الملخص
Los manglares se distribuyen en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales del planeta. Se ubican en zonas inundables, en suelos de alta salinidad y anaerobios. Estos bosques son reconocidos como ecosistemas fundamentales para el mantenimiento de la resiliencia ante el cambio climático en los hábitats marino-costeros ya que actúan como defensa ante tormentas y tsunamis, además participan en la estabilización microclimática y en la absorción de CO2. Sin embargo, estos ecosistemas han disminuido a través de los años debido a factores principalmente antro-pogénicos; se prevé que el cambio climático también influirá negativamente en su conservación. En el pacífico de Guatemala se ha registrado una cobertura de 22,763.25 ha de bosque de manglar, compuestas por seis especies. A pesar de lo anterior, únicamente el 23% está protegido dentro del sistema de áreas protegidas, por lo que, la cobertura vegetal de manglar ha disminuido a través de los años debido a cambios de uso de suelo, crecimiento urbano, contaminación, tala ilegal, entre otros. Asimismo, existen diversos retos que dificultan su conservación, como la falta de ordenamiento territorial y falta de conocimiento legal. Es necesario realizar acciones que pro-muevan la gestión sostenible de este ecosistema, y trabajar en las oportunidades existentes que podrían contribuir a la conservación, como el turismo sostenible e incentivos forestales que pueden disminuir los retos planteados.
Mangroves are distributed in tropical and subtropical zones of the planet. They are located in flood zones, in high salinity and anaerobic soils. These forests are recognized as fundamental ecosystems for maintaining resilience to climate change in marine-coastal habitats, as they act as a defense against storms and tsunamis and participate in microclimatic stabilization and CO2 absorption. However, these ecosystems have declined over the years due mainly to anthropogenic factors, and it is expected that climate change will also negatively influence their conservation. In the Pacific region of Guatemala, 22,763.25 ha of mangrove forest, composed of six species, have been recorded. Despite the above, only 23% is protected within the protected areas system, therefore mangrove vegetation cover has decreased over the years due to changes in land use, urban growth, pollution, illegal logging, among others. Likewise, there are several challenges that hinder its conservation, such as the lack of land use plan-ning and lack of legal knowledge. It is necessary to carry out actions that promote the sustainable management of this ecosystem, and to work on existing opportunities that could contribute to conservation, such as sustainable tourism and forestry incentives that can reduce the challenges posed.
الموضوعات
Climate Change , Environmental Pollution/adverse effects , Wetlands , Pacific Ocean , Conservation of Natural Resources , Protected Areas , Anthropogenic Effects , Sustainable Tourismالملخص
Herbal medicine has played a leading role in the health systems of many traditional societies. The main objective is to characterize an aspect of the natural and cultural heritage of a protected area of the town of La Calera, through the documentation of medicinal plants of the Bamba Water and Recreational Nature Reserve (RNHRB), in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. Methodologies of social and natural sciences, typical of ethnoecological approaches, were combined, complementing with qualitative and quantitative analyzes. A total of 221 uses corresponding to 137 medicinal species were documented. The most relevant families in terms of quantity of species and uses are Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. In all cases the native / wild status predominates. Applications associated with gastrointestinal conditions are the most frequent, followed by dermatological, pneumonological, infectological and nephrological. It is concluded that herbal medicine in protected areas provides valuable information and efforts for the conservation of biocultural heritage in intangible rural areas with urbanized spaces, as well as for the potencial knowledge and use of resources by small local producers.
La medicina herbaria ha desempeñado un papel de liderazgo en los sistemas de salud de muchas sociedades tradicionales. El objetivo principal es caracterizar un aspecto del patrimonio natural y cultural de un área protegida de la localidad de La Calera, a través de la documentación de plantas medicinales de la Reserva Natural Acuática y Recreativa de Bamba (RNHRB), en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. Se combinaron metodologías de las ciencias sociales y naturales, propias de los enfoques etnoecológicos, complementando con análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos. Se documentaron un total de 221 usos correspondientes a 137 especies medicinales. Las familias más relevantes en cuanto a cantidad de especies y usos son Asteraceae, Fabaceae y Lamiaceae. En todos los casos predomina el estado nativo/salvaje. Las aplicaciones asociadas a afecciones gastrointestinales son las más frecuentes, seguidas de las dermatológicas, neumonológicas, infecciosas y nefrológicas. Se concluye que la fitoterapia en áreas protegidas brinda valiosa información y esfuerzos para la conservación del patrimonio biocultural en áreas rurales intangibles con espacios urbanizados, así como para el potencial conocimiento y uso de recursos por parte de pequeños productores locales.
الموضوعات
Plants, Medicinal , Medicine, Traditional , Argentina , Protected Areasالملخص
Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) in the Paraná-Paraguay basin on multiple facets of ichthyofauna, both currently and in future climate change scenarios, based on reaching the 17% of conserved terrestrial and inland water defined by Aichi Target 11. Analyses were carried out vis-à-vis a distribution of 496 native species, modeling for the present and for the future, and in moderate and pessimistic scenarios of greenhouse gases. We calculated species richness, functional richness, and phylogenetic diversity, overlapping the combination of these facets with the PAs. The results indicate that the current PAs of the Paraná-Paraguay basin are not efficient in protecting the richest areas of ichthyofauna in their multiple facets. While there is a larger overlap between PAs and the richest areas in phylogenetic diversity, the values are too low (2.37%). Currently, the overlap between PAs and areas with larger species richness, functional richness, and phylogenetic diversity is only 1.48%. Although this value can increase for future projections, the values of the indices decrease substantially. The relevant aquatic environments, biological communities, and climate change should be considered as part of the systematic planning of PAs that take into consideration the terrestrial environments and their threats.(AU)
Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a efetividade das áreas protegidas da bacia Paraná-Paraguai sobre múltiplas facetas da ictiofauna, atualmente e em cenários futuros de mudanças climáticas baseado em alcançar 17% de áreas protegidas, de acordo com os objetivos de Aichi. Análises foram feitas a partir da distribuição de 496 espécies para o presente e futuro, em diferentes cenários climáticos. Foram calculadas a riqueza de espécies, a riqueza funcional e a diversidade filogenética, sobrepondo a combinação destas facetas com as áreas protegidas. Os resultados indicaram que as áreas protegidas da bacia Paraná-Paraguai não são eficientes em proteger as áreas mais ricas em ictiofauna considerando diversas facetas. A maior sobreposição se dá entre as áreas protegidas e as áreas mais ricas em diversidade filogenética, mas os valores são muito baixos (2,37%). A sobreposição entre as áreas protegidas e os 17% das áreas com maior riqueza de espécies, riqueza funcional e diversidade filogenética é de apenas 1,48%. Para o futuro as projeções indicaram que a sobreposição pode aumentar, mas os valores dos índices caem consideravelmente. Os ambientes aquáticos e as mudanças climáticas são componentes que devem ser considerados no planejamento sistemático de áreas protegidas que consideram essencialmente ambientes terrestres e suas ameaças.(AU)
الموضوعات
Animals , Climate Change , Protected Areas/analysis , Fishes , Phylogeny , Genetic Variationالملخص
Introduction: Zooplankton is a major link between primary producers and the following trophic levels, and in coral reefs they represent an energy source for corals and involve complex assemblies integrating a wide variety of species form different functional groups. Objective: To define interannual changes in zooplankton assemblies in coral reefs of Isla del Coco. Methods: Three coral reefs system were sampled. Two or three samples were taken by surface horizontal trawls in each coral reef from 2009 to 2012, using conical zooplankton nets of 200 and 500 µm mesh sizes at different times of the day. Physical and chemical variables were measured before zooplankton sampling. Results: We identified 24 taxonomic groups of macrozooplankton and 22 of mesozooplankton. Copepods were the most abundant taxa (87.1%) of the total abundance of mesozooplankton and macrozooplakton (58.9%); however, chaetognaths (35.6%) exceeded copepods (35.4%) in abundance in macrozooplankton samples during 2011. Mesozooplankton samples showed higher abundance (68753.2±9123.2 ind m-3) and biomass (85.14±11.3 mg DW m-3) than macrozooplankton samples (4454.9±751.0 ind m-3, 22.8±3.8 mg DW m-3). The interannual macrozooplankton community structure did not change significantly (ANOVA, p=0.368), but did change for mesozooplankton (ANOVA, p=0.001). Variations in physical and chemical variables influenced the community structure for both meso and macrozooplankton, increasing or decreasing organism abundance. Conclusions: Coral reef zooplankton of Isla del Coco resembles that of other coral reefs under the influence of oceanic conditions, with a fauna formed mainly by calanoid copepods, chaetognaths and appendicularians, and depending on oceanographic conditions, the abundance of these groups can change.
Introducción: El zooplancton es el principal enlace entre los productores primarios y los siguientes niveles de la cadena trófica, en los arrecifes de coral representa una importante fuente de alimento, en estos ambientes comprende una amplia variedad de especies de diferentes grupos funcionales. Métodos: En el presente trabajo se analiza la estructura de la comunidad del zooplancton asociado a los sistemas arrecifales de la Isla del Coco, sus variaciones interanuales y como las variables físicas y químicas en diferentes épocas influencian la composición de especies. Las muestras se colectaron sobre los parches de arrecife de Bahía Weston, Bahía Wafer y Bahía Chatham en el sector norte de la Isla, en cuatro periodos, en 2009 a 2012, se realizaron arrastres horizontales con redes cilindro cónicas de 200 y 500 µm tamaño de poro, durante tres e cinco minutos respectivamente a diferentes horas del día. Resultados: Se identificaron 24 grupos taxonómicos dentro del Macrozooplancton y 22 dentro del Mesozooplancton. Mayores abundancias y biomasas se registraron en el Mesozooplancton. Copépodos, apendicularias e quetognatos fueron los grupos más abundantes, siendo afectadas sus abundancias por las variaciones en las variables físicas y químicas. Conclusiones: La comunidad zooplanctónica de los arrecifes coralinos en la Isla del Coco es semejante a aquellos sistemas arrecifales de zonas oceánicas bajo la influencia de aguas oceánicas, con una fauna conformada principalmente por copépodos, quetognatos y apendicularias y que dependiendo de las características oceanográficas imperantes las abundancias de estos grupos pueden cambiar.
الموضوعات
Zooplankton/classification , Biomass , Coral Reefs , Costa Rica , Protected Areas , Biodiversity , Islandsالملخص
The Northern Pará Drainage System encompasses the left-bank tributaries of the Amazonas River in the southern Guiana Shield region of Pará state, Brazil. Five of the region's state protected areas are considered strategic for the conservation of its biodiversity. In the present study, we assessed the ichthyofauna of the five state protected areas of the Northern Pará Drainage System. Seven expeditions were conducted between January 2008 and January 2009, which surveyed stretches of the Cuminá, Cuminapanema, Curuá, Jari, Mapuera, Nhamundá, and Paru rivers. These surveys yielded 286 species belonging to 38 families and eight orders, including seven new records of fish species for Brazil, six of which are also new records for the Amazon basin. Our results provide a valuable database for future research and conservation programs in the protected areas of the region. (AU)
الموضوعات
Amazonian Ecosystem , Protected Areas , Fishes , Biodiversityالملخص
Less than 10% of the original Atlantic Forest cover now remains standing in the Brazilian state of Sergipe, although few scientific studies have focused on its mammalian diversity. The present study describes the diversity of non-volant mammals found in the Ibura National Forest (INF), based on live trapping, and direct and indirect observations. We sampled the IBF on six days per month between June 2012 and August 2013, using live-traps (Sherman-type) positioned in pairs (ground and understory). We equally sampled semideciduous forest and an abandoned Eucalyptusplantation with dense understory (over 30 years). We also used non-systematics methods (direct observations, vestiges, camera-trap, and opportunistic captures). We recorded 18 species, from 12 families and 7 orders considering all the applied methods. Among recorded species, Bradypus torquatusand Lontra longicaudisare considered threatened of extinction. Considering only the live-trapping (totaling 3,240 trapping nights), we captured 125 individuals (3.85% success) from four species, Marmosa demerarae(52%), Didelphis albiventris(19.2%), Cerradomys vivoi(15.2%), and M. murina(13.6%). Estimated and observed richness was the same, suggesting a satisfactory effort. Didelphis albiventrisand M. demeraraeshowed significantly higher captures in the dry seasons. Didelphis albiventrisand C.vivoishowed significantly higher captures in the substratum, and M. demeraraehigher in the understory. Cerradomysvivoishowed significantly higher captures in the Eucalyptusphytophysiognomy. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling and the ANOSIM showed a significant difference in the captured species among semidecidual forest and Eucalyptus. Despite the small area (144 ha), the INF still houses a relatively high mammalian diversity. Further investigations may help to understand the role of habitat reduction in the diversity and habitat partitioning among mammal species in the Atlantic Forest of Northeastern Brazil.
