ventrículo esquerdo pelo ecocardiograma convencional e pela análise do strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo e comparar as alterações em pacientes que fazem uso da terapia de reposição enzimática e que tiveram idades distintas de início da terapia. Método: Estudo descritivo de base ambulatorial. Os pacientes foram submetidos à ecocardiografia convencional e medida do strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo. Resultados: Foram avaliados 16 pacientes; mediana de 14,2 anos (desvio: 5,2 anos). Hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo foi encontrada em nove pacientes (56,2%). Todos os pacientes tiveram função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo preservada (Simpson e Teichholz). Nove (56,2%) pacientes apresentaram alteração no strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo. O estudo mostrou associação positiva entre hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo e alteração no strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo e início tardio da terapia de reposição enzimática e alteração no strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo. Conclusão: Alterações ecocardiográficas em pacientes com mucopolissacaridose foram frequentes, especialmente alterações na geometria e disfunção subclínica do ventrículo esquerdo. Pacientes que iniciaram tardiamente a terapia de reposição enzimática apresentaram associação com piores valores de strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo, o que reforça a necessidade do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces. O uso de novas ferramentas de ecocardiografia pode melhorar o acompanhamento desses pacientes.

Daño oxidativo y capacidad de defensa antioxidante en pacientes cubanos con mucopolisacaridosis / Oxidative damage and anti-oxidant defense capacity in Cuban patients with mucopolysaccharidosis

Introducción: Las mucopolisacaridosis son causadas por la deficiencia de las actividades de las enzimas lisosomales necesarias para degradar los glicosaminoglicanos. Estos síndromes comparten muchas características clínicas aunque en grados variables. Las manifestaciones clínicas implican múltiples sistemas de órganos y algunas tienen terapia de reemplazo enzimático. En muchas investigaciones se hace alusión a la presencia de estrés oxidativo en quienes la padecen, pero esta condición aún no se ha estudiado en los pacientes cubanos. Objetivo: Evaluar parámetros de estrés oxidativo en pacientes cubanos con mucopolisacaridosis. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles que incluyó a 7 niños con mucopolisacaridosis de tipos I, II, III y IV (casos) y a 21 aparentemente sanos, pareados en edad y sexo (controles). Se midieron los niveles plasmáticos de malonildialdehído, productos avanzados de oxidación de proteínas, grupos tiol libres y marcadores de química sanguínea. Se cuantificaron las actividades intraeritrocíticas de superóxido dismutasa, catalasa y de glutatión peroxidasa. Todas las técnicas utilizadas fueron espectrofotométricas. Resultados: Los pacientes mostraron un aumento tanto en los niveles de calcio como en la oxidación de lípidos y proteínas, en comparación con los controles y los valores de referencia de Cuba. Hubo una disminución en la actividad de la enzima superóxido dismutasa y las concentraciones de grupos tioles. No se encontraron diferencias para el resto de los parámetros medidos. Conclusiones: El aumento del daño oxidativo y la disminución de la capacidad antioxidante sugieren la presencia de estrés oxidativo en esos pacientes cubanos.

Introduction: Mucopolysaccharidosis are caused by the deficiency in lysosomal enzyme activities necessary to degrade the glycosaminoglycans. These syndromes share many clinical characteristics although in variable degrees. Clinical manifestations imply multiple organs systems and some have enzyme replacement treatment. Many investigations deal on the presence of oxidative stress in those who suffer it, but this condition has not still been studied in Cuban patients. Objective: To evaluate parameters of oxidative stress in Cuban patients with mucopolysaccharidosis. Methods: A cases and controls study which included 7 children with mucopolysaccharidosis types I, II, III and IV (cases) and 21 apparently healthy children, paired by age and sex (control group) was carried out. The plasmatic levels of malondialdehide, advanced products of proteins oxidation, free thiol groups and blood chemistry markers were measured. The intraerythrocytic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and that of glutathione peroxidase were quantified. All the used techniques were spectrophotometrical. Results: The patients showed an increase, both in the calcium levels as in the oxidation of proteins and lipids, in comparison with the control group and the Cuban values reference. There was a decrease in the activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase and the concentrations of thiols groups. There were no differences for the rest of the measured parameters. Conclusions: The increase of the oxidative damage and the decrease of the anti-oxidant capacity suggest the presence of oxidative stress in those Cuban patients.

Clinical profiles and outcomes of the most common inherited metabolic diseases in the Philippines: A review of the National Institutes of Health - Institute of Human Genetics Metabolic Registry

@#<p><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> This study reviewed the profiles and outcomes of patients diagnosed to have the five most common inherited metabolic diseases (IMDs) in the Metabolic Registry of the National Institutes of Health - Institute of Human Genetics (NIH-IHG) from 1999 to 2016.</p><p><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>The medical records of the patients diagnosed with the following inherited metabolic diseases were reviewed: maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), galactosemia, hyperphenylalaninemias (including classical phenylketonuria, mild hyperphenylalaninemia, and pterin defects), mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), and adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD).</p><p><br /><strong>RESULTS:</strong> There was a total of 567 patients with IMDs, giving a minimum estimated burden of 1.9 per 100,000 livebirths (1:51,760). Clinical presentations were similar to those reported in literature. Majority of the cases of galactosemia and hyperphenylalaninemias presented with a positive newborn screening result. The local prevalence of MSUD and MPS II were higher compared to international data, which may be explained by reported founder mutations among Filipinos. Majority of the patients with IMDs were diagnosed late leading to preventable developmental delay or intellectual disability and death. Majority of patients with MSUD (80.6%) and MPS (94.7%) had intellectual disability or developmental delay. Mortality was 50.5% among patients with MSUD and 100% among patients with adrenoleukodystrophy.</p><p><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>There is a diversity of IMDs present in the country. A long-term strategic plan, such as the full implementation of the National Rare Disease Act, is foreseen to improve access to comprehensive healthcare and quality of life of patients with IMDs in the country.</p>

Oral manifestation and root canal therapy of the patient with mucopolysaccharidosis

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in enzymes that participate in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Left untreated, patients show progressive mental and physical deterioration due to deposition of GAGs in organs. Death often occurs due to cardiac or respiratory failure before patients reach their early twenties. MPS has several oral and dental manifestations. An enlarged head, short neck, and open mouth associated with a large tongue are major characteristics of MPS patients. Dental complications can be severe, including unerupted dentition, dentigerous cyst-like follicles, malocclusions, condylar defects, and gingival hyperplasia. A 21-year-old female patient with MPS was described in this article, with special emphasis on oral manifestations and dental treatment.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Caused by Persistent Median Artery and Bifid Median Nerve in an Adolescent / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Carpal tunnel syndrome is rare in children. When it does occur in children, the most common causes reported are mucopolysaccharidosis and mucolipidosis. The median artery is a transitory vessel that develops from the axillary artery in early embryonic life and does not normally survive until postfetal life. In a small percentage of individuals, however, it persists into adulthood and is frequently accompanied by a bifid median nerve. A persistent median artery can be a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome in adults, but it is extremely rare in children and adolescents. This paper reports a case of a carpal tunnel syndrome caused by a persistent median artery and bifid median nerve in a 13-year-old girl.