Functional characterization of CYP81C16 involved in the tanshinone biosynthetic pathway in Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中国天然药物

Danshen, the dried roots and rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (S. miltiorrhiza), is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Tanshinones, the bioactive compounds from Danshen, exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, suggesting their potential for future therapeutic applications. Tanshinone biosynthesis is a complex process involving at least six P450 enzymes that have been identified and characterized, most of which belong to the CYP76 and CYP71 families. In this study, CYP81C16, a member of the CYP71 clan, was identified in S. miltiorrhiza. An in vitro assay revealed that it could catalyze the hydroxylation of four para-quinone-type tanshinones, namely neocryptotanshinone, deoxyneocryptotanshinone, and danshenxinkuns A and B. SmCYP81C16 emerged as a potential broad-spectrum oxidase targeting the C-18 position of para-quinone-type tanshinones with an impressive relative conversion rate exceeding 90%. Kinetic evaluations andin vivo assays underscored its highest affinity towards neocryptotanshinone among the tested substrates. The overexpression of SmCYP81C16 promoted the accumulation of (iso)tanshinone in hairy root lines. The characterization of SmCYP81C16 in this study accentuates its potential as a pivotal tool in the biotechnological production of tanshinones, either through microbial or plant metabolic engineering.

La vitamina K: bioquímica, función y deficiencia: revisión / The vitamin K: biochemistry, function and deficiency: riview

La vitamina K es un cofactor que actúa en la síntesis de los factores de coagulación II, VII, IX y X, de los inhibidores de la coagulación, proteínas C y S, y de proteínas de la matriz ósea. Su forma activa actúa como coenzima en la carboxilación del ácido glutámico de dichas proteínas. La función de los factores dependientes de la vitamina K se realizan mediante la formación de complejos enzimaticos, en los cuales estas proteínas se unen sobre la membrana fosfolipídica a un cofactor proteíco, en presencia de calcio. La insuficiencia de los mecanismos responsables de la gamma-carboxilación del ácido glutámico altera la función hemostática. La deficiencia hereditaria de factores dependientes de vitamina K, los antibióticos y los anticoagulantes orales disminuyen la capacidad de formación de los complejos enzimaticos, por lo que se produce síndrome hemorrágico o trombóticos y alteraciones de la masa ósea que son fácilmente tratadas con administración de preparados de vitamina K. Las causas principales de deficiencia son: falta de reservas hepáticas en recién nacidos, insuficiencia hepática, falta de ingesta, malabsorción, antibioticoterapia y admisnistración de cumarínicos. Para el estudio de la vitamina K se usan métodos indirectos, que miden las proteínas dependientes de su acción, y métodos directos que miden específicamente las quinonas

Some pharmacological investigations of embelin and its semisynthetic derivatives.

Embelin, obtained from Embolin ribes was condensed with different primary amines. Depending on the conditions of reaction, disalts or diimines were formed. Ten such disalts and fourteen diimines were developed. Embelin and all its disalts showed analgesic activity whereas all the diimines derivatives were inactive. The disalt, 2:5 disobutyl amine embelin showed maximum action. Analgesic effect was noticed only after intraperitoneal administration but not after subcutaneous, intramuscular or oral administration. The compounds cause some local irritation. The possibility of peritoneal irritation rendering the animals unresponsive to experimental pain seems to deserve consideration. However, analgesic effect could be seen in dogs and cats after intravenous injection. Embelin and its disalt, 2:5 isobutyl amine embelin also exhibited antipyretic and antiinflammatory activities.