الموضوعات
Animals , Biodiversity , Ecosystem , Mammals/anatomy & histology , Protected Areas/analysisالملخص
Os Flavivirus são transmitidos por mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) que se refugiam em remanesctentes de Mata Atlântica. Essas áreas verdes correspondem às Unidades de Conservação e parques urbanos, que estão espalhados pela região metropolitana de São Paulo. Este estudo foi realizado com o intuito de conhecer as espécies de culicídeos que circulam na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Capivari-Monos, na zona Sul do município de São Paulo, e no Parque Estadual da Cantareira (PEC), na zona Norte do mesmo município, e de investigar infecção natural por Flavivirus na fauna de culicídeos amostrada. Também foi proposto relacionar a variedade, a quantidade e identidade dos Flavivirus detectados com os padrões de riqueza, abundância e diversidade das assembleias de mosquitos. Foram realizadas 14 coletas, mensalmente, em quatro pontos de coleta na APA e três no PEC, todos com diferentes níveis de intervenção antrópica, no período de março de 2016 a abril de 2017. Armadilhas automáticas luminosastipo CDC (com atração de CO2 e ácido lático) foram instaladas na copa das árvores e no nível do solo. O esforço amostral foi equivalente para os todos os pontos, sendo que foram instaladas duas armadilhas em cada ponto (uma na copa e outra no solo), com 18 horas de coleta, permitindo amostragem de culicídeos de hábitos diurnos, crepusculares e noturnos. Os espécimes foram transportados com vida para o Laboratório de Saúde Pública da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, criopreservados a temperatura -70ºC, identificados morfologicamente e agrupados em pools (com até 10 indivíduos). Os pools foram submetidos à técnica de isolamento viral em cultura de células (C6/36), seguida do teste de imunofluorescência indireta. Os pools positivos foram submetidos à reação de RT-qPCR e, posteriormente, sequenciados. Duas árvores de similaridade foram construídas para confirmação dos Flavivirus. No total, 1216 exemplares de culicídeos foram amostrados (13 gêneros), cuja riqueza foi de 42 táxons. A APA registrou a maior abundância (878 espécimes) e maior riqueza (37 táxons). A Cachoeira foi o ponto de coleta na APA que amostrou a maior riqueza e abundância, contudo, com a mais baixa diversidade. Entretanto, a Borracharia obteve alta riqueza, baixa abundância e a maior diversidade. O PEC amostrou 338 indivíduos e a riqueza foi de 23 táxons. Dentre os pontos do PEC, a Trilha do Pinheirinho amostrou a maior riqueza e abundância. An. (Ker.) cruzii, Cx. (Cux.) sp, Cx. (Mel.) vaxus, Li. durhami, Wy. (Prl.) confusa e Wy. (Pho.) theobaldi foram detectadas com infecção natural por Flavivirus. O sequenciamento revelou infecção por ZIKV em An. (Ker.) cruzii, Li. durhami e Wy. (Prl.) confusa, e infecção por DENV-2 em Cx. (Cux.) sp e Cx. (Mel.) vaxus. Concluiu-se que a riqueza, abundância e diversidade estão relacionadas entre si e, juntas, influenciaram na detecção de espécies de culicídeos naturalmente infectadas por Flavivirus, sendo que estes foram detectados em espécies provenientes de pontos de coleta cuja riqueza e abundância foram altas, e a diversidade baixa. A quantidade e a variedade dos Flavivirus também foram influenciadas por esses três fatores, para ocorrer na natureza. Não foi possível correlacionar a identidade dos Flavivirus com os três fatores uma vez que as espécies detectadas com infecção natural por esses vírus não são apontadas como potenciais vetoras. Além disso, a abundância e a diversidade pareceram ter uma relação inversa entre si
Flaviviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) that take refuge in remnants of the Atlantic Forest. These green areas correspond to Conservation Units and urban parks which are spread throughout the metropolitan region of São Paulo. This study was carried out in order to identify the Culicidae fauna that circulate in Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area (APA), located in the South area of the city of São Paulo, and in Cantareira State Park (PEC), North area of the same municipality and to investigate natural Flaviviruses infection in this sampled Culicidae fauna. It was also proposed to relate the variety, quantity and identity of the Flaviviruses detected with patterns of richness, abundance and diversity of mosquito assemblages. Fourteen collections were carried out monthly at four collection sites in the APA and three in the PEC, all sites with different levels of anthropogenic intervention, during March 2016 to April 2017. CDC automatic traps (with attraction of CO2 and lactic acid) were installed in the canopy and on ground. The sampling effort was equivalent for all the points, and two traps were installed at each point (one in the canopy and the other on ground), with 18 hours of sampling, allowing sampling culicidae of daytime, morning and evening twilight, and nightlyl habits. The specimens were carried alive to the Public Health Laboratory of the School of Public Health of the University of São Paulo, were cryopreserved at a -70ºC temperature, identified morphologically and grouped in pools (with up to 10 individuals). The pools were submitted to the virus isolation technique in cell culture tissue (C6 / 36), followed by the indirect immunofluorescence test. The positive pools were submitted to the RT-qPCR reaction and, subsequently, sequenced. Two similarity trees were made only to confirm Flaviviruses infection. In total, 1216 specimens of culicidae were sampled (13 genera), and the richness was 42 taxa. In addition to APA recorded the highest abundance (878 specimens) and also highest richness (37 taxa). Cachoeira was the collection site in APA that showed the greatest richness and abundance as well, however, with the lowest diversity. In addition, Borracharia obtained high richness, low abundance and highest diversity. PEC sampled 338 specimens and the richness was 23 taxa. Among the collection sites of the PEC, Pinheirinho Trail showed the highest richness and also abundance. An. (Ker.) cruzii, Cx. (Cux.) sp, Cx. (Mel.) vaxus, Li. durhami, Wy. (Prl.) confusa and Wy. (Pho.) theobaldi were detected with natural Flaviviruses infection. The sequencing analyzes revealed ZIKV infection in An. (Ker.) cruzii, Li. durhami and Wy. (Prl.) confusa, and DENV-2 infection in Cx. (Cux.) sp and Cx. (Mel.) vaxus. It has concluded that the richness, abundance and also diversity are related to each other and, together, influenced the detection of species of culicidae naturally infected by Flaviviruses, which were detected in species from collection sites whose richness and abundance were high. About quantity and variety of Flaviviruses, these were also influenced by the three factors on nature. It was not possible to correlate the identity of the Flaviviruses with the three factors since the species detected with natural infection by these viruses are not indicated as potential vectors. Moreover, abundance and diversity appeared to have an inverse relation.
