الملخص
La presente norma tiene por objeto, establecer los lineamientos técnicos para la protección de la salud de las personas y el medio ambiente, de los efectos de las radiaciones ionizantes durante el transporte de materiales radiactivos en el territorio nacional; establecer los requerimientos para la caracterización y embalaje de los materiales radiactivos y para el transporte de bultos exceptuados, bultos industriales y bultos del Tipo A, del Tipo B(M), y del Tipo B(U); es aplicable a toda persona natural o jurídica, instituciones públicas y autónomas, que realiza transporte de materiales radiactivos por vía terrestre, acuática o aérea, que contengan radionucleidos, en los cuales tanto la concentración de actividad como la actividad total de la remesa, sobrepasen a los valores límites de exención para materiales o remesas, así como del transporte de objetos contaminados, cuyos valores de contaminación excedan los valores limites que se especifican
The purpose of this standard is to establish technical guidelines for the protection of human health and the environment from the effects of ionizing radiation during the transport of radioactive materials within the national territory; establish requirements for the characterisation and packaging of radioactive materials and for the transport of excepted packages, industrial packages and packages of Type A, Type B(M), and Type B(U); is applicable to any natural or legal person, public and autonomous institutions carrying out transport of radioactive materials by land, water or air, containing radionuclides, in which both the activity concentration and the total activity of the consignment exceed the exemption limit values
الموضوعات
Radioactive Waste , El Salvadorالملخص
Resumen | Introducción. La modificación de las normas sobre medicina nuclear en Colombia ha afectado la administración de la terapia de yodo radioactivo en el tratamiento del cáncer de tiroides. Objetivos. Determinar las áreas de acuerdo en torno al problema, los requisitos actuales y los nuevos exigidos en la normativa para el funcionamiento de los servicios de medicina nuclear. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio Delphi de dos rondas con cada grupo de expertos, 'clínicos' y 'de entidades reguladoras'. En la primera ronda se exploraron los puntos de vista sobre las implicaciones de la normativa en medicina nuclear y, en la segunda, se calificaron las declaraciones de la primera según su relevancia. Resultados. La problemática de los servicios de medicina nuclear está relacionada con la claridad normativa, y la falta de sinergia y coherencia entre los organismos de inspección, vigilancia y control. Las exigencias del sistema de gestión de desechos requieren una alta inversión económica que puede influir en la oferta del servicio y repercutir en el control integral del cáncer de tiroides. Entre las necesidades presentes y futuras, se encuentran la unificación de criterios entre los auditores, la delimitación de funciones de los actuantes, la asistencia técnica para cumplir con la normativa, y la veeduría a los organismos de inspección, vigilancia y control por parte de los entes reguladores. Conclusión. Los hallazgos del estudio sugieren que los servicios de medicina nuclear atraviesan un momento de múltiples desafíos institucionales, normativos y económicos, que ponen en riesgo el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la medicina nuclear en la atención oncológica.
Abstract | Introduction: Colombia has modified the nuclear medicine norms that impact the administration of radioactive iodine therapy in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Objective: To identify the areas of agreement regarding the issue, as well as the current and emergent requirements associated with the normative for the operation of nuclear medicine services that have an impact on the care of patients with thyroid cancer in Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a two-round Delphi study for each expert, clinical, and regulatory group. The first round explored views on the implications of the regulations that apply to nuclear medicine. The second round rated the statements from the first round by their relevance. Results: The issues regarding nuclear medicine services were related to the normative clarity and the lack of synergy and coherence among inspection, surveillance, and control bodies. The demands on the waste management system require a high economic investment that can influence the service offer and have an impact on the integral control of thyroid cancer. Unification of the auditors' criteria, delimitation of the acting agent functions, technical assistance to the services to comply with the normative, and the oversight of the inspection, surveillance, and control bodies by the regulatory entities are among the current and future needs. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that nuclear medicine services are going through a time of multiple institutional, regulatory, and economic challenges that put at risk the development and maintenance of nuclear medicine in cancer care.
