Páncreas ectópico en antro gástrico asociado a síntomas de reflujo. Reporte de un caso / Ectopic pancreas in gastric antrum associated to reflux symptoms. Report of a case

RESUMEN El páncreas ectópico es una entidad poco común. Como tumor submucoso de origen congénito, frecuentemente presenta un curso asintomático, aunque con posibles complicaciones. Su diagnóstico de certeza se basa en la endoscopia, el ultrasonido endoscópico y la histología, que permiten adoptar una conducta expectante o quirúrgica. El paciente estudiado presentó un páncreas ectópico localizado en antro gástrico asociado a síntomas de reflujo gastroesofágico rebeldes a tratamiento, los cuales motivaron el estudio endoscópico, con el consecuente hallazgo de dicha entidad (AU).

ABSTRACT Ectopic pancreas is a little common entity. As congenital-originated sub mucous tumor, it frequently presents an asymptomatic course, though with possible complications. Its definitive diagnosis is based in the endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound and histology, allowing to adopt an expectant or surgical behavior. The current patient presented an unresponsive-to-treatment ectopic pancreas located in the gastric antrum associated to gastro-esophageal reflux symptoms. This motivated the endoscopic study consequently leading to finding this entity (AU).

Does Helicobacter pylori Not Relate to Duodenal Gastric Metaplasia in Healthy Young Adults? / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Helicobacter pylori Infection and Duodenal Gastric Metaplasia in Healthy Young Adults / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Duodenal ulcers occur relatively frequently in adolescents, like in adults, and may relate to Helicobacter pylori infection and duodenal gastric metaplasia (DGM). This study investigated the association between H. pylori infection and DGM in healthy adults aged 20-29. METHODS: Between 1995 and 2005, endoscopic biopsies of the duodenum, antrum and body were taken from healthy, young volunteers, who were first-year medical students, faculty staff, residents, and research assistants of Gyeongsang National University in Jinju, Korea. Urease tests were performed and the extent of DGM and histopathological grades according to the Updated Sydney System were determined. RESULTS: In total, 662 subjects were enrolled (429 males and 233 females). The median age was 22.3 years. The overall incidence of DGM was 11.5% but DGM was more frequent in males (15.4%) than in females (4.3%) (p<0.0001). While H. pylori positivity rates changed significantly during the 1995-2005 period (p<0.01), the incidences of DGM did not. DGM was observed in 7.2% and 14.9% of subjects who were and were not colonized with H. pylori, respectively. DGM was also associated with less severe chronic gastritis and the absence of active gastritis in both the antrum and body, and the absence of follicles in the antrum (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that DGM is not rare in healthy young adults and is unrelated to gastric H. pylori infection.

Utilidad tinción con azul de metileno en la identificación de metaplasia intestinal en antro gástrico / Utility of the stain with bluue of methylene in the identification of antral gastric intestinal metaplasia

Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad de la tinción con azul de metileno en la identificación de áreas de metaplasia intestinal en antro gástrico. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, de corte transversal. Evaluando 75 pacientes del servicio de gastroenterología “Dr. Simón Beker” en el Hospital General del Oeste “Dr. José Gregorio Hernández” durante el período mayo - octubre 2008. Resultados: en el grupo A la sospecha endoscópica de metaplasia intestinal se confirmo con histología en el 71,4%. En el grupo B, con tinción y sin sospecha endoscópica, la histología confirmo 9 (40,9%) casos y en el grupo C sin sospecha y sin tinción, se confirmo en 9 (36%) pacientes con un resultado estadísticamente significativo (p=<0,020). La tinción permitió: en 26 (92,8%) pacientes delimitar con mayor exactitud los bordes de las lesiones sospechosas, en 12 (42,8%) pacientes delimitar la extensión de la lesión la cual era mayor a la descrita en la endoscopia convencional, en 16 (57,1%) pacientes permitió destacar un mayor número de lesiones. Conclusión: La tinción con azul de metileno en el antro gástrico es un procedimiento útil, y debería ser utilizado como pesquisa.