الموضوعات
Protected Areas , Dengue Virus , Zika Virus , Culicidae , Flavivirusالملخص
Resumen La Selva Baja Caducifolia (SBC) es de gran importancia por su biodiversidad. En el Istmo-Costa de Oaxaca, México, se encuentran áreas con SBC y distinta categoría de protección (legislación mexicana): (1) Área Natural Protegida (ANP), (2) Área Destinada Voluntariamente para la Conservación (ADVC) y (3) Área de Uso Común (ADUC). En cada una de ellas se analizó la estructura de vegetación leñosa, plantas con DAP ≥ 2.5 cm, muestreando 15 parcelas de 100 m2. La riqueza observada fue de 90 especies incluidas en 36 familias y corresponde al 80 % (Jackknife) y 85 % (ICE) de la esperada. El análisis de agrupamiento identificó dos grupos con 90 % de disimilitud: el primero (G1) incluyó a todas las parcelas muestreadas del ANP; y el segundo (G2) aglomeró las del ADVC y ADUC. Los índices de Shannon, dominancia de Simpson y diversidad verdadera de Jost para el G1 fueron H'= 2.43, D= 0.21 y qD= 11 y para el G2, H'= 2.76, D= 0.28 y qD= 15, sin diferencias entre grupos (P < 0.05). Las especies con Valor de Importancia Relativa más elevado, en ambos grupos, corresponden a vegetación secundaria. La densidad de especies del G1 fue de 1 829 ind/ha y en el G2 de 2 370 ind/ha. Los promedios de altura (6.8 m) y área basal (19.7 m2/ha) del G1 no variaron significativamente (P < 0.05) con los del G2 (7.9 m y 22.1 m2/ha). Las ADVC y ADUC, semejantes en composición y estructura, difieren del ANP. Se sugiere seguir monitoreando la SBC.
Abstract Tropical dry forest (TDF) is important due to its biodiversity. In the Isthmus-Coastal region of the state of Oaxaca, in Southeast Mexico, there are many areas of TDF with varying categories of legal protection (1) Protected Natural Areas (PNA), (2) Voluntarily Designated Conservation Areas (VDCA) and (3) Areas of Common Use (ACU). In each of these, tree vegetation structure was analysed, recording plants with a DBH ≥ 2.5 cm and sampling 15 plots of 100 m2. Observed richness was 90 species, belonging to 36 families and corresponding to 80 % (Jackknife) and 85 % (ICE) of expected richness. A cluster analysis identified two groups with 90 % dissimilitude: the first (G1) included all the sampled plots in the PNA; and the second (G2), grouped together those from the VDCA and the ACU. The Shannon, Simpson dominance and Jost true diversity indices for G1 were H'= 2.43, D= 0.21 and qD= 11 and for G2, H'= 2.76, D= 0.28 and qD= 15 respectively, with no differences between groups (P < 0.05). The species that presented the highest relative importance value (RIV) in both groups, corresponded to secondary vegetation. Species density of G1 was 1 829 ind/ha and 2 370 ind/ha for G2. Mean height (6.8 m) and basal area (19.7 m2/ha) of G1 did not vary significantly (P < 0.05) when compared to G2 (7.9 m y 22.1 m2/ha). The VDCA and ACU presented similar composition and structure, differing from the PNA. Continual monitoring of the TDF is suggested. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 863-879. Epub 2018 June 01.
الموضوعات
Soil , Trees/classification , Forestry/classification , Endangered Species/statistics & numerical data , Conservation of Natural Resources/statistics & numerical data , Protected Areas/analysis , Ecological and Environmental Phenomena , Mexicoالملخص
El geÌnero Arceuthobium (mueÌrdago enano) es una de las principales plagas en los bosques templados de MeÌxico, con antecedentes de uso medicinal y forrajero. El objetivo de este trabajo fue documentar el conocimiento local sobre los usos del mueÌrdago enano en el AÌrea Natural Protegida Nevado de Toluca, MeÌxico, bajo las perspectivas emic y etic, a traveÌs de la etnobotaÌnica. Mediante entrevistas se identificoÌ que ambas especies (A. vaginatum y A. globosum) son conocidas como mueÌrdago y forman parte de la flora del bosque; sin embargo, los entrevistados desconocen los efectos negativos dentro de los ecosistemas forestales de esta plaga. Destacan los usos luÌdicos, como juguete y tinta, y los medicinales para el tratamiento de afecciones respiratorias y del sistema nervioso, siendo eÌste el primer registro para dicho geÌnero localmente. Se requieren estudios que validen el conocimiento local para su inclusioÌn en programas locales de manejo de plagas forestales.
Arceuthobium (dwarf mistletoe) genus is one of the main pests in temperate forests of Mexico, with records of medicinal and forage uses. The objective of this work was to document local knowledge regarding uses of dwarf mistletoe in the Natural Protected Area Nevado de Toluca, Mexico, under emic and etic perspectives, through ethnobotany. Throughout interviews it was identified that both species (A. vaginatum and A. globosum) are known as mistletoe and they are part of flora in forest, however, interviewees are not aware of negative effects within forest ecosystems of this pest. It stands out ludic uses as a toy and ink, and medicinal ones for treatment of respiratory diseases and nervous system, being this the first record for such genus locally. Studies are required to validate the local knowledge for its inclusion in local programmes for management of forest pests.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Plants, Medicinal , Ethnobotany , Protected Areas , Viscaceae , Mistletoe , Surveys and Questionnaires , Mexicoالملخص
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as condições de vida e saúde de ribeirinhos de oito comunidades da Reserva Mamirauá, a partir da categoria de análise da Reprodução Social de Juan Samaja. Seu método é descritivo, e foram utilizados questionário estruturado, observação direta e análise documental. A pesquisa identificou baixo envolvimento dos ribeirinhos em relação ao controle social e ao apoio comunitário, o que indica problemas na interação biocomunal e política. O atendimento às demandas sociais está organizado de forma conflituosa, uma vez que várias instituições que atuam nesse território não se articulam. A interação da dimensão política com a tecnoeconômica apresentou Razão de Prevalência <1,0 nas comunidades em que o Instituto Mamirauá promoveu maior diversificação das atividades. Contudo, os rendimentos para subsistência sofrem forte variação e não alcançam a soma de 1 salário mínimo em 60,6% das famílias. Foram observadas elevadas frequências em queixas de saúde (78,8%) e acidentes de trabalho (70,9%) e, quanto à avaliação dos serviços, 54 % dos ribeirinhos deram nota inferior a 2 pontos. Concluímos que os processos sociais que determinam as situações de saúde dos ribeirinhos de Mamirauá são oriundos da estrutura de poder configurada pelas práticas territorializadas das políticas ambiental e indígena, e pelos programas de saúde pública, cuja sobreposição tem produzido interações conflituosas no que diz respeito às competências e responsabilidades com a atenção à saúde. O apoio à cogestão da Reserva foi pontual e, dessa forma, pouco alterou os resultados danosos dessa estrutura social sobre os grupos mais vulneráveis.
