Objective Assessment of Visual Field Defects Caused by Optic Chiasm and Its Posterior Visual Pathway Injury / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the characteristics and objective assessment method of visual field defects caused by optic chiasm and its posterior visual pathway injury.@*METHODS@#Typical cases of visual field defects caused by injuries to the optic chiasm, optic tracts, optic radiations, and visual cortex were selected. Visual field examinations, visual evoked potential (VEP) and multifocal visual evolved potential (mfVEP) measurements, craniocerebral CT/MRI, and retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed, respectively, and the aforementioned visual electrophysiological and neuroimaging indicators were analyzed comprehensively.@*RESULTS@#The electrophysiological manifestations of visual field defects caused by optic chiasm injuries were bitemporal hemianopsia mfVEP abnormalities. The visual field defects caused by optic tract, optic radiation, and visual cortex injuries were all manifested homonymous hemianopsia mfVEP abnormalities contralateral to the lesion. Mild relative afferent pupil disorder (RAPD) and characteristic optic nerve atrophy were observed in hemianopsia patients with optic tract injuries, but not in patients with optic radiation or visual cortex injuries. Neuroimaging could provide morphological evidence of damages to the optic chiasm and its posterior visual pathway.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Visual field defects caused by optic chiasm, optic tract, optic radiation, and visual cortex injuries have their respective characteristics. The combined application of mfVEP and static visual field measurements, in combination with neuroimaging, can maximize the assessment of the location and degree of visual pathway damage, providing an effective scheme for the identification of such injuries.

Protective effect of Epothilone D against traumatic optic nerve injury in rats / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the therapeutic effect of Epothilone D on traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) in rats.@*METHODS@#Forty-two SD rats were randomized to receive intraperitoneal injection of 1.0 mg/kg Epothilone D or DMSO (control) every 3 days until day 28, and rat models of TON were established on the second day after the first administration. On days 3, 7, and 28, examination of flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP), immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were performed to examine the visual pathway features, number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), GAP43 expression level in damaged axons, and changes of Tau and pTau-396/404 in the retina and optic nerve.@*RESULTS@#In Epothilone D treatment group, RGC loss rate was significantly decreased by 19.12% (P=0.032) on day 3 and by 22.67% (P=0.042) on day 28 as compared with the rats in the control group, but FVEP examination failed to show physiological improvement in the visual pathway on day 28 in terms of the relative latency of N2 wave (P=0.236) and relative amplitude attenuation of P2-N2 wave (P=0.441). The total Tau content in the retina of the treatment group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group on day 3 (P < 0.001), showing a consistent change with ptau-396/404 level. In the optic nerve axons, the total Tau level in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group on day 7 (P=0.002), but the changes of the total Tau and pTau-396/404 level did not show an obvious correlation. Epothilone D induced persistent expression of GAP43 in the damaged axons, detectable even on day 28 of the experiment.@*CONCLUSION@#Epothilone D treatment can protect against TON in rats by promoting the survival of injured RGCs, enhancing Tau content in the surviving RGCs, reducing Tau accumulation in injured axons, and stimulating sustained regeneration of axons.

Clinical features and follow-up outcomes of optic nerve injury induced by acute methanol poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Acute methanol poisoning harms the optic nerve and central nervous system, can cause irreversible damage, even coma or death in severe cases. This article reported four cases of methanol poisoning. 3 patients mistakenly ingested industrial alcohol containing methanol, the most serious patient suffered from coma, vision loss and other symptoms, the blood methanol concentration was 869.3 μg/ml. Another patient was poisoning caused by inhalation of methanol, with symptoms such as total blindness in the right eye and decreased visual acuity in the left eye. After active supportive treatment, 2 patients had partial recovery of visual acuity, and 2 patients had no sequelae. This article discussed the clinical features, treatment and prognosis of optic nerve damage caused by methanol poisoning, in order to raise awareness of this disease.