Objective: To determine the utility of the stain with blue of methylene in the identification of antral and angular gastric early intestinal metaplasia. Materials and methods: Descriptive, prospective study. Evaluating 75 patients of the service of gastroenterology “Dr. Simón Beker” in the General Hospital of the West “Dr. Jose Gregorio Hernandez” during the period May - October 2008. Results: 75 patients evaluated, in the group A with intestinal metaplasia endoscopic suspicion of metaplasia, was confimed with histology in the 71.4%. In group B, with tinción and without endoscopic suspicion, the histology was confirmed in 40.9%, and in group C without suspicion and without tinción, was confirmed in 36% of the patient with a statistically significant result (p=<0,020). The stain it allowed: in 26 (92.8%) patient delimit with greater exactitude the edges of the suspicious injuries, in 12 (42.8%) patient to delimit the extension of the injury which was greater to the described one in conventional endoscopy, in 16 (57.1%) patient ones allowed to emphasize a greater number of injuries. Conclusion: The stain with blue of methylene is a useful procedure, and would have to be used like investigation.

Comparison of enzyme immunoassays detecting Helicobacter pylori specific IgG in serum and saliva with endoscopic and biopsy findings in patients with dyspepsia.

Purpose: To compare the performance of two indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) detecting Helicobacter pylori (HP)-specific IgG antibodies in serum and saliva with endoscopic observations and histologic findings of biopsies from dyspeptic patients, in an area of high HP prevalence. Materials and Methods : Sera, saliva and antral biopsies were obtained from 55 dyspeptic patients. IgG antibodies against HP were assayed in sera and saliva utilizing two indirect ELISAs. Biopsies were processed according to standard procedures in order to detect histological changes and the presence or absence of Helicobacter pylori. Laboratory data thus obtained were compared and statistically analyzed. Results: Forty-two (76.36%) biopsies were positive for HP. The organisms were detected in 4 of 16 (25%) cases with normal endoscopic findings, in all 16 cases of gastritis and in 22 of the 23 (95.6%) cases of duodenal ulcers (DU). Serum and saliva HP-specific IgG antibodies were detected in 4 normal cases with positive biopsies, in 12 and 14 cases of gastritis, respectively, and in all 22 (100%) biopsy positive cases of DU. The sensitivities of the serum and saliva tests were 90.5% and 95%, respectively, while the specificities were 84.5% and 70%, respectively. Conclusion: Due to their high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing HP-associated DU and gastritis, serum and saliva antibody testing seems to offer a valuable alternative to invasive procedures especially in areas of high HP prevalence such as ours; saliva antibody testing is simple and practical especially in children and in difficult patients who resent venipuncture.

Tumor gástrico de colisão: adenocarcinoma associado a tumor carcinoide / Gastric collision tumor: adenocarcinoma associated with carcinoid tumor

Relato de caso de paciente masculino, com 62 anos, com quadro de dor epigástrica e perda ponderal. A tomografia abdominal subsequente revelou lesão vegetante de 3,0 x 1,5 cm no antro gástrico. O paciente foi submetido à gastrectomia parcial com reconstrução em Y de Roux. Após análise anatomopatológica da peça cirúrgica, evidenciou-se tumor carcinoide maligno de 2,0 cm associado ao adenocarcinoma gástrico do tipo intestinal de Lauren e à ausência de metástases linfonodais. A imuno-histoquímica confirmou esses achados. Esse caso é de grande importância para a literatura médica, visto que, ao nosso conhecimento, representa o nono relato de um tumor gástrico dotado dessas características.

A case report of a 62-year-old male patient with a history of epigastric pain and weight loss. A subsequent abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a vegetative lesion of 3.0 x 1.5 cm in the gastric antrum. The patient underwent partial gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction. After anatomic pathological analysis of the surgical specimen, a 2-cm malignant carcinoid tumor, associated with a Lauren intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma and no lymph node metastasis, was detected. Immunohistochemistry confirmed these findings. This case is of great importance to the medical literature, because this report represents, to our knowledge, the ninth case of a gastric tumor with these characteristics reported in the literature.

