الملخص
Resumen La litiasis renal en la paciente gestante es una condición relativamente infrecuente; sin embargo, es la causa más común de dolor no obstétrico durante el embarazo. En el periodo de gestación se producen diversos cambios anatomofisiológicos en el tracto urinario, como la dilatación de los cálices renales, la pelvis renal y los uréteres por causa del efecto que ejerce la progesterona sobre el músculo liso uretral, y la compresión de los uréteres por el útero grávido. Estas modificaciones conducen a un aumento del flujo plasmático renal y de la tasa de filtrado glomerular, ocasionando hiperuricosuria e hipercalciuria. Del mismo modo, durante el embarazo también se produce un aumento de la secreción de inhibidores de cálculos, por lo cual la prevalencia de la formación de cálculos durante el embarazo es similar a la de las mujeres no embarazadas. El bajo índice de sospecha por parte del médico tratante puede entorpecer el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta patología, que también son limitados en la gestación debido a los potenciales riesgos teratogénicos. Se realiza una revisión narrativa de la literatura partiendo de la evidencia científica disponible en las diferentes bases de datos y de esta manera se pretende instruir al médico en los aspectos clave de dicho tema.
Abstract Renal lithiasis in pregnant women is a relatively rare condition. However, it is the most common cause of non-obstetric pain during pregnancy. During the gestation period, various anatomical-physiological changes occur in the urinary tract. These changes include dilation of the renal calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters due to the effect of progesterone on urethral smooth muscle and compression of the ureters by the gravid uterus. These modifications lead to an increase in renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, thus causing hyperuricosuria and hypercalciuria. Similarly, during pregnancy there is also an increase in the secretion of stone inhibitors, therefore, the prevalence of stone formation during pregnancy is similar to non-pregnant women. The low index of suspicion on the part of the treating physician can hinder the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology, which is also limited in pregnancy due to teratogenic risks. A narrative review of the literature is carried out based on the scientific evidence available in the different databases and in this way it is intended to instruct the doctor in the key aspects of said topic.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications/therapy , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Nephrolithiasis/therapy , Pregnancy Complications/etiology , Algorithms , Risk Factors , Nephrolithiasis/etiologyالملخص
Introducción. Los pediatras, cirujanos y subespecialistas, como urólogos y nefrólogos pediátricos, participan en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la nefrolitiasis pediátrica. El objetivo fue determinar los enfoques de distintas disciplinas y evaluar las diferencias en sus protocolos de diagnóstico y tratamiento habituales.Población y métodos. Cuestionario administrado a participantes de sesiones sobre nefrolitiasis en congresos nacionales en 2017 para evaluar las rutinas de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la nefrolitiasis entre distintas especialidades (cirujanos y pediatras) y subespecialidades (nefrólogos pediátricos y urólogos pediátricos).Resultados. Se analizaron 324 cuestionarios de 88 pediatras, 121 urólogos, 23 cirujanos pediátricos, 54 nefrólogos pediátricos y 38 urólogos pediátricos. Ambos grupos coincidieron en la necesidad de una evaluación metabólica. Para los cálculos ureterales distales ≥6 mm, los cirujanos preferían una ureteroscopía; los pediatras, una litotricia por ondas de choque (LOC) (p < 0,001); y los subespecialistas, una ureteroscopía (p = 0,636). Para los cálculos en la parte inferior de los cálices renales < 1 cm, los cirujanos y los subespecialistas preferían la LOC y los pediatras, la hidratación (p < 0,001; p = 0,371). Para los cálculos de entre 1,1 cm y 2 cm, los cirujanos preferían la cirugía retrógrada intrarrenal (CRIR) y la LOC, y los pediatras, la LOC (p = 0,001). Para los cálculos más grandes, los cirujanos y subespecialistas preferían la nefrolitotomía percutánea (NLP) y los pediatras, la LOC (p = 0,458; p = 0,001).Conclusión. Existen diferencias entre las disciplinas que participan activamente en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la nefrolitiasis