Characteristics of Visual Evoked Potential in Different Parts of Visual Impairment / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the quantitative and qualitative differences of visual evoked potential (VEP) in monocular visual impairment after different parts of visual pathway injury.@*METHODS@#A total of 91 subjects with monocular visual impairment caused by trauma were selected and divided into intraocular refractive media-injury group (eyeball injury group for short), optic nerve injury group, central nervous system injury and intracranial combined injury group according to the injury cause and anatomical segment. Pattern Reversal visual evoked potential (PR-VEP) P100 peak time and amplitude, Flash visual evoked potential (F-VEP) P2 peak time and amplitude were recorded respectively. SPSS 26.0 software was used to analyze the differences of quantitative (peak time and amplitude) and qualitative indexes (spatial frequency sweep-VEP acuity threshold, and abnormal waveform category and frequency) of the four groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared with healthy eyes, the PR-VEP P100 waveforms of the intraocular eyeball injury group and the F-VEP P2 waveforms of the optic nerve group showed significant differences in prolonged peak time and decreased amplitude in injured eyes (P<0.05). The PR-VEP amplitudes of healthy eyes were lower than those of injured eyes at multiple spatial frequencies in central nervous system injury group and intracranial combined injury group (P<0.05).The amplitude of PR-VEP in patients with visual impairment involving central injury was lower than that in patients with eye injury at multiple spatial frequencies. The frequency of VEP P waveforms reaching the threshold of the intraocular injury group and the optic nerve injury group were siginificantly different from the intracranial combined injury group, respectively(P<0.008 3), and the frequency of abnormal reduction of VEP amplitude of threshold were significantly different from the central nervous system injury group, respectively(P<0.008 3).@*CONCLUSIONS@#VEP can distinguish central injury from peripheral injury, eyeball injury from nerve injury in peripheral injury, but cannot distinguish simple intracranial injury from complex injury, which provides basic data and basis for further research on the location of visual impairment injury.

Importância do raciocínio etiológico e topográfico de lesões: relato de neuropatia óptica traumática conduzida como acidente vascular cerebral / Importance of etiological and topographic injury reactions: report of a traumatic optic neuropathy conducted as a cerebrovascular accident

Introdução: O trauma ocular ou periocular pode afetar o nervo óptico e causar baixa acuidade visual ou alteração de campo visual. Essa lesão, denominada neuropatia óptica, quando de etiologia traumática, pode ser classificada como direta, através da compressão, perfuração ou laceração do nervo óptico por ação de corpos estranhos, fraturas do assoalho da órbita ou hemorragias, e indireta, quando a partir de um trauma externo ao globo ocular há lesão por transmissão da onda de choque ou desaceleração, levando à lesão do nervo óptico pelo estiramento de suas fibras ou edema comprometendo sua vascularização, comum nos acidentes automobilísticos e nas quedas. Descrição do Caso: O presente estudo objetiva relatar um caso de neuropatia óptica traumática conduzida erroneamente como acidente vascular cerebral em uma paciente do sexo feminino de 29 anos, com história de queda da própria altura. Discussão: A investigação feita pela história clínica, evolução do quadro e novos achados fundoscópicos permitiu o diagnóstico correto e melhor orientação da paciente. Conclusão: O conhecimento da neuropatia óptica traumática e da anatomia da via óptica têm extrema importância no raciocínio topográfico e etiológico das lesões traumáticas que cursam com comprometimento visual, poupando o paciente de possíveis intervenções invasivas e desnecessárias (AU)

Introduction: Eye or periocular trauma can affect the optic nerve and cause low visual acuity or visual field alteration. This lesion, called optic neuropathy, when of traumatic etiology, can be classified as direct, through compression, perforation or laceration of the optic nerve by action of foreign bodies, fractures of the orbit floor or hemorrhages, and indirect, when from an external trauma to the eyeball there is injury by transmission of the shock wave or deceleration, leading to optic nerve injury by stretching its fibers or edema compromising its vascularization, common in automobile accidents and falls. Case Report: The present study aims to describe a case of traumatic optic neuropathy mistakenly conducted as a stroke in a 29-yearold female patient with a history of falling from his own height. Discussion: The investigation was possible because of the clinical history, evolution of the condition and new fundoscopic findings that allowed the correct diagnosis and better orientation of the patient. Conclusion: Knowledge of traumatic optic neuropathy and anatomy of the optical pathway have extreme importance in the topographic and etiological reasoning of traumatic lesions that present with visual impairment, saving the patient from possible interventions invasive and unnecessary. (AU)