Abstract This article aims to analyze the living and health conditions of riverside inhabitants from eight communities within the Mamirauá Reserve, through the category of analysis of Social Reproduction by Juan Samaja. The chosen method was descriptive, and it was used a structured questionnaire, direct observation and documental analysis. The research has identified low involvement of the riverside inhabitants in social control and community support, which indicates issues regarding bio-communal and political interaction. The response to social demands is organized in a conflicting way, since various institutions that operate in this territory are not articulated. The interaction between political and techno-economic dimensions presented a Prevalence Ratio <1.0, especially in communities where the Mamirauá Institute promoted a greater diversification of its activities. However, the people's subsistence income suffers strong variations and does not reach the sum of one minimum wage in 60.6% of the families. We observed high frequencies in health complaints (78.8%) and occupational accidents (70.9%), and 54% of judged the provided health services with scores under 2. We concluded that the social processes that determine the health situation of the communities are due to the structure of power that is configured by territorial practices of environmental and indigenous policies, and by overlapped health public programs, that create conflicting situations concerning competences and responsibilities with health attention. The support to the co-management of the Reserve was punctual and, in this way, it barely affected the negative results of this social structure on the most vulnerable groups.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Public Policy , Social Conditions , Protected Areas , Vulnerable Populations , Indigenous Peoples , Environmental Policy , Amazonian Ecosystemالملخص
In the Amazon, there are significant numbers of indigenous and non-indigenous populations who depend on natural resources for their subsistence. The objective of this study was to conduct an ethnobotanical inventory in three communities (Comunidade do Caju-UÌna; Povoado do CeÌu; and Vila do Pesqueiro) within the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, located in the Archipelago of MarajoÌ, in the state of ParaÌ, Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation. We performed the sampling using non- probabilistic methods and feature selection. In a quantitative analysis, we evaluated the following indices: total species diversity; informant diversity of a species; use value of a species; consensus use value of a species; and use equitability value of a species. Of the 215 ethnobotanical species listed for the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, 79 were cited as useful by respondents. We identified nine use categories, of which medicinal use was the most often cited. The indices calculated showed that the level of species diversity is high in the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve. Many of the species in the area are of great utility and cultural value to the local population.
La AmazoniÌa alberga un diverso conjunto de grupos eÌtnicos y culturales de pueblos indiÌgenas y no indiÌgenas, que dependen de los recursos naturales para su subsistencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue inventariar el conocimiento etnobotaÌnico de tres comunidades en la Reserva Extractiva Marinha de Soure, situada en el archipieÌlago de MarajoÌ-ParaÌ. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y observacioÌn participativa en las comunidades de Caju-Una, Poblado de CeÌu y Villa do Pesqueiro. El muestreo fue no probabiliÌstico por seleccioÌn racional. En el anaÌlisis cuantitativo se utilizaron los iÌndices de diversidad total de especies (SDtot) y el del informante (IDs), el valor de diversidad de uso (UDs) y el de consenso de uso (UCs). Se listaron 215 etnoespecies, de las cuales 79 fueron citadas por los entrevistados de las tres comunidades. Se registraron nueve categoriÌas, siendo la medicinal la maÌs citada. Los valores encontrados para los iÌndices calculados mostraron la diversidad de especies encontradas en la RESEX, ademaÌs del gran valor utilitario y cultural de las mismas para la poblacioÌn local.
الموضوعات
Ethnobotany , Plants, Medicinal , Protected Areas , Brazilالملخص
Abstract Between the second semester of 2009 and the first semester of 2011, camera traps were set up in conserved and disturbed habitats in the Otun Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary. From a sampling effort of 2,066 camera-days, 673 photographs of 157 independent events were obtained for eight species of wild mammals and a domestic one. Their activity patterns were mainly nocturnal even for those species reported as diurnal. The impact of human interference and exotic species was evident for two species: Tapiruspinchaque and Cerdocyon thous. The former was observed below its altitudinal range with activity patterns mainly crepuscular and nocturnal. The second was observed in the same habitats where domestic dogs were found, with activity patterns mainly crepuscular and nocturnal. These findings suggest that both species have altered their activity patterns. Actions must be focused on decreasing the interaction of these mammals with humans and domestic dogs.
Resumen La información sobre los mamíferos de mediano y gran tamaño que habitan áreas protegidas en Colombia es cada vez más necesaria para impulsar acciones tendientes a su protección. La identificación completa de estas especies, sus números y sus patrones de actividad son esenciales en programas de monitoreo, especialmente por las relaciones entre estos animales y las dinámicas antropogénicas. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en el Santuario de Flora y Fauna Otún-Quimbaya (Colombia). Entre el segundo semestre de 2009 y el primer semestre de 2011, se colocaron trampas cámara en áreas conservadas y perturbadas del Santuario de Flora y Fauna Otún-Quimbaya. Con un esfuerzo de muestreo de 2066 días-cámara se obtuvieron 673 fotografías de 157 eventos independientes para 8 especies silvestres y una doméstica. Los patrones de actividad observados fueron principalmente nocturnos, incluso para especies reportadas como diurnas. El impacto de la interferencia humana y de las especies exóticas fue evidente en 2 especies: Tapirus pinchaque y Cerdocyon thous. La primera fue observada por debajo de su rango altitudinal con patrones de actividad principalmente crepusculares y nocturnos. La segunda se observó en los mismos hábitats donde se encontraron los perros domésticos, con patrones de actividad principalmente crepusculares y nocturnos. Estos hallazgos sugieren que ambas especies han alterado sus patrones de actividad. Es necesario enfocar acciones en la disminución de la interacción de estos mamíferos con los humanos y con perros domésticos.
Resumen Entre o segundo semestre de 2009 e o primeiro semestre de 2011, câmeras foram armadas em habitats conservados e perturbados no Santuário de Flora e Fauna Otún Quimbaya. A partir de uma amostragem de 2066 dias de instalação da câmera, foram obtidas 673 fotografias de 157 eventos independentes para oito espécies de mamíferos selvagens e uma espécie doméstica. Os padrões de atividade observados eram principalmente noturnos, inclusive para espécies reportadas como diurnas. O impacto da interferência humana e de espécies exóticas foi observado para duas espécies: Tapirus pinchaque e Cerdocyon thous. A primeira foi observada abaixo de seu intervalo de altitude com padrões de atividade majoritariamente crepuscular e noturno. A segunda espécie foi observada nos mesmos habitats em que espécies de cachorros domésticos foram observados, com padrões de atividade majoritariamente crepuscular e noturno. Estes resultados sugerem que ambas as espécies alteraram seus comportamentos padrão. Ações devem ser focalizadas para reduzir a interação de estes mamíferos com os humanos e cães domésticos.