الموضوعات
Thyroid Neoplasms , Nuclear Medicine , Radioisotopes , Radioactive Waste , Health Servicesالملخص
Objetivo: Conhecer a relação dos riscos ocupacionais com os resíduos de serviços de saúde (RSS), na perspectiva de profissionais de enfermagem que atuam no centro cirúrgico (CC). Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo de caráter exploratório e descritivo e abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista gravada, com três questões abertas sobre a geração e o manejo de resíduos e riscos à saúde dos profissionais de enfermagem. A amostra foi composta de 11 técnicos e dois auxiliares de enfermagem. Os dados foram organizados e analisados segundo a proposta do método do discurso do sujeito coletivo (DSC). Resultados: Os discursos revelaram preocupação em realizar o manejo adequado dos resíduos gerados, com destaque para os biológicos e perfurocortantes. Os profissionais compreendem que o não cumprimento de práticas seguras de manejo pode expor prejuízos à própria saúde, à do paciente e à de outros profissionais. Conclusão: Os resultados evidenciaram exposição dos profissionais de enfermagem aos resíduos gerados no CC, o que reforça a necessidade de práticas contínuas de orientações e treinamentos para o manejo apropriado desses resíduos, com a finalidade de minimizar riscos de exposição dos profissionais, dos pacientes e do ambiente.
Objective: To understand the relationship between occupational risks and health care waste (HCW), from the perspective of nursing professionals working in the surgery center (SC). Method: This is exploratory and descriptive field research with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through recorded interviews, with three open questions on the generation and management of waste and health risks to nursing professionals. The sample consisted of 11 technicians and two auxiliary nurses. Data were organized and analyzed according to the collective subject discourse (CSD) method. Results: The speeches revealed concern in adequately managing the generated waste, particularly biological and sharp ones. Professionals understand that failure to comply with safe management practices can lead to damage to their health, that of the patient, and that of other professionals. Conclusion: The results showed the exposure of nursing professionals to the waste generated in the SC, which reinforces the need for ongoing guidance practices and training for the appropriate management of these residues, in order to minimize risks of exposure for professionals, patients, and the environment.
Objetivo: Conocer la relación entre riesgos laborales y los residuoe de los servicios de salud (RSS), desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en quirófano (CQ). Método: Esta es una investigación de campo exploratoria y descriptiva con un enfoque cualitativo. Los datos se recopilaron mediante entrevistas grabadas, con tres preguntas abiertas sobre la generación y gestión de residuos y riesgos para la salud de los profesionales de enfermería. La muestra consistió en 11 técnicos y dos auxiliares de enfermería. Los datos fueron organizados y analizados de acuerdo con el método del discurso del sujeto colectivo (DSC). Resultados: Los discursos revelaron una preocupación por llevar a cabo el manejo adecuado de los desechos generados, con énfasis en productos biológicos y objetos punzantes. Los profesionales entienden que el incumplimiento de las prácticas de gestión segura puede exponer el daño a su propia salud, la del paciente y la de otros profesionales. Conclusión: Los resultados evidenciaron la exposición de los profesionales de enfermería a los desechos generados en el CQ, lo que refuerza la necesidad de orientación continua y prácticas de capacitación para el manejo adecuado de estos desechos, a fin de minimizar los riesgos de exposición de profesionales, pacientes y medio ambiente
الموضوعات
Humans , Health , Nursing , Medical Waste , Surgicenters , Radioactive Waste , Medical Waste Disposal , Chemical Wasteالملخص
Se han descrito múltiples efectos nocivos de las radiaciones ionizantes en el cuerpo humano. Cuando la exposición a fuentes radioactivas se produce en el contexto de un accidente se debe en primer lugar, brindar la atención médica necesaria y posteriormente sentar las responsabilidades del caso, para lo cual el médico forense debe estar capacitado en valorar los daños producidos...
There is a lot of harmful effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. When exposure to radioactive sources occurs in the context of an accident must first provide the necessary medical care and then lay the responsibilities required, for which the coroner should be trained to assess damage...
الموضوعات
Humans , Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced , Radiation Injuries , Radioactive Wasteالملخص
Investigações sobre os procedimentos de precaução e manipulação dos rejeitos radioativos, gerados na iodoterapia, são muito pouco discutidas na literatura. A aplicação destes procedimentos de precaução, atendendo às normas da legislação vigente, depende diretamente do grau de conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem na manipulação do 131 I, radioisótopo empregado na iodoterapia. Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação crítica dos procedimentos de precaução e manipulação adotados pela equipe de enfermagem na terapêutica da iodoterapia utilizando um instrumento de análise, validado por um pré-teste e aplicado à equipe de enfermagem da unidade de internação da iodoterapia, em três hospitais (A, B - filantrópicos; C - privado), analisando: conhecimento específico da equipe de enfermagem e atendimento às normatizações. A análise comparativa mostrou significativa diferença dos procedimentos realizados na iodoterapia pela equipe de enfermagem nos hospitais estudados. Os procedimentos de precaução e a adequação da infra-estrutura na realização da terapêutica da iodoterapia dependem fundamentalmente da fiscalização dos órgãos competentes, doconhecimento específico e responsabilidade do profissional responsável pelo serviço de Medicina Nuclear, e do incentivo da direção do estabelecimento prestador de saúde.