Characteristics of Advanced Gastric Cancer Undetected on Gastroscopy / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Stomach cancer can be easily diagnosed via endoscopy, but also possible to be missed. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and endoscopic characteristics of advanced gastric cancers that were not diagnosed based on endoscopic examination. METHODS: We evaluated patients who had newly diagnosed advanced gastric cancer that was undetected via endoscopy within the last six months. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were included in this study. The locations of the cancers were the cardia in six cases, the greater curvature side of the body in eight cases and the antrum in two cases. The histological findings were tubular type adenocarcinoma in 11 cases, with ten cases of moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and five cases of signet ring cell type adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Even advanced gastric cancer lesions may not be detected during endoscopy. If a patient continues to complain of upper gastrointestinal symptoms, even though endoscopy does not find abnormal findings, repeated endoscopy and/or additional diagnostic studies should be considered.

Gastric Duplication Cyst Removed by Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection / 대한소화기학회지

Duplication cysts are uncommon congenital malformations that may occur anywhere throughout the alimentary tract. The stomach is an extremely rare site of occurrence. Here, we report a case of gastric duplication cyst initially presenting with a gastric submucosal tumor. A 28-year-old man complained of dyspepsia lasting 1 year and upper endoscopy revealed an ellipsoid submucosal tumor at the greater curvature of the antrum. We intended to use the injection-and-cut technique: however, after saline injection, the lesion was dented and impossible to grasp with a snare. Therefore, we decided to perform endoscopic submucosal dissection and removed the tumor without complication. Histopathology revealed a 0.6x0.6 cm-sized duplication cyst, and there has been no recurrence in 2 years.

Plexiform Angiomyxoid Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Stomach: A Case Report

Plexiform angiomyxoid myofibroblastic tumor (PAMT) is a recently described mesenchymal tumor of the stomach. We report the first case of PAMT in Korea. A 52-yr-old man underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy due to dyspepsia for 2 yr. There was a submucosal mass with small mucosal ulceration in the gastric antrum. The tumor measured 3.5 x 2.3 cm in size and showed multinodular plexiform growth pattern of bland-looking spindle cells separated by an abundant myxoid or fibromyxoid matrix rich in small thin-walled blood vessels. The tumor cells were negative for CD117 (c-KIT), CD34 and S-100 protein, but diffusely positive for smooth muscle actin consistent with predominant myofibroblastic differentiation. The patient is doing well without recurrence or metastasis for 5 months after surgery. Although there have been limited follow-up data, PAMT is regarded as a benign gastric neoplasm with histological and immunohistochemical charateristics distinguished from gastrointestinal stromal tumor and other mesenchymal tumors of the stomach.

Torus Hyperplasia of the Pyloric Antrum

Primary or idiopathic hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle in adult, so called torus hyperplasia, is an infrequent but an established entity. It is caused by a circular muscle hypertrophy affecting the lesser curvature near the pylorus. Since most of the lesions are difficult to differentiate from tumor, distal gastrectomy is usually preformed to rule out most causes of pyloric lesions including neoplastic ones through a pathological study. A 56-yr-old man with a family history of gastric cancer presented with abdominal discomfort of 1 month duration. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a 1.0 cm sized irregular submucosal lesion proximal to the pylorus to the distal antrum on the lesser curvature. On colonoscopy examination, a 1.5 cm sized protruding mass was noticed on the appendiceal orifice. Gastrectomy and cecectomy were done, and histological section revealed marked hypertrophy of the distal circular pyloric musculature and an appendiceal mucocele. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of torus hyperplasia with appendiceal mucocele which is found incidentally.