Neuro-ophthalmic Analyses of Head Trauma Patients

PURPOSE: To investigate the types and clinical features of neurological diseases after head trauma. METHODS: From March 2010 to December 2018, a total of 177 patients were enrolled in this study. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features of neurological ophthalmic diagnoses and frequencies, the types of head injuries, and the prognoses. RESULTS: Cranial nerve palsy was the most common (n = 63, 35.6%), followed by traumatic optic neuropathy (n = 45, 25.4%), followed by optic disc deficiency, ipsilateral visual field defect, Nystagmus, skewing, ocular muscle paralysis between nuclei, and Terson syndrome. Neuro-ophthalmic deficits occurred in relatively strong traumas accompanied by intracranial hemorrhage or skull fracture. However, convergence insufficiency and decompensated phoria occurred in relatively weak trauma such as concussion. The prognoses of the diseases were poor (p < 0.05) for traumatic optic neuropathies and visual field defects. The prognoses of neurological diseases were poor if accompanied by intracranial hemorrhages or skull fractures (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: After head trauma, various neuro-ophthalmic diseases can occur. The prognosis may differ depending on the type of the disease, and the strength of the trauma may affect the prognosis.

Amaurose por neuropatia óptica traumática direta secundária à corpo estranho transorbitário: relato de um caso atípico / Amaurosis by Traumatic Optic Neuropathy direct secondary to the "transorbitario" foreign body: Report of an atypical case

Resumo Neste trabalho descreve-se o caso clínico de um paciente do sexo masculino que evoluiu para cegueira tardia por neuropatia óptica traumática após queda de bicicleta. Enfatiza-se a importância do exame oftalmológico/reflexos pupilares e da tomografia computadorizada no diagnóstico de corpo estranho orbitário, sua remoção cirúrgica, abordagem interdisciplinar e evolução.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to describe a clinical study of a male patient who experienced late-blindness due to traumatic optic neuropathy after getting into a bicycle accident. It is stressed the importance of performing pupillary/reflexes examination and computed tomography scan in order to diagnose "transorbitário" foreign body. It is also cover its surgical removal as well as an interdisciplinary approach and clinical evolution.

Longitudinal Evaluation of Retinal Structure in Patients with Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Using Optical Coherence Tomography

PURPOSE: We used optical coherence tomography (OCT) for longitudinal evaluation of structural changes in the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), the macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL), and the macula in patients with traumatic optic neuropathy. METHODS: From May 2012 to April 2015, the medical records of 20 patients with monocular traumatic optic neuropathy who were followed up for over 6 months were retrospectively analyzed. Best-corrected visual acuity was checked and Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) was used to measure the thicknesses of the peripapillary RNFL, macular GC-IPL, and macula of both eyes at the first visit (within 4 weeks after trauma), at 10 and 24 weeks after trauma, and at the final visits. The differences over time in the parameters of the traumatic and fellow eyes were analyzed. RESULTS: The final best-corrected visual acuities of the traumatic and fellow eyes differed significantly from those at the first visit (p = 0.007). The average thicknesses of the peripapillary RNFL, the macular GC-IPL, and the macula differed significantly between the traumatic and fellow eyes commencing 10 weeks after trauma (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Significant changes in visual acuity preceded structural changes in the retina. Objective assessment of retinal structural changes using OCT yields helpful information on the clinical course of patients with traumatic optic neuropathy.

Surgical Treatment for Traumatic Optic Neuropathy / 대한신경손상학회지

Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is an important cause of severe visual loss after blunt or penetrating head and facial trauma. High-dose steroids and surgical interventions have been applied in the indirect TON. However, there is no convincing evidence that results of the treatment have any strong benefits in terms of improvement of visual acuity. Nevertheless, surgical decompression should be considered in the case of a direct bony compression to the optic nerve and a progressive visual loss in indirect TON. Neurosurgeon should be aware the surgical indication, optimal timing and relevant technique for the optic canal (OC) decompression. In this review article, we will focus on the surgical approaches to the OC and how to decompress it.