الموضوعات
Iodine/therapeutic use , Radioactive Wasteالملخص
Las bacterias sulfato reductoras (BSR) juegan un rol importante en la mitigación de los drenajes mineros ácidos, reduciendo el sulfato a sulfuroso de hidrógeno que se combina con los metales pesados precipitándolos.
الموضوعات
Bacteria , Drainage , Metals , Metals, Heavy , Bolivia , Radioactive Wasteالملخص
Introdução: A determinação de cortisol nos diferentes fluídos orgânicos tem sido aplicada como auxílio diagnóstico em distintas condições nosológicas em humanos, bem como empregada em estudos envolvendo pesquisa clínica. No intervalo de aplicação clínica, rotineiramente é determinado pela técnica de radioimunoensaio (RIE). Na determinação do cortisol urinário livre essa técnica vem sendo substituída peloemprego da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC), principalmente no diagnóstico da síndrome de Cushing. Já para a determinação do cortisol sérico não se têm evidências do emprego da cromatografia líquida em substituição a outras técnicas analíticas. Objetivos: O desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica empregando HPLC no modo fase reversa (RP-HPLC) para a determinação de cortisol sérico em substituição ao RIE visando à redução da geração de resíduos radioativos. Material e métodos: O cortisol foi quantificado diretamente empregando-se RP-HPLC em amostras de soro previamente extraídas com éter utilizando-se acetonido de triancinolona como padrão interno (PI). Utilizou-se coluna analítica BDS-Hypesil-C18® (125 x 4 mm, 5 μm), fase móvel composta de água e acetonitrila (72:28; v/v) a 1 ml/min e detecção a 243 nm. Resultados: O cortisol e o PI apresentaram tempo de retenção de 3,4 e 7,1 min, respectivamente. O coeficiente de variação (CV%) obtido no estudo da precisão foi menor que 10%, e a exatidão apresentou um desvio inferior a 4%. Discussão: O método mostrou-se eficaz e eficiente, com sensibilidade e linearidade na faixa estudada de 2,5 a 60 μg/dl. Conclusão: O método proposto substitui o RIE no intervalo de sua aplicação clínica.
Background: The quantification of cortisol in different organic fluids has not only been applied to different humannosological conditions as a diagnostic aid but it has also been used in clinical research. In clinical application, cortisolis routinely measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). In the determination of free urinary cortisol this technique has been replaced by the high-performance liquid chromatography mainly in the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. As to serum cortisol determination, there is no evidence of the application of liquid chromatography as a substitute for other analytical techniques. Objective: The development of an analytical methodology using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) to determine serum cortisol levels as a substitute for RIA in order to reduce radioactive waste. Material and methods: Cortisol was directly quantified by RP-HPLC in previouslyether-extracted serum samples. Triamcinolone acetonide was used as internal standard (IS). The chromatographic separation was developed in a BDS-Hypersil-C18® column (125 x 4 mm, 5μm) using water-acetonitrile (72:28; v/v) as mobile phase at 1 ml/min and steroid peaks were measured at 243 nm. Results: Cortisol and IS presented retention time of 3.4 and 7.1 min, respectively. The precision was less than 10% and accuracy was less than 4%. Discussion: The method was effective and efficient, with good sensitivity and linearity in the concentration range of 2.5 to 60.0μg/dl. Conclusion: The present methodology substitutes RIA at clinical application.
الموضوعات
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Hydrocortisone , Radioimmunoassay/methods , Radioactive Waste/prevention & controlالملخص
We established a model to calculate radioactive waste from sewage disposal tank of hospitals to optimize the number of patients receiving inpatient radioiodine therapy within the safety guideline in our country. According to this model and calculation of radioactivity concentration using the number of patients per week, the treatment dose of radioiodine, the capacity and the number of sewage tanks and the daily amount of water waste per patient, estimated concentration of radioactivity in sewage waste upon disposal from disposal tanks after longterm retention were within the safety guideline (30 Bq/L) in all the hospitals examined. In addition to the fact that we could increase the number of patients in two thirds of hospitals, we found that the daily amount of waste water was the most important variable to allow the increase of the number of patients within the safety margin of disposed radioactivity. We propose that saving the water amount be led to increase the number of patients and they allow two patients in an already furnished hospital inpatient room to meet the increasing need of inpatient radioiodine treatment for thyroid cancer.