Chronic anemia due to watermelon stomach

Antral gastric vascular ectasia is a rare cause of chronic anemia. When encountered, the diagnosis is usually delayed. Endoscopic findings are well established, although radiologic findings are not. Patients respond well to surgery. Our case was of a 62-year-old female with chronic anemia who required multiple blood transfusions and iron replacement therapy, without significant response. Computed tomography revealed a focal thickening of the gastric antrum. Endoscopy showed vascular ectasia between the antrum and corpus. The patient underwent gastrectomy. We reviewed the literature on gastric angiodysplasia and have presented our unique tomography findings in this first report on a novel association between ectopic pancreas and gastric angiodysplasia

Over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in endoscopic biopsies of ectopic gastric mucosa

Ectopic gastric mucosa (EGM) is considered to be a congenital condition. Rare cases of adenocarcinoma have been described. There are no data justifying regular biopsies or follow-up. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a protein involved in gastrointestinal tumor development by inhibiting apoptosis and regulating angiogenesis. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate COX-2 expression in EGM and compare it with normal tissue and Barrett's esophagus. We evaluated 1327 patients. Biopsies were taken from the inlet patch for histological evaluation and from the gastric antrum to assess Helicobacter pylori infection. Biopsies taken from normal esophageal, gastric antrum and body mucosa and Barrett's esophagus were retrieved from a tissue bank. EGM biopsies were evaluated with respect to type of epithelium, presence of H. pylori, and inflammation. COX-2 was detected by immunohistochemistry using the avidin-biotin complex. EGM islets were found in 14 patients (1.1 percent). Histological examination revealed fundic type epithelium in 58.3 percent of cases, H. pylori was present in 50 percent and chronic inflammation in 66.7 percent. Expression of COX-2 was negative in normal distal esophagus, normal gastric antrum and normal gastric body specimens (10 each). In contrast, EGM presented over-expression of COX-2 in 41.7 percent of cases and Barrett's esophagus in 90 percent of cases (P = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). COX-2 immunoexpression in EGM was not related to gender, age, epithelium type, presence of inflammation or intestinal metaplasia, H. pylori infection, or any endoscopic finding. Our results demonstrate up-regulation of COX-2 in EGM, suggesting a possible malignant potential of this so-called harmless mucosa.

Detección de mucinas ácidas en metaplasia gástrica de la vesícula biliar / Detection of acid mucins in gastric metaplasia of the gallbladder

BACKGROUND/AIM: In this paper we present a histological and histochemical study about the metaplastic changes in the gallbladder, and discussed the participation of the antral metaplasia in the genesis of gallbladder cancer. METHODS: We collected 43 pieces of colecistectomy whit antral metaplasia, intestinal metaplasia and displasia. Presence of mucins were demonstrated by the alcian blue stain to ph 3 and ph 0.5 ph. RESULTS: We found sulphated and not sulphated acid mucins. In all of the forms of antral metaplasia. The not freguent finding coas an intense staining of intracitoplasmie mucins in metaplastic cells. We alsa detected small globular deposits in isolated cells of surface epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: This finding seems to associate antral metaplasia with intestinal metaplasia, at least in the mucins production. Antral metaplasia could be one of the first steps involved in the sequence displasia-cancer in the gallbladder.

Objetivos: En este trabajo realizamos un estudio histológico e histoquímico de los cambios metaplásicos en la vesícula biliar, y discutimos la participación de la metaplasia antral en la secuencia displasia-cáncer. Materiales y métodos: Estudiamos 43 piezas de colecistectomía que en el examen histológico mostraron metaplasia antral, metaplasia intestinal y displasia. La presencia de mucinas fue establecida por la técnica de Alcian Blue a pH 3 y a ph 0,5. Resultados: Encontramos mucinas ácidas sulfatadas y no sulfatadas en todas las formas de metaplasia de tipo antral. El hallazgo más frecuente fue la marcación intensa y difusa de las mucinas intracitoplasmáticas en las células metaplásicas. Se apreciaron además pequeños depósitos globulares de mucinas en células aisladas del epitelio de superficie. Conclusión: La presencia de mucinas ácidas permite asociar a la metaplasia antral con la metaplasia intestinal, en cuanto, al menos, a la producción de mucinas. Pensamos que la metaplasia antral podría ser uno de los primeros eslabones en la secuencia displasia- cáncer de la vesícula biliar.