Introduction. Pediatricians, surgeons and subspecialties as pediatric urology and nephrology are involved in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric renal stone disease (RSD). The aim of this study was to determine diagnostic and treatment approaches, of different disciplines, and to assess differences in their routine diagnostic and treatment protocols.Population and methods. A questionnaire was designed and administered to the participants of the RSD sessions in national congresses of all disciplines in 2017 to evaluate the diagnostic and treatment routines of specialties (surgeons and pediatricians) and subspecialties (pediatric nephrologists and pediatric urologists) for RSD. Results. A total, of 324 questionnaires were analyzed, from 88 pediatricians (27 %), 121 urologists (37 %), 23 pediatric surgeons (7 %), 54 pediatric nephrologists (17 %), and 38 pediatric urologists (12 %). Both groups agreed on the necessity of metabolic evaluation. For distal ureter stones that were ≥ 6 mm; surgeons preferred ureteroscopy (URS), pediatricians preferred shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) (p < 0.001) and subspecialties preferred URS for the treatment (p = 0.636). For lower calix stones less than 1 cm surgeons and subspecialists preferred SWL, while pediatricians preferred hydration (p < 0.001, p = 0.371). For the stone between 1.1 and 2 cm, surgeons preferred intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and SWL, pediatricians preferred SWL (p = 0.001). For larger stones, surgeons and subspecialists preferred percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and pediatricians preferred SWL (p = 0.458 p = 0.001). Pediatric urologist chose low-dose computerized tomography as a diagnostic radiologic evaluation (p = 0.029).Conclusion. There are differences between the disciplines who take an active role in diagnosis and treatment of RSD.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Nephrolithiasis/therapy , Pediatrics , Turkey , Surveys and Questionnaires , Ureteroscopy , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosisالملخص
Resumen La litiasis renal es una entidad infrecuente en la infancia y su incidencia va en aumento en los países desarrollados. Afecta más a los individuos de raza blanca que a los afroamericanos en una proporción 4:1, con predominio del sexo masculino. Existen factores geográficos, raciales, genéticos implicados en su patogenia, que depende también de factores fisicoquímicos (eliminación renal de agua y solutos, pH urinario, equilibrio entre factores estimulantes/inhibidores de la cristalización), alteraciones anatómicas, infecciones y cambios socioeconómicos; los cuales a lo largo del tiempo han producido cambios en los hábitos dietéticos, lo que ha modificado la frecuencia, composición química y localización de los cálculos. A pesar de su rareza se debe pensar en la litiasis, con el fin de evitar un daño renal irreversible. La disponibilidad de terapia menos agresiva ha reducido a un 5% las indicaciones quirúrgicas, abriendo nuevas perspectivas en el tratamiento de la urolitiasis en la infancia.
Abstract Renal lithiasis is an infrequent entity in childhood, and its incidence has decreased in developed countries. Affects white individuals more than African Americans in a 4: 1 ratio, with a predominance of males. There are geographic, racial, genetic factors involved in its pathogenesis, which also depends on physicochemical factors (renal elimination of water and solutes, urinary pH, balance between stimulating factors/inhibitors of crystallization), anatomical alterations, infections and socioeconomic changes. Over time, changes have occurred in dietary habits, which has changed the frequency, chemical composition and location of the stones. Despite its rarity, lithiasis must be considered in order to avoid irreversible kidney damage. The availability of less aggressive therapy has reduced surgical indications to 5%, opening new perspectives in the treatment of urolithiasis in childhood. The present article constitutes a bibliographic review about the organophosphorus intoxication, its clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.
الموضوعات
Humans , Pediatrics , Kidney Calculi , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Urolithiasis/diagnosisالملخص
La cistinuria es una enfermedad genética que se engloba dentro de alteraciones congénitas del transporte de aminoácidos con formación de cálculos en las vías urinarias, si bien es poco frecuente se caracteriza por su elevada recurrencia. En este trabajo presentamos el caso de una paciente de 34 años, con antecedentes de haber perdido un riñón por episodios anteriores de litiasis y con múltiples recidivas que es diagnosticada mediante la detección de cistina por espectroscopía infrarroja como componente único de 96 fragmentos de cálculos removidos mediante nefrolitotomía percutánea. La paciente fue evaluada laboratorialmente mediante el perfil metabólico y la cristaluria. Las indicaciones de tratamiento específicas incluyeron la administración de agentes alcalinizantes, régimen nutricional, y entrenamiento para control de pH urinario. Es importante señalar la agresividad de la litiasis de cistina con las consecuencias que puede tener la calidad de vida del paciente, y por tanto la importancia de contar con capacidades instaladas a nivel país para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de litiasis genéticas como la causada por la cistinuria(AU)
Cystinuria is a genetic disease that is included among congenital defects of renal amino acids transport that causes urinary stone formation. Although it is rare, it is characterized by its high recurrence. We present the case of a 34-year-old patient that lost one of her kidney because of recurrent episodes of lithiasis, and that was diagnosed by the detection of cystine with infrared spectroscopy as the sole component of 96 stone fragments removed by percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The patient was evaluated by metabolic profile and crystalluria. The specific treatment indications included the administration of alkalinizing agents, nutritional regimen, and training for personal measurement of urinary pH. This case highlights the aggressiveness of cystine stones with the consequences that may have on the quality of the patient life, and therefore the importance of having installed proper diagnostic capacities at national level to detect and monitor treatment efficacy in genetic lithiasis such as cystinuria(AU)