Traumatic Optic Neuropathy / 대한신경손상학회지

Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) refers to optic nerve injury resulting from direct and indirect head and facial trauma. The pathogenesis of indirect TON has not been fully elucidated, and the management of TON remains controversial. In this review article, I review the recent literature regarding TON and discuss how to manage indirect TON.

Melanocitoma del nervio óptico asociado a neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Reporte de caso / Melanocytoma of optic disk associated with type 1 neurofibromatosis. A case report

Objetivo: Exponer las principales características clínicas de un paciente con melanocitoma del nervio óptico, asociado a neurofibromatosis tipo 1 o enfermedad de Von Recklinghausen. Diseño del estudio: Reporte de caso. Método: Se revisó la historia clínica y los reportes de ayuda diagnósticas: Tomografía axial computarizada de orbitas simple y cerebral simple, ecografía ocular, campos visuales, Angiografía fluoresceínica, Tomografía óptica coherente de nervio óptico. Resultados: Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 78 años de edad, con neurofibromatosis tipo 1, quien manifiesta visión borrosa en ojo izquierdo. Se realiza diagnóstico de melanocitoma del nervio óptico, que se caracteriza por ser una lesión altamente pigmentada y de buen pronóstico, con posibilidad de trasformación maligna. Generalmente no asociado con anomalías sistémicas. En la literatura actual no existe reporte de casos en los que se relacione a neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Conclusión: Esta revisión se concentra en exponer las manifestaciones clínicas del melanocitoma del nervio óptico asociado a una enfermedad sistémica, a través de un caso clínico por primera vez reportado en Colombia así como a nivel mundial. La importancia de publicar este reporte es facilitar un diagnóstico precoz, basados en la carente evidencia que existe y así no sea una enfermedad subdiagnosticada.

Purpose: To present the main clinical characteristics of a patient with melanocytoma of the optic disk, associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 also known as Von Recklinghausen's Disease. Study design: Case report. Method: Medical history and diagnostic studies were evaluated: Orbit and cerebral Computed tomography, visual fields, Fluorescein angiography and optic nerve tomography. Results: We present the clinical case of a 78-year-old patient with neurofibromatosis type 1, who manifests blurred vision in the left eye. Diagnosis of melanocytoma of the optic disk is made, this is a highly pigmented lesion with a good prognosis, it has the possibility of malignant transformation. Generally, not associated with systemic abnormalities. In the current literature there is no report of cases in which it is related to neurofibromatosis type 1. Conclusion: This case reviewfocuses on exposing the clinical manifestations of optic nerve melanocytoma associated with a systemic disease, through a clinical case reported for the fi rst time in Colombia as well as worldwide. The importance of publishing this report is to facilitate an early diagnosis, based on the lack of evidence that exists and that is not an underdiagnosed disease.

Evolution of optic nerve and retina alterations in a child with indirect traumatic neuropathy as assessed by optical coherence tomography / Evolução das alterações no nervo óptico e na retina em criança com neuropatia traumática indireta avaliadas com tomografia de coerência óptica

ABSTRACT Herein, we describe the case of a 4-year-old child with indirect traumatic optic neuropathy and serial changes of the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) documented using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Visual acuity improved despite progressive RNFL thinning and optic disc pallor. We concluded that OCT may be useful for monitoring axonal loss but may not predict the final visual outcome.

RESUMO Descrição do caso de uma criança de 4 anos de idade com neuropatia óptica traumática indireta, cujas alterações no nervo óptico e na camada de fibras nervosas da retina foram documentadas com tomografia de coerência óptica seriadas. A acuidade visual apresentou melhora apesar da diminuição progressiva da camada de fibras nervosas e da palidez do disco óptico. Em conclusão, a tomografia de coerência óptica pode ser útil para monitorar a perda axonal na neuropatia óptica traumática indireta, sem no entanto, predizer o desfecho visual.