الموضوعات
Protected Areas , Mammals/classification , Colombiaالملخص
This study aimed to assess the anthropogenic activities at Rio Doce Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from ethnopharmacological surveys in Timóteo and Marliéria, which are located around the park. Interviews were conducted with previously identified, key informants, 15 in Timóteo and 10 in Marliéria. Two respondents collected medicinal plants in the forest of the park (from a few trees) but kept the same vulnerability of the use of their barks. Among the 141 surveyed botanical terms, we identified 95 species of 44 different botanical families. On the basis of statistical analyses, the 12 most used species were selected by respondents considering their therapeutic purposes and also obtaining the purpose of the use and dosage, among others. The knowledge about the use of medicinal plants has been maintained through generations but away from the formal health system and a sustainable management plan to encourage the preservation of the park.
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las actividades humanas en Rio Doce Park, MG, desde encuesta ethnopharmacological en las ciudades de Timoteo y Marliéria. Realizamos entrevistas semi-estructuradas con informantes clave identificados anteriormente, un total de 15 en Timoteo y 10 en Marliéria. Sólo dos encuestados informaron de recolección de plantas medicinales en el parque forestal. De los 141 términos botánicos citados, se identificaron 95 especies y 44 familias de plantas. Basado en el análisis estadístico, 12 especies fueron seleccionadas más utilizados por los encuestados y sus efectos terapéuticos, también la obtención de la finalidad del uso y la dosis, entre otros. Se encontró que se perpetúan los conocimientos combate el uso de plantas medicinales, pero desconectado del sistema formal de salud y un plan de manejo sostenible para promover la conservación del parque.
الموضوعات
Humans , Conservation of Natural Resources , Ethnobotany , Natural Resources Exploitation , Plants, Medicinal , Brazil , Protected Areas , Surveys and Questionnairesالملخص
Este documento tiene como objetivo valorar la capacidad de carga asignable al agroturismo en áreas protegidas de Bolivia en el marco de la economía ecológica. En esta nación, el agroturismo puede constituirse en una práctica novedosa para hacer que los visitantes de áreas protegidas sean partícipes de las actividades de desarrollo económico local. Además, permite determinar la cantidad de personas que pueden visitar un sitio protegido sin alterar el equilibrio de los ecosistemas que alberga. Metodológicamente se empleó un enfoque mixto (cuantitativo y cualitativo) apoyado con la medición tradicional de carga turística física, real y efectiva. En el caso de los agroecosistemas de las áreas protegidas de Bolivia se puede observar que existe capacidad de carga suficiente para su operación que actualmente que alcanza el 96 %. También, es posible mejorarla e incrementarla en función de las características ecológicas, físicas y sociales de estos sitios. Por otra parte es importante resaltar la importancia de los ingresos económicos obtenidos diarios de un área protegida individual que corresponde a 404 Bs. en promedio. Finalmente, el empleo de la economía ecológica permite establecer el valor y aprovechamiento de los recursos existentes en las áreas protegidas de interés nacional de Bolivia. De esta manera, es posible mejorar la gestión de sitios protegidas a nivel ambiental y financiero.
This document has the objective to value the allocable capacity assigned to agrotourism in Bolivian protected areas within the framework of ecological economy, Agroecotourism in this nation can become an innovating alternative to enhance the participation of protected areas visitors in local economic activities development. Furthermore, it allows quantifying the amount of people who can visit a protected site without disturbing the ecosystems equilibrium in the area. Methodologically, a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative) was applied based on the traditional measuring of physical, real and effective tourism allocable capacity. In the case of the Bolivian agroecosystems protected areas it is possible to observe that there is enough allocable capacity for its operation, which is currently reaching 96%. In addition, it is possible to improve it and increase it according to the ecological, physical and social characteristics of these sites. On the other hand, it is possible to highlight the importance of the economical revenues obtained daily in an individual protected area that corresponds to an average of 404 Bs. Finally, the application of ecological economy allows establishing the value and use of existing resources in the protected areas of national interest in Bolivia. In this way, it is possible to improve protected sites management in financial and environmental terms.
الموضوعات
Humans , Protected Areas , Organization and Administration , Weight-Bearingالملخص
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a distribuição da população do Pará, a partir de dados do Censo Demográfico 2010 associados a dados de uso e cobertura da terra do TerraClass, dispostos em uma grade estatística. Verifica-se o papel de 113 Áreas Protegidas (AP) - 46 Terras Indígenas, 51 Unidades de Conservação de Uso Sustentável e 16 Unidades de Conservação de Proteção Integral - no gradiente rural-urbano do ponto de vista populacional e em relação aos usos-coberturas da terra nelas existentes. Utilizando um Sistema de Informações Geográficas, os dados relativos às APs, ao uso e cobertura da terra e os censitários foram incorporados à grade estatística. O relacionamento espacial dos planos de informação nas células indica que a população do estado é bastante concentrada, uma tendência que se reproduz nas Áreas Protegidas (o coeficiente de Gini para a distribuição dos domicílios é superior a 0,9). As APs configuram-se como áreas menos populosas e mais florestadas em comparação ao restante do estado. Apesar da presença de extensas porções sem domicílios ocupados e da maior extensão de florestas do Pará (57%), identificam-se nestas áreas usos urbanos associados a outros usos e coberturas da terra. Os resultados indicam que as dinâmicas populacionais e as mudanças nos usos e cobertura da terra estão relacionadas de forma mais ampla, estimulando a reflexão sobre a urbanização e as mudanças no uso e cobertura da terra de forma mais integrada...
The objective of this study is to analyze population distribution in the state of Pará in Brazil using data from the2010 Population Census in association with the land use and land cover data from TerraClass arranged in a statistical grid. The role of 113 Protected Areas (including 46 Indigenous Lands, 51 Sustainable Use Conservation Units and 16 Integral Protection Conservation Units) is analyzed from the standpoint of their demographic rural-urban gradients and in terms of their land use cover. Information on the use and cover of land in Protected Areas along with census data were incorporated into a statistical grid using GIS. The spatial relationship of information layers in the cells indicates that the state's population is highly concentrated in a few areas, a pattern that is reproduced to some extent in the Protected Areas (Gini coefficient for the distribution of households is higher than 0.9). The area of the Protected areas is less populated and retains a greater extension of forested areas, by comparison to the state. Despite having extensive segments devoid of occupied households and the largest expanse of forest coverage (57%) in the state, Protected Areas also have urban areas associated with other uses and land cover change. The results indicate that population dynamics and changes in the uses and covering of land are related in a broader manner, thereby suggesting the need for reflection on urbanization and changes in land use and land cover change within a more integrated approach...