الموضوعات
Humans , Inpatients , Korea , Radioactive Waste , Radioactivity , Retention, Psychology , Sewage , Thyroid Gland , Wastewaterالملخص
El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un análisis de la evolución oftalmológica en pacientes hipertiroideos tratados con yodo radiactivo. Se estudiaron 100 casos (88 mujeres y 12 hombres) procedentes de la consulta de tiroides del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología, con diagnóstico clínico y bioquímico de hipertiroidismo y con una edad media de 40 ± 10 años. Estos pacientes fueron sometidos a un tratamiento con yodo radiactivo a una dosis de 80 µCi/g de tejido tiroideo. A cada uno de ellos se le realizó una oftalmometría bilateral antes del tratamiento y 12 meses después de este. La oftalmometría media del ojo derecho antes del tratamiento fue de 14,51 ± 2,86 mm y posterior al tratamiento de 13,92 ± 2,83 mm, mientras que para el ojo izquierdo fue de 14,98 ± 2,91 mm y 14,27 ± 2,83 mm, respectivamente. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados de la oftalmometría, concluimos que el uso del yodo radiactivo en el tratamiento de pacientes hipertiroideos no tuvo efectos negativos sobre la evolución oftalmológica de los pacientes estudiados(AU)
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Exophthalmos , Radioactive Waste , Eye Diseases , Hyperthyroidism , Iodine/therapeutic useالملخص
O presente estudo exploratório avaliou as condições do transporte das fontes radioativas utilizadas pelos 11 (onze) serviços de Medicina Nuclear de Salvador/BA, baseando-se nos requisitos exigidos como meios de proteção e segurança pela legislação pertinente. Verificou em que medida o transporte atendia à normatização, levando em consideração as possibilidades de ocorrência de acidentes durante o percurso e, conseqüentemente, o risco de contaminação radioativa, causando danos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Na coleta dos dados empregou-se pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Diante dos resultados apresentados, constatou-se que a operacionalização no transporte das fontes radioativas vem sendo realizada em situação de risco, o que reflete a omissão das autoridades regulatórias, acentuando a probabilidade de ocorrência de acidentes (colisão, capotamento, roubo de veículo, roubo de carga, etc.), que poderiam provocar acidentes radiológicos graves, com comprometimento da qualidade de vida. Por fim, a autora apresenta propostas visando reverter este quadro, com vistas a uma operação de modo mais seguro e ambientalmente sustentável.
الموضوعات
Environment , Radiation Risks , Radioactive Waste , Transportationالملخص
The application of DU emanation for first time contaminated certain areas in the south west region of Iraq after the second Gulf war [1991]. These contaminated areas were discovered in 1994. Radioactive contamination was detected using the nuclear enterprise PCM5/1 in soil samples collected from two regions near by grazing lands. This study was done for assessment of DU contaminated soil in the regions under study. Portable detector was used for radiation measurement of the contaminated area. Samples from each region were selected and taken to Baghdad kept in plastic bags for gamma ray spectroscopy measurement. Gamma-ray spectroscopy system consists of high purity germanium [HPGE] detector surrounded by appropriate shield. The measurement of detector efficiency using [GDR] computer programs, supplied by Canberra Company was used to analyze gamma-ray spectrum. The activity of [234] Th, [235]U, [238]Pa and other natural isotopes were measured. The measurement by gamma -ray spectrometry system showed that six samples were heavily contaminated with DU, because the presence of [243]Pa and [235]U peak and the percentage ratio between [235] U/[238]U were less than 0.005, when both international mathematical methods, namely IAEA and Kosovo, were used. Because of existence of radiation equilibrium between [234]Th and [234]Pa, the measurements should be accurate. The result showed that six of the samples were heavily contaminated with DU and there is a good agreement between the two methods. Because of the accuracy and ease of the Kosovo method, it is recommended for future investigations
الموضوعات
Environmental Pollution , Soil Pollutants, Radioactive , Spectrometry, Gamma , Radioactive