The histopathology of chronic gastritis.

Chronic gastritis is a multifactorial disorder thought to be influenced by bacterial and host genetic factors. Histopathological examination is the mainstay of diagnosis, however features like the presence of Helicobacter pylori are difficult to evaluate on biopsy. We evaluated 120 gastric antral biopsies using the revised Sydney system. The density of the inflammatory infiltrate, H pylori and mast cells were evaluated. It was seen that the presence of H pylori is strongly associated with an acute and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate. The presence of neutrophils on biopsy is strongly associated with the presence of H pylori and with the density and the grade of the chronic inflammatory infiltrate. The chronic inflammatory response is an intermediary between the acute inflammatory process and glandular atrophy. The lymphocytic infiltrate is also a precursor lesion of the lymphoid follicles. The presence of mast cells does not appear to be related to any of the other inflammatory parameters. The presence of one feature is a strong indicator for the presence of other inflammatory features.

The Association Between Current Helicobacter pylori Infection and Coronary Artery Disease

BACKGROUND: The role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) is still controversial, and the relation between current H. pylori infection and CAD has not been fully examined. This study evaluated the relation between H. pylori infection as confirmed by gastroduodenoscopic biopsy and CAD. METHODS: We determined the presence of H. pylori infections, via gastroduodenoscopy, in 88 patients of the normal coronary angiographic group and also in 175 patients of the CAD group, and the latter patients had more than 50% coronary stenosis angiographically demonstrated. We excluded those patients with a history of previous H. pylori eradication and/or malignancy. A small piece of tissue from the antrum, which was obtained by gastroduodenoscopic biopsy, was stained by Warthin-starry silver stain. We defined a negative staining result that there was no stained tissue in the sample and the stained tissue was also positive for H. pylori infection. RESULTS: There was no significant difference, except for gender, age, smoking and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), of the demographic and laboratory characteristics between the groups. Twenty seven (30.7%) patients of the normal control group and 71 (40.6%) patients of the CAD group were positive of H. pylori infection, yet there was no statistical difference. We angiographically followed up the 80 patients of the CAD group who were treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at 6 to 9 months after their primary intervention. Twenty two (37.9%) of the 58 patients of the H. pylori negative group and 10 (45.5%) of the 22 patients of the H. pylori positive group were treated with reintervention, but reintervention was also not significantly different between the group with H. pylori infection and the group without the infection. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicated that H. pylori infection had a modest influence on CAD and progressive atheroma, but the showed a tendency to increase. Further studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between H. pylori infection and CAD.

Gastric collision tumour--a case report.

A true collision tumor at the pyloric antrum of the stomach has been rarely described in literature. In this article, we report a gastric collision tumour comprising adenocarcinoma with carcinoid in a 48 year old man. The morphologic, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings of this rare case is discussed.

Evaluación de un test líquido de UREASA ( LUT ) para la detección de Helicobacter pylori / Evaluation of a liquid urease test ( LUT ) for detection of Helicobacter pylori

The aim of our study was to develop a rapid diagnostic urease test to demonstrate the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the Endoscopy room. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 200 consecutive patients referred to gastroscopy for different indications, were included in this study. One antral biopsy sample was obtained to be immersed in our test. The same sample was used for histological evaluation, considered to be the gold standard method for diagnose of Helicobacter pylori infection. RESULTS: 135 patients (67.5%) were found positives and 65 patients (32.5%) were negatives in our test. 128 patients (64%) showed Helicobacter pylori on histological examination. Our test showed a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 88.1%, and positive and negative predictive values of 95% and 80% respectively. A remarkable correlation between density of Helicobacter pylori and reading time was also observed, where a high density of the bacteria reduced the reaction time in this liquid test. Furthermore, an overall accuracy of 90% was shown, which is comparable with other available commercial tests. CONCLUSION: LUT is easy to handle, cost effective and fast, with a high positive predictive value.