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la distribución de la población del estado de Pará en Brasil a partir de información del Censo Demográfico de 2010 asociada a datos de uso y cobertura de la tierra provenientes de TerraClass, dispuestos en una cuadrícula estadística. Se examina el papel que desempeñan 113 Áreas Protegidas, 46 Tierras Indígenas, 51 Unidades de Conservación de Uso Sustentable y 16 Unidades de Conservación de Protección Integral en el gradiente rural-urbano desde el punto de vista de la población y en relación con los usos y la cobertura de la tierra existentes en ellas. La información relativa a las Áreas Protegidas, al uso y la cobertura de la tierra y los datos censales fueron incorporados a la cuadrícula estadística usando un Sistema de Información Geográfica. La relación espacial entre los estratos de información en la cuadrícula indica que la población del estado está bastante concentrada, una tendencia que se reproduce en las Áreas Protegidas (el coeficiente de Gini de la distribución de las viviendas es superior a 0,9). Las Áreas Protegidas se configuran como zonas menos pobladas y con más forestación que el resto del estado. A pesar de la presencia de extensas áreas sin viviendas ocupadas y de la mayor extensión de los bosques de Pará (57%), se identifican en estas áreas usos urbanos asociados a otros usos y coberturas de la tierra. Los resultados indican que las dinámicas de la población y los cambios en los usos y la cobertura de la tierra están relacionados de manera más amplia, estimulando por lo tanto una reflexión más integrada sobre la vinculación entre la urbanización y estos cambios...
الموضوعات
Humans , Population Dynamics , Protected Areas , Residence Characteristics , Urbanization/trends , Brazil , Censuses , Geographic Information Systemsالملخص
Sustainability science can, through capacity building, allow for integrated stakeholder management of the vital Caribbean marine ecosystems. We did a capacity building exercise in two major coral reef areas in Southern Belize. The key outcome was a six-month personal/professional action plan developed by each participant about tactics for leading, educating and supporting issues regarding sustainable development and tactics for collaboration to influence policy decisions. Our results can be applied across the Caribbean. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 3): 287-291. Epub 2014 September 01.
La ciencia de la sostenibilidad puede, a través del desarrollo de capacidades, permitir la gestión integrada de los actores interesados en estos ecosistemas marinos vitales del Caribe. Realizamos un ejercicio de desarrollo de capacidades en dos importantes arrecifes de coral al sur de Belice. El resultado clave fue el desarrollo de un plan de acción personal/profesional de seis meses para cada participante sobre técnicas para liderar, educar y apoyar los problemas acerca del desarrollo sostenible y técnicas para influir en decisiones políticas. Nuestros resultados se pueden ejecutar a lo largo de todo el Caribe.
الموضوعات
Protected Areas/legislation & jurisprudence , Marine Conservation Area/legislation & jurisprudence , Coral Reefs , Belize , Ecosystemالملخص
Tropical Eastern Pacific island streams (TEPis) differ from other neotropical streams in their rainy climate, mixed sedimentary-volcanic geology and faunal composition. Yet, their relationships between environmental characteristics and stream biota remain unexplored. We analyzed the environmental subject at three spatial scales using a fully nested sampling design (6 streams, 2 reaches within each stream, 2 habitats within each reach, and 4 replicates per habitat) on Gorgona Island (Colombia). Sampling was carried out in two months with contrasting rainfall during early 2009. We studied the spatial variation of assemblage composition and density along with 27 independent variables within two contrasting rainfall conditions. Five stream-scale variables, two reach-scale variables, and five habitat-scale variables were selected using a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). A partial CCA showed that the total variance explained was 13.98%, while stream- and habitat-scale variables explained the highest proportion of the variance (5.74 and 5.01%, respectively). Dissolved oxygen (as affected by rainfall), high-density use zone (a management category), and sedimentary geology were the best descriptors of insect assemblages. The two latter descriptors affected fine-scale variables such as total benthic organic matter and gravel substratum, respectively. A Nested ANOVA showed significant differences in total density and richness among streams and habitats, and significant differences between the two sampling months regardless of the spatial scale. The evenness showed a significant stream- and habitat-dependent temporal variability. These results suggested that rainfall regime in Gorgona Island might be a driver of insect assemblage dynamics mediated by water chemistry and substratum properties. Spatial assemblage variability here is greater within habitats (among samples), and a minor fraction occurs at habitat- and stream-scales, while no longitudinal pattern was observed probably due to the short courses. Temporal variability should be further studied relative to rainfall and discharge regimes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 65-83. Epub 2014 February 01.
Las quebradas insulares del Pacífico Tropical Oriental difieren de otras quebradas neotropicales en términos de regímenes de lluvia, geología sedimentaria-volcánica, y composición faunística; pero la relación entre características ambientales y la biota de estas quebradas insulares permanece inexplorada. En este estudio, conducido en Isla Gorgona, se analizó el efecto restrictivo de 27 variables ambientales sobre la distribución, composición y densidad de los insectos acuáticos en tres escalas espaciales; se consideraron además diferencias en las intensidades de la lluvia entre los muestreos. Los muestreos se realizaron en 2009, en dos meses con intensidades de lluvia contrastantes; se siguió un diseño muestral anidado (6 quebradas, 2 tramos en cada quebrada, 2 hábitats en cada tramo, y 4 réplicas por hábitat). En un ACC fueron seleccionadas 5 variables operando a la escala-quebrada, 2 a la escala-tamo y 5 a la escala-hábitat. Un ACC parcial mostró que la varianza total explicada fue de 13.98%; las variables de las escalas hábitat y quebrada explicaron la mayor proporción (5.74 y 5.01%, respectivamente). Los mejores descriptores del ensamblaje fueron, oxígeno disuelto (influenciado por la lluvia), zona de alta densidad de uso y geología sedimentaria. Las dos últimas afectaron variables de escalas menores tales como, materia orgánica béntica y sustrato de gravas. Un ANOVA anidado presentó diferencias significativas de densidad total y de riqueza entre quebradas y hábitats, así como entre meses. La equidad mostró una variabilidad temporal significante dependiente de la quebrada y del hábitat. Se sugiere que el régimen de lluvia podría ser el conductor principal de las dinámicas, pues influye en la química del agua y en las propiedades de los sustratos. La variabilidad espacial de la composición y la estructura es mayor dentro de los hábitats (entre las muestras), y en menor proporción en las escalas quebrada y hábitat. No se definió un patrón longitudinal debido probablemente a la corta longitud de las quebradas. La variabilidad temporal debe ser estudiada a fondo en función de los regímenes de lluvia y de descarga.