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Adult , Cystinuria/diagnosis , Spectrophotometry, Infrared , Kidney Calculi/diagnosis , Kidney Calculi/chemistry , Cystinuria/complications , Cystinuria/therapy , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Nephrolithiasis/etiology , Nephrolithiasis/therapyالملخص
Se estima que la incidencia de cálculos renales en España se ha incrementado en los últimos años. En este trabajo se realizó una aproximación epidemiológica de la litiasis urinaria, y se estableció una clasificación de los cálculos urinarios analizados durante un año. Se ha creado una base de datos con los cálculos analizados mediante espectroscopía de infrarrojos con Transformada de Fourier, considerando edad, sexo, recidivas y parámetros bioquímicos, en orina de 24 horas. La influencia del sexo en la litiasis urinaria es muy marcada y el número de cálculos en el varón es muy superior. Además, el factor edad incrementa la litiasis desde 5% a los 30 años hasta 25% a los 60. Estos datos se refieren a los cálculos totales y no diferencian su composición química. Si se diferencian según la composición, se ha encontrado una tendencia similar en hombres y mujeres en los cálculos de oxalato cálcico monohidratado, pero muy distinta en los de oxalato cálcico dihidratado y fosfocarbonato cálcico. La incidencia en menores de 20 años es muy baja, y prevalece en los niños en la primera década y en las niñas en la segunda década de vida. Además, se ha observado una mayor prevalencia de cálculos en los meses de verano asociada a mayores valores séricos de vitamina D. Por lo tanto, es imprescindible partir de unos criterios taxativos de clasificación de los cálculos urinarios para la realización de estudios epidemiológicos. En los últimos años la proporción entre las diferentes composiciones ha cambiado y se ha producido un aumento en los cálculos de oxalato.
The incidence of renal calculus in Spain has been increased in recent years. In this work, an epidemiological approach of urinary lithiasis has been made, establishing a classification of the urinary calculi analyzed during a year. A database has been created with the analyzed calculi by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, collecting age, sex, recurrences and biochemical parameters obtained from 24-hour urine. The influence of sex on urinary lithiasis is very marked and the number of stones in the male in much higher. In addition, the age factor increases lithiasis from 5% at 30 years of age to 25% at 60 years of age. These data refer to the total calculi, without differentiating their chemical composition. If differentiation is made according to the composition, a similar tendency is found in men and women in the monohydrate calcium oxalate calculi, but very different in those of dihydrate calcium oxalate and calcium phosphocarbonate. The incidence in children under 20 years of age is very low; males have more calculi in the first decade of life and girls in the second decade of life. In addition, a higher prevalence of stones has been observed in the summer months associated with higher serum levels of vitamin D. Thus, it is essential to stablish classification criteria of urinary calculi for epidemiological studies. In recent years, the ratio of the different compositions has changed, resulting in an increase of oxalate calculi.
Estima-se que a incidência de cálculos renais na Espanha tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Este trabalho foi realizado com uma abordagem epidemiológica da litíase urinária, estabelecendo uma classificação de cálculos urinários analisados durante um ano. Foi criado um banco de dados com os cálculos analisados por espectroscopia de infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier, considerando idade, gênero, recidivas e parâmetros bioquímicos na urina de 24 horas. A influência do gênero na litíase urinária é muito acentuada e o número de cálculos em homens é muito maior. Além disso, o fator idade aumenta a litíase de 5% aos 30 anos para 25% aos 60 anos. Estes dados referem-se os cálculos totais e não diferenciam sua composição química. Diferenciam-se de acordo com a composição, foi encontrada uma tendência semelhante em homens e mulheres nos cálculos de oxalato de cálcio mono-hidratado, mas muito diferente em oxalato de cálcio di-hidratado e fosfo-carbonato de cálcio. A incidência em pessoas menores de 20 anos é muito baixa, prevalecendo em meninos na primeira década e em meninas na segunda década de vida. Além disso, foi observada maior prevalência de cálculos nos meses de verão associada a maiores níveis séricos de vitamina D. Portanto, é essencial a partir de critérios taxativos de classificação dos cálculos urinários para realizar exames epidemiológicos. Nos últimos anos, a proporção entre as diferentes composições tem mudado, resultando num aumento dos cálculos de oxalato.
الموضوعات
Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Kidney Calculi/classification , Urolithiasis , Urolithiasis/epidemiology , Epidemiology , Nephrolithiasis , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Qualitative Research , Spainالملخص
Introducción: la ureteroscopía constituye, en la actualidad, una de las principales opciones de tratamiento para la litiasis renoureteral. Objetivo: describir los resultados del tratamiento, mediante ureteroscopía rígida retrógrada, en una serie de pacientes con litiasis del tracto urinario superior. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo, en una muestra de 53 pacientes con litiasis renal o ureteral, que recibieron tratamiento mediante ureteroscopía rígida retrógrada. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, localización de la litiasis, modalidad de litotricia realizada, técnicas complementarias empleadas y complicaciones presentadas. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: prevalecieron los pacientes de la sexta década de la vida. El promedio de edad fue de 50,2 años con predominio del sexo masculino, con 36 pacientes, para un 67,9 por ciento. La litiasis preponderante fue la ureteral con 67,9 por ciento, y la mayoría localizadas en su porción distal con un tamaño de entre 10 y 20 mm. La modalidad de litotricia más utilizada fue la neumática en 46 pacientes (86,8 por ciento). La técnica complementaria más usada fue la litofragmentación (96,2 por ciento). Presentaron complicaciones 8 enfermos (15 por ciento), y todas en grados II y III de la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo. Conclusiones: la ureteroscopía rígida retrógrada, complementada con otros procederes endourológicos, constituye una modalidad terapéutica eficazy segura para el tratamiento de la litiasis renoureteral, y con un bajo índice de complicaciones(AU)
Introduction: Ureteroscopy is at present, one of the main treatment options for renal and ureteral lithiasis. Objective: To describe the results of the treatment, by rigid retrograde ureteroscopy, in a series of patients with upper urinary tract lithiasis. Methods: observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study, in a sample of 53 patients with renal or ureteral lithiasis, who received treatment by rigid retrograde ureteroscopy. The variables studied were: age, sex, location of lithiasis, lithotripsy modality performed, complementary techniques used and complications presented. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: Patients of the sixth decade of life predominated. The average age was 50.2 years with predominance of males, with 36 patients, for 67.9 percent. The predominant lithiasis was the ureteral with 67.9 percent, and most located in its distal portion with a size between 10 and 20 mm. The most used lithotripsy modality was pneumatic in 46 patients (86.8 percent. The most used complementary technique was lithofragmentation (96.2 percent). There were complications in 8 patients (15 percent), and all in grades II and III of the Clavien-Dindo classification. Conclusions: Rigid retrograde ureteroscopy, complemented with other endourological procedures, constitutes an effective and safe therapeutic modality for the treatment of renoureteral lithiasis, and with a low rate of complications(AU)
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Lithotripsy/methods , Ureteroscopy/adverse effects , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Urolithiasis/epidemiology , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Data Collection/statistics & numerical data , Prospective Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Observational Studyالملخص
INTRODUCTION: The presence of family history of nephrolithiasis is associated with an increased risk of renal lithiasis. Different epidemiological studies have shown a family component in the incidence of it, which is independent of dietary and environmental factors. The role of heredity is evident in monogenic diseases such as cystinuria, Dent's disease or primary hyperoxaluria, while a polygenic inheritance has been proposed to explain the tendency to form calcium oxalate stones. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the family history of patients with renal lithiasis and the correlation of family history with its corresponding biochemical alteration, considering only those with a single metabolic alteration. METHODS: a prospective and retrospective observational and analytical study that included 1948 adults over 17 years of age and a normal control group of 165 individuals, all evaluated according to an ambulatory protocol to obtain a biochemical diagnosis. They were asked about their family history of nephrolithiasis and classified into five groups according to the degree of kinship and the number of people affected in the family. RESULTS: a positive family history of nephrolithiasis was found in 27.4% of renal stone formers, predominantly in women, compared to 15.2% of normal controls. The family history of nephrolithiasis was observed especially in 31.4% of patients with hypomagnesuria and in 29.6% of hypercalciuric patients. The rest of the biochemical alterations had a positive family history between 28.6% in hyperoxaluria and 21.9% in hypocitraturia. The highest percentage of family history of nephrolithiasis was found in cystinuria (75%) although there were few patients with this diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: the inheritance has a clear impact on urolithiasis independently of the present biochemical alteration. Family history of nephrolithiasis of the first and second degree was observed between 21 and 32% of patients with renal lithiasis, with hypercalciuria and hypomagnesuria being the biochemical alterations with more family history
INTRODUCCIÓN: La presencia de antecedentes familiares de nefrolitiasis se asocia con un mayor riesgo de litiasis renal. Diferentes estudios epidemiológicos han mostrado un componente familiar en la incidencia de la misma, que es independiente de los factores dietéticos y ambientales. El papel de la herencia es evidente en enfermedades monogénicas como la cistinuria, la enfermedad de Dent o la hiperoxaluria primaria, mientras que se ha propuesto una herencia poligénica para explicar la tendencia a la formación de cálculos de oxalato de calcio. OBJETIVO: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la historia familiar de los pacientes con litiasis renal y la correlación de los antecedentes familiares con su correspondiente alteración bioquímica, considerando solo aquellos con una única alteración metabólica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional y analítico prospectivo y retrospectivo que incluyó a 1948 adultos mayores de 17 años y un grupo control normal de 165 individuos, evaluados todos siguiendo un protocolo ambulatorio para obtener un diagnóstico bioquímico. Se les preguntó acerca de su historia familiar de nefrolitiasis y se clasificó en cinco grupos según el grado de parentesco y el número de personas afectadas en la familia. Resultados: Se encontró historia familiar positiva de nefrolitiasis en el 27,4% de los formadores de cálculos renales, predominando en mujeres, frente al 15,2% de los controles normales. La historia familiar de nefrolitiasis se observó especialmente en el 31,4% de los pacientes con hipomagnesuria y en el 29,6% de los hipercalciúricos. El resto de las alteraciones bioquímicas tuvo antecedentes familiares positivos entre el 28,6% en la hiperoxaluria y el 21,9% en la hipocitraturia. El porcentaje más alto de antecedentes familiares de nefrolitiasis se encontró en la cistinuria (75%) aunque hubo pocos pacientes con este diagnóstico. CONCLUSIONES: La herencia tiene un claro impacto en la urolitiasis independientemente de la alteración bioquímica presente. Se observan antecedentes familiares de nefrolitiasis de primer y segundo grado entre el 21 y 32% de los pacientes con litiasis renal, siendo la hipercalciuria y la hipomagnesuria las alteraciones bioquímicas con más antecedentes familiares
الموضوعات
Humans , Biomarkers , Inheritance Patterns , Nephrolithiasis/congenital , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Nephrolithiasis/genetics , Riskالملخص
A nefrolitíase constitui-se na formação de conglomerados cristalinos e de matriz orgânica que podem se localizar no trato urinário, com dimensões e localização capazes de conferir significado clínico-patológico. Os fatores dietéticos têm sido mostrados como fatores de risco para a ocorrência de litíase urinária. O presente artigo teve por objetivo relatar e relacionar com a assistência de enfermagem, por meio de um plano de cuidados, um caso ocorrido entre dezembro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015, em um hospital público do Distrito Federal, Brasil, em que a criança tinha como sintomatologia principal a eliminação de cálculos renais de diferentes tamanhos e em grande quantidade por meio do canal urinário. A associação com o aleitamento materno ineficaz é explicada no sentido em que a habilidade da criança até os seis meses de vida em manejar alguns alimentos distintos do leite materno é limitada, pois seus sistemas digestivo e renal ainda estão imaturos. Os fatos descritos neste estudo evidenciam a importância da atuação profissional no manejo do aleitamento materno exclusivo e no aconselhamento nutricional e de saúde, tendo em vista que estes são fatores modificáveis frente à prevenção de patologias e complicações.
Nephrolithiasis consists of the formation of crystalline clusters and organic matrix that can be located in the urinary tract, with dimensions and location capable of providing clinical and pathological significance. Dietary factors have been shown to be risk factors for the occurrence of urolithiasis. This article aims to describe and relate to nursing care through a care plan, a case occurred between December 2014 and February 2015 in a public hospital in the Distrito Federal, Brazil, in which the child had as main symptoms the elimination of kidney stones of different sizes and in large quantities through the urinary tract. The association with ineffective breastfeeding is explained in the sense that the child's ability to six months of life in handling some distinct breast milk foods is limited because their digestive and renal systems are still immature. The facts described in this study show the importance of professional practice in the management of exclusive breastfeeding and nutrition counseling and health, given that these factors are modifiable front of prevention of diseases and complications.
الموضوعات
Humans , Infant , Pediatric Nursing , Nephrolithiasis , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Nephrolithiasis/drug therapy , Nursing Care , Bottle Feeding , Bottle Feeding/adverse effects , Bottle Feeding/nursing , Breast Feeding , Maternal Nutritionالموضوعات
Humans , Adult , Primary Health Care/standards , Clinical Protocols/standards , Urology/standards , Secondary Care/standards , Condylomata Acuminata/diagnosis , Polycystic Kidney Diseases/diagnosis , Prostatic Hyperplasia/diagnosis , Urinary Incontinence/diagnosis , Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosis , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosisالملخص
Con el objetivo de comparar la Sensibilidad y Especificidad Diagnostica de la Ecografía renal versus la Urografía excretora en el diagnóstico de Litiasis Renal en el hospital EsSalud Ica en 2011, se realizó un estudio de tipo prueba diagnóstica en dos grupos, el primero formado por 256 pacientes que se realizaron ecografía renal, y el segundo grupo por 56 pacientes quienes se realizaron urografía excretoria, ambos grupos tienen como patrón de oro a la tomografía abdomino pélvica sin contraste, encontramos que la ecografía presento una sensibilidad 76% IC (63.16%- 88.84%.), una especificidad del 76.47%, IC(70,40%-82.54%), mientras que la urografía excretoria presento una sensibilidad 66.67% IC (39,48%- 93.86%), una especificidad del 87.80%, IC (76.57%-99.04%), finalmente concluimos que la ecografía es más sensible pero menos específica que la urografía excretoria lo que sería factible utilizar la ecografía renal como primera línea de ayuda diagnostica para litiasis renal. (AU)
In order to identify the epidemiological characteristics of infants less than 1500 g (V LBW) admitted to the neonatal ward of Hospital Regional de lea, a retrospective, descriptive, observational developed on a population of 1722 newborns, finding an incidence of 30 VLBW (1.7%), of whom 73.3% were male, the mean gestational age was 32 weeks, the average weight was 1085g, 93.3% of mothers had a control inadequate prenatal, 3.3% received antenatal corticosteroids and 56.6% were products of the first pregnancy, plus 56.6% mortality was found, being the most common causes: prematurity, neonatal sepsis and surfactant deficiency disease. (AU)
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Urography , Ultrasonography , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Observational Studies as Topicالملخص
La nefrolitiasis es un trastorno frecuente en países desarrollados y en desarrollo. Su prevalencia varía entre el 4 y 20% según diferentes series y depende de la edad de la población analizada, las condiciones geográficas y socioeconómicas del grupo en estudio. La prevalencia de litiasis renal aumenta con la edad tanto en varones como en mujeres; es más común en varones jóvenes. Una de las características de la litiasis renal es la alta recurrencia y muchas veces la solución de los cólicos requiere de intervenciones endoscópicas u otro tratamiento urológico y esto hace a la morbilidad de la enfermedad. El promedio de diferentes trabajos que estudiaron la evolución natural de la enfermedad muestra que la posibilidad de recurrencia al año del primer episodio es del 15%, a los 5 años 40% y a los 10 años del 60%. Tanto los factores genéticos como los medioambientales contribuyen a la formación de cálculos. Los factores genéticos explican la tendencia a la agregación familiar de la enfermedad. El rol de la herencia es claro en algunas enfermedades como cistinuria o hiperoxalurias primarias, pero la litiasis idiopática también tiene una tendencia familiar, si bien los genes involucrados aún no se conocen. Dentro de los factores medioambientales se destaca la dieta, o sea determinados hábitos de ingesta que expresan la propensión a la litogénesis que tienen algunos sujetos. En aproximadamente 90% de los afectados es posible identificar alteraciones metabólicas que ayudan no sólo al diagnóstico etiológico sino que permiten también un manejo adecuado, con modificaciones dietéticas e intervenciones farmacológicas específicas. El tratamiento es eficaz en disminuir significativamente la tasa de recurrencias. En esta revisión analizamos la fisiopatología de la hipercalciuria, la hiperoxaluria, la hipocitraturia, y las litiasis úrica y cistínica. Se detallan el manejo del cólico renal y el tratamiento dietético y farmacológico apropiado para cada tipo de litiasis.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Hypercalciuria , Hyperoxaluria , Biomarkers , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Nephrolithiasis/epidemiology , Nephrolithiasis/etiology , Nephrolithiasis/physiopathology , Risk Factors , Homeopathic Therapeutic Approaches , Urolithiasis , Citric Acid/blood , Kidney Calculi/physiopathology , Metabolic Diseasesالملخص
INTRODUÇÃO: Nefrolitíase é comum e tem alta taxa de recorrência. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência das principais alterações metabólicas e anatômicas e a análise química do cálculo encontrado em pacientes com nefrolitíase na região Oeste do Paraná. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo em 681 pacientes adultos com nefrolitíase. A investigação laboratorial incluiu pelo menos duas amostras de urina de 24 horas, com dosagens de cálcio, ácido úrico, citrato, oxalato, sódio e creatinina; cistinúria qualitativa, pH urinário após 12 horas de jejum e restrição hídrica, urocultura e análise química do cálculo, quando disponível. Técnicas de imagem renal incluíram pelo menos ultrassonografia e urografia excretora. RESULTADOS: As alterações metabólicas mais frequentemente encontradas foram: hipercalciúria (51,8 por cento), hiperuricosúria (27,6 por cento) e hipocitratúria (23,5 por cento). A análise química dos cálculos mostrou oxalato de cálcio em 85,7 por cento dos casos. As alterações anatômicas mais frequentes foram: cisto renal, duplicação pieloureteral e obstrução da junção pieloureteral. CONCLUSÕES: Este trabalho serviu de base para o conhecimento das características de pacientes com nefrolitíase na região Oeste do Paraná.
INTRODUCTION: Nephrolithiasis is com>mon and has a high rate of recurrence. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of the main metabolic and anatomical changes and the chemical analysis of stone found in patients with nephrolithiasis in the West region of Paraná. METHODS: Retrospective study with 681 adult patients with nephrolithiasis. The laboratory investigation included at least two samples of 24-hour urine test with doses of calcium, uric acid, citrate, oxalate, sodium and creatinine; qualitative cystinuria, urinary pH following 12-hour fast and water restriction, urine culture and chemical analysis, when the stones were available. Renal imaging techniques included at least renal ultrasound and excretory urogram. RESULTS: The metabolic changes most frequently found were: hypercalciuria (51.8 percent), hyperuricosuria (27.6 percent), and hypocitraturia (23.5 percent). Chemical analysis of stones showed calcium oxa late in 85.7 percent of the cases. The most frequently anatomical changes were renal cyst, duplicated ureter, and ureteropelvic junction obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: This paper served as a base for knowing the characteristics of patients with nephrolithiasis in the West area of Paraná.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Hypercalciuria/diagnosis , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Nephrolithiasis/ethnology , Calcium Oxalate/analysisالملخص
INTRODUCTION: There are few data about the quality of life (QOL) level among patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and not eligible for kidney transplant. OBJECTIVE: The QOL level was compared between HD patients waiting and not waiting for kidney transplant. METHODS: We included 161 end-stage renal disease patients undergoing HD, during April, 2009. All patients were older than 18 years old, had been on HD at least three months, and had no previous transplantation. To measure QOL, the SF-36 was used. We also collected data about death and transplants in the 12 months after April, 2009. QOL scores were compared by analysis of variance with covariates. RESULTS: Patients not awaiting transplantation were older (53.7 versus 36.3 years old; p < 0.001), more often had diabetes (15.8 versus 4.7 percent; p = 0.032) and hypertension (35.5 versus 12.9 percent; p < 0.001), and had no lupus (0 versus 4.7 percent; p = 0.001). They also presented lower creatinine levels (11.5 versus 13.5 mg/dL; p = 0.001) and were submitted to a lower dose of dialysis, estimated by Kt/V (1.6 versus 2.0; p = 0.026). Patients not awaiting transplant died more often in the following 12 months (21.1 versus 5.9 percent; p = 0.005). Adjusted mean scores were lower among patients not awaiting transplant regarding six dimensions of QOL: functional capacity (42.0 versus 53.4; p = 0.022), physical limitation (29.9 versus 49.2; p = 0.030); pain (45.0 versus 64.0; p = 0.003), social aspects (56.3 versus 75.9; p = 0.003), emotional aspects (45.1 versus 79.0; p = 0.001), and mental health (50.1 versus 64.3; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing HD and not awaiting transplant are at risk of poor QOL level, mainly regarding role-emotional and role-physical aspects. We recommend psychological approaches and physical rehabilitation for this group of patients.
INTRODUÇÃO: Há pouca informação acerca do nível de qualidade de vida (QV) entre pacientes em hemodiálise (HD) não-elegíveis para transplante renal. OBJETIVO: Foi comparado o nível de QV entre pacientes em HD inscritos e não-inscritos na lista de espera para transplante renal. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 161 pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica terminal, mantidos em HD durante abril de 2009, com mais de 18 anos, mais de três meses em HD e sem realização de transplante prévio. Para medida de QV, utilizou-se o SF-36. Também foram coletados dados sobre óbito e transplante ocorridos nos 12 meses seguintes a abril de 2009. As pontuações de QV foram comparadas pela análise de variância com covariáveis. RESULTADOS: Pacientes que não aguardavam transplante eram mais velhos (53,7 versus 36,3 anos; p < 0,001), tinham mais diabetes (15,8 versus 4,7 por cento; p = 0,032) e hipertensão (35,5 versus 12,9 por cento; p < 0,001) e não apresentavam lúpus (0 versus 4,7 por cento; p = 0,001). Esses pacientes também apresentavam creatinina mais baixa (11,5 versus 13,5 mg/dL; p = 0,001) e eram submetidos a menor dose de diálise, estimada pelo Kt/V (1,6 versus 2,0; p = 0,026). Pacientes que não aguardavam transplante evoluíram mais frequentemente para óbito no período de 12 meses (21,1 versus 5,9 por cento; p = 0,005). As médias ajustadas das pontuações foram mais baixas entre os pacientes que não aguardavam transplante em seis dimensões da QV: capacidade funcional (42,0 versus 53,4; p = 0,022); limitação por aspectos físicos (29,9 versus 49,2; p = 0,030); dor (45,0 versus 64,0; p = 0,003); aspectos sociais (56,3 versus 75,9; p = 0,003); limitação por aspectos emocionais (45,1 versus 79,0; p = 0,001) e saúde mental (50,1 versus 64,3; p = 0,004). CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes em HD que não aguardam transplante estão em risco de vivenciar baixa QV, principalmente no que se refere à limitação por aspectos emocionais e físicos...
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Hypercalciuria/complications , Hypercalciuria/diagnosis , Hypercalciuria/ethnology , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Nephrolithiasis/ethnology , Nephrolithiasis/metabolism , Calcium Oxalate/analysis , Calcium Oxalate/metabolism , Calcium Oxalate/urineالملخص
Los pacientes con litiasis renal requieren de investigaciones para identificar las condiciones médicas subyacentes y otras anomalías metabólicas predisponentes. Los resultados de estas investigaciones se utilizan para guiar el tratamiento preventivo. La profundidad del estudio necesario depende de varios factores, incluyendo la edad, la historia clínica de la persona y el número y la frecuencia de los cálculos. Una variedad de factores dietéticos y metabólicos pueden contribuir o causar la formación de litiasis renal. Los factores dietéticos incluyen una alta ingesta de proteínas animales, oxalato y sodio, y una baja ingesta de líquidos y de productos cítricos que contienen potasio. Las alteraciones metabólicas más frecuentemente asociadas a litiasis son la hipercalciuria, la hipocitraturia, la gota, la hiperoxaluria y la hiperuricosuria. Las modificaciones en la dieta deben aplicarse en todos los pacientes con litiasis renal, y consisten en una elevada ingesta de líquidos, la restricción de oxalato y sodio, una dieta balanceada en proteínas animalesy complementadas por una ingesta adecuada de frutas y verduras. Cuando las modificaciones en la dieta no son suficientes en prevenir la formación de litiasis o en la presencia de alteraciones metabólicas importantes, es necesaria una intervención farmacológica especifica.
People who form kidney stones require investigations to identify underlying medical conditions and to detect other predisposing metabolic abnormalities. The results of these investigations can also be used to help guide therapy to prevent future stone formation. The extent of testing required dependson several factors including age and medical history of the person and the number and frequency of stones. A variety of dietary and metabolic factors may contribute or cause stone formation in nephrolithiasis. Dietary factors include a high intake of animal proteins, oxalate and sodium, and a low intake of fluids and potassium containing citrus products. Some of the metabolic causes of stones are hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, gout, hyperoxaluria, and hyperuricosuria. Dietary modification, to be applied in all patients with stones includes a high fluid intake, restriction of oxalate and sodium, and balanced diet with animal proteins complemented by adequate intake of fruits and vegetables. When dietary modification is ineffective in controlling stone formation or in the presence of severe metabolic derangements, a pharmacologic intervention may be necessary.
الموضوعات
Humans , Nutritional Status , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Nephrolithiasis/metabolism , Nephrolithiasis/therapy , Kidney Calculi/diagnosis , Kidney Calculi/metabolism , Kidney Calculi/therapy , Risk Factorsالملخص
Introdução: Nefrolitíase é uma doença multifatorial e tem relação com desordens genéticas e fatores ambientais. Cálculos renais são mais comuns em adultos e são associados com várias desordens metabólicas e anatômicas. As principais anormalidades anatômicas como obstrução da junção ureteropélvica, rim em ferradura, ureter duplicado completa ou incompletamente, pelve bífida e rim esponja medular são conhecidas como responsáveis pela formação dos cálculos. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar alterações anatômicas em pacientes com nefrolitíase em nossa região. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo em 1.378 pacientes com evidência de formação recente de cálculos renais. investigação laboratorial e análise disponibilidade. Técnicas de imagens renais incluíram pelo menos ultrassonografia renal e urografia excretora. Resultados: 1.378 pacientes com nefrolitíase foram atendidos, dentre os quais somente 367 (26,5%) foram submetidos à investigação anatômica e 132 (36,0%) tiveram pelo menos uma alteração anatômica. a idade média dos pacientes investigados foi de 36,8 +- 4,3 anos e 198 (54,5%) eram do sexo feminino. As alterações anatômicas mais frequentemente encontradas foram cisto renal, ureter duplicado completa ou incompletamente e obstrução da junção ureteropélvica. Conclusões: Alterações anatômicas foram encontradas em 36% dos pacientes investigados. Cisto renal, duplicação ureteral e obstrução da junção ureteropélvica foram alterações anatômicas mais comuns neste grupo.
Introduction: Nephrolithiasis is a multifactorial disease and is related to genetic disorders and environmental factors. Gallstones are more common in adults and are associated with various anatomical and metabolic disorders. The major anatomical abnormalities such as ureteropelvic junction obstruction, horseshoe kidney, ureter duplicated completely or incompletely, pelvis bifida and medullary sponge kidney are known to be responsible for gallstone formation. The aim of this study is to assess anatomical changes in patients with nephrolithiasis in our region. Methods: A retrospective study of 1378 patients with evidence of recent formation of kidney stones. laboratory research and analysis available. Imaging techniques included renal ultrasonography at least kidney and excretory urography. Results: 1378 patients with nephrolithiasis were treated, of whom only 367 (26.5%) underwent anatomical study and 132 (36.0%) had at least one anatomic change. the average age of patients studied was 36.8 + - 4.3 years and 198 (54.5%) were female. Anatomical abnormalities were most frequently encountered renal cyst, completely or incompletely duplicated ureter and ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Conclusions: Anatomical changes were found in 36% of the cases. Renal cyst, ureteral duplication and ureteropelvic junction obstruction were the most common anatomical changes in this group.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis , Nephrolithiasis/etiology , Nephrolithiasis/metabolism , Nephrolithiasis/pathology , Lithiasis/classificationالملخص
Esta obra ayuda de manera escueta, la patología renal y sus complicaciones, como por ejemplo: Cálculos renales, coólicos, diagnostico y tratamiento