"Transorbitario" foreign body after ATV accident / Corpo estranho "transorbitário" após acidente com quadriciclo

Abstract This report aims to show an unusual case of "transorbitário" wooden foreign body causing visual loss due to optic nerve damage on the side contralateral penetration of foreign matter.

Resumo O presente relato tem o objetivo de mostrar um caso incomum de corpo estranho de madeira "transorbitário" que causou perda visual por lesão do nervo óptico do lado contralateral a penetração do corpo estranho.

Desprendimiento de retina no regmatógeno: guía de práctica clínica - problema de salud AUGE N°32 / Non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: clinical practice guideline - health problem AUGE N°32

OBJETIVOS -Generar recomendaciones basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible acerca del manejo de desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno no traumático. -Entregar recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de personas con desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno no traumático. TIPO DE PACIENTES Y ESCENARIO CLÍNICO Personas con desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno no traumático que reciben atención en el nivel secundario y terciario de salud en el sector público y privado de salud. USUARIOS DE LA GUÍA Todos los profesionales de salud con responsabilidades en personas con desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno no traumático: Médicos de Atención Primaria de Salud y de Servicios de Urgencia, y Oftalmólogos del nivel secundario y terciario de atención. METODOLOGÍA Las recomendaciones de esta Guía fueron elaboradas de acuerdo con el sistema "Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation" (GRADE). Luego de priorizadas las preguntas a responder, se realizó la búsqueda y la síntesis de evidencia, para finalmente generar las recomendaciones a través del juicio del Panel de Expertos. La búsqueda y selección de la evidencia de esta Guía se basó en un método sistemático, transparente y reproducible. Una vez seleccionada la evidencia, se resumió en un formato claro y conciso que permitiera al Grupo Elaborador realizar los juicios respecto a la calidad de dicha evidencia, el balance entre los riesgos y beneficios asociados a la intervención o calidad de una prueba, un tratamiento, los valores y preferencias de los pacientes, y los costos derivados de su implementación.

Clinical Characteristics of Intraorbital Foreign Bodies: Our Experience with 14 Cases

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of intraorbital foreign bodies as well as the treatment outcomes. METHODS: This was a noncomparative interventional case series. Clinical data and radiographic images were gathered via retrospective chart reviews of 14 patients who underwent surgical removal of intraorbital foreign bodies by an oculoplastic surgeon at the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea between July 2012 and November 2015. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 45.1 years and 13 patients (92.9%) were male. There were 9 metallic; 3 nonmetallic, inorganic; and 2 organic intraorbital foreign bodies in this series. The most common orbital complication was orbital wall fracture (8, 57.1%), and one patient had orbital cellulitis associated with a wooden foreign body. Six patients (42.9%) underwent surgical removal of foreign bodies in a delayed setting, and 4 of them needed surgery to allow for the brain magnetic resonance image tests to evaluate neurologic problems. There were 6 patients (42.9%) who had a postoperative corrected visual acuity worse than 20/200, and all of them had poor visual acuity at the time of injury due to associated eyeball or optic nerve injuries. Four patients (28.6%) had eyeball movement limitations from the initial trauma, but only 1 patient had persistent limitations postoperatively. There were no other complications associated with surgical removal. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with intraorbital foreign bodies were male who had periorbital traumas. The most common foreign body was metal, and orbital wall fractures were common. The poor visual prognosis was related to the eyeball or optic nerve injuries from the initial trauma. The urgent surgical removal should be performed for organic foreign bodies or associated orbital/ocular injuries. Metallic foreign bodies may also be considered for removal to allow for possible brain magnetic resonance image evaluations in the future.