الموضوعات
Marine Currents/analysis , Benthic Fauna/analysis , Protected Areas/analysis , Colombia , Riversالملخص
El siguiente artículo presenta avances de investigación en torno a la teoría y los métodos de educación y derecho ambiental. A partir de un estudio de caso concreto, se analizará la posibilidad de poner en práctica los conceptos de ecopedagogía, ecociudadanía y sociedad ecológica, así como interdisciplinariedad, interculturalidad y diálogo de saberes. Los métodos utilizados son: investigación sociojurídica², investigación acción participativa³ y método etnográfico4. El resultado describe papel activo de los estudiantes de derecho ambiental de la Universidad de Caldas, y las comunidades indígenas y campesinas del Triángulo del Café en Colombia, en el desarrollo de dichos conceptos y métodos, durante el periodo de tiempo comprendido entre febrero de 2007 y diciembre de 2010, como un aporte al fortalecimiento de la participación ciudadana, y la defensa de los derechos de las comunidades locales. Del artículo se concluye que, a partir de la educación y el derecho ambiental se contribuirá en la preservación de la diversidad biológica y cultural del Triángulo del Café, en especial en las áreas protegidas y los resguardos indígenas, tanto que a largo plazo se deberá crear redes y políticas públicas que fortalezcan la gobernanza ambiental en el territorio.
This article presents progress made in research regarding environmental educational theory and teaching methods as well as environmental law. Based on a specific case study, the possibility of putting into practice the concepts of eco-pedagogy, eco-citizenship and ecological societies, as well as interdisciplinarity, interculturality and knowledge dialogues, is analyzed. The methods used are social-legal research, participatory action research and the ethnographic method. The result describes the active role of the environmental law students from Universidad de Caldas, and the indigenous communities and the rural populations in the Colombian Coffee Triangle in the development of such concepts and methods during the period comprised between February 2007 and December 2010, as a contribution to the strengthening of citizen participation and the defense of the rights of local communities. The article concludes that from education and environmental law it would be possible to contribute to the preservation of the biological and cultural diversity of the Coffee Triangle, especially in the protected areas and the indigenous reservations in such a way that at a long term, networks and public policies must have to be created to strengthen environmental governance in the territory.
الموضوعات
Humans , Education , Community Participation , Cultural Diversity , Protected Areasالملخص
Neste artigo é testado um método para aumentar a resolução de dados censitários e apresentá-los agregados em uma grade regular. A metodologia empregada é composta pela agregação dos domicílios representados por suas coordenadas geográficas obtidas pela Contagem da População do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) de 2007 e pela desagregação dos dados por setor censitário utilizando proporcionalidade de área. Os dados assim gerados foram usados para estimar a população residente em 114 unidades de conservação da Amazônia Legal brasileira, criadas até 2006, de modo a testar a metodologia em unidades territoriais que não seguem os limites político-administrativos, nem aqueles das unidades territoriais de coleta utilizados pelo IBGE. Esta metodologia também contribui para os estudos de população em áreas protegidas, dada a escassez de estimativas do volume da população em unidades de conservação. Os resultados mostraram uma população nas unidades selecionadas de 325.398 habitantes, sendo 297.693 em unidades de Uso Sustentável e 27.705 em unidades de Proteção Integral; no entorno estimou-se uma população de 1.020.237 habitantes. Apesar de limitações inerentes ao uso da Contagem 2007, a agregação de dados em grades revela-se como uma metodologia bastante promissora, tendo em vista os avanços no emprego das geotecnologias por parte do IBGE desde então. A grade minimiza problemas observados no uso de unidades administrativas ou de coleta para a espacialização dos dados censitários e apresenta-se como uma abordagem com grande potencial de aplicação na Demografia e em outras áreas do saber.
In this paper a method for increasing the resolution of census data is tested and presented, by aggregating the data onto a regular grid. The methodology consists of (1) the aggregation of households, represented by their geographical coordinates obtained by the 2007 Population Count, carried out by the Brazilian Census Office (IBGE) and, (2) the unbundling of the data by census tracts on the basis of proportionality. The grids obtained were used to estimate the resident population of 114 conservation units in Brazilian Legal Amazon, all of them instituted in or before 2006. The intention was to test this methodology on territorial units that follow neither the official political-administrative boundaries of states and cities, nor the boundaries designed by IBGE for collecting data. The methodology also contributes to the study of populations living in protected areas, due to the scarcity of population estimates in the conservation units. The results showed a population of 325,398 inhabitants in the selected units, 297,693 of whom were in units for Sustainable Use and 27,705 in Permanent Protection units. Adjoining areas have an estimated joint population of 1,020,237. Despite the limitations involved in using the 2007 Population Count, the aggregating of data into grids would seem to be a promising methodology in view of the improvements in IBGE's use of geotechnology. The grid minimizes problems that come up in the use of administrative units or census data and may represent an approach that can be applied usefully in demography and other areas of knowledge.
En el presente artículo se prueba un método para aumentar la resolución de datos censitarios y presentarlos agregados en una malla regular. La metodología que se utiliza se compone de la agregación de las viviendas representadas por sus coordinadas geográficas obtenidas por el Conteo de la Población del Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) de 2007 y la desagregación de los datos por sector censitario utilizando proporcionalidad de área. Los datos generados de este modo fueron utilizados para estimar la población residente en 114 unidades de conservación de la Amazonia Legal brasileña, creadas hasta el 2006, a fin de probar la metodología en unidades territoriales que no siguen los límites político-administrativos ni tampoco los de las unidades territoriales de encuesta utilizados por el IBGE. Dicha metodología también contribuye para los estudios de población en áreas protegidas, dada la escasez de estimaciones del volumen de la población en unidades de conservación. Los resultados mostraron una población en las unidades seleccionadas de 325.398 habitantes, siendo 297.693 en unidades de Uso Sostenible y 27.705 en unidades de Protección Integral; en el entorno se estimó una población de 1.020.237 habitantes. A pesar de limitaciones inherentes al uso del Conteo 2007, la agregación de datos en mallas se revela como una metodología bastante promisoria, teniendo en cuenta los avances en el empleo de las geotecnologías por parte del IBGE desde entonces. La malla minimiza problemas observados en el uso de unidades administrativas o de recolección de datos para la espacialización de los datos censales y se presenta como un abordaje con gran potencial de aplicación en la Demografía y en otras áreas del saber.