Endoscopic Removal of Retained a Wooden Foreign Body Causing Persistent Intraorbital Inflammation

An intraorbital foreign body can cause a variety of signs and symptoms depending on size, location, and composition and can be classified as metal, inorganic, or organic depending on composition. An intraorbital organic foreign body, such as wood, can cause severe inflammation. An intraorbital foreign body is not only difficult to detect, but also can cause severe complications such as orbital cellulitis, orbital abscess, optic nerve injury, and extraocular muscle injury. A wooden foreign body can be very difficult to detect, even if computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used. Therefore, clinical suspicion based on history taking, physical examination, and radiological examination is essential for diagnosis of intraorbital wooden foreign body. We report a case of repeated intraorbital inflammation due to a retained wooden foreign body in a healthy 56-year-old male patient, who was treated with a combination of intravenous antibiotics and transnasal endoscopic foreign body removal.

Rescuing axons from degeneration does not affect retinal ganglion cell death

After a traumatic injury to the central nervous system, the distal stumps of axons undergo Wallerian degeneration (WD), an event that comprises cytoskeleton and myelin breakdown, astrocytic gliosis, and overexpression of proteins that inhibit axonal regrowth. By contrast, injured neuronal cell bodies show features characteristic of attempts to initiate the regenerative process of elongating their axons. The main molecular event that leads to WD is an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration, which activates calpains, calcium-dependent proteases that degrade cytoskeleton proteins. The aim of our study was to investigate whether preventing axonal degeneration would impact the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after crushing the optic nerve. We observed that male Wistar rats (weighing 200-400 g; n=18) treated with an exogenous calpain inhibitor (20 mM) administered via direct application of the inhibitor embedded within the copolymer resin Evlax immediately following optic nerve crush showed a delay in the onset of WD. This delayed onset was characterized by a decrease in the number of degenerated fibers (P<0.05) and an increase in the number of preserved fibers (P<0.05) 4 days after injury. Additionally, most preserved fibers showed a normal G-ratio. These results indicated that calpain inhibition prevented the degeneration of optic nerve fibers, rescuing axons from the process of axonal degeneration. However, analysis of retinal ganglion cell survival demonstrated no difference between the calpain inhibitor- and vehicle-treated groups, suggesting that although the calpain inhibitor prevented axonal degeneration, it had no effect on RGC survival after optic nerve damage.

Near-complete optic nerve transection by high-pressure air

The use of high-pressure air instruments has become more common. Consequently, there have been a number of cases of orbital emphysema caused by contact with high-pressure air. In this case, a 62-year-old male patient visited an emergency medical center after his left eye was shot by an air compressor gun that was used to wash cars. Lacerations were observed in the upper and lower eyelids of his left eye. Radiological examinations revealed orbital emphysema, optic nerve transection, pneumocephalus, and subcutaneous emphysema in the face, neck, shoulder, and mediastinum. Canalicular injury repair was performed, and the emphysema resolved. However, there was near-complete vision loss in the patient's left eye. Because most optic nerve transections occur after a severe disruption in bone structure, pure optic nerve transections without any injury of the bone structure, as in the present case, is extremely rare.

A Case of Traumatically Ruptured Medial and Inferior Rectus Muscles with an Avulsed Optic Nerve

PURPOSE: To report the good surgical results of multiple ruptured rectus muscles with avulsion of the optic nerve. CASE SUMMARY: A 39-year-old male patient underwent surgical exploration after rupture of the inferior and medial rectus muscles and avulsion of the optic nerve. The disinserted muscles were attached at the primary insertion site, and a served optic nerve was not found. Six months after the injury, the patient had orthotropia in the primary position without ischemia of the anterior segment. CONCLUSIONS: In rare instances, blunt trauma can result in optic nerve avulsion with ruptured inferior and medial rectus muscles. Surgical treatment can result in a favorable outcome.

Trauma of the globe: State of art in global and in China / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Current states of traumatic eye injury are reviewed in terms of epidemiology in the developing countries and developed countries, causes of the trauma, eye injury types, traumatic eye injury diagnostic methods and treatments. Trauma-caused vision-threatening conditions such as open global injury, traumatic optic neuropathy and proliferative vitreoretinopathy are particularly discussed. Also the most updated clinic research in China as Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study is discussed. At the end, the current achievements and research in traumatic eye injury in the world are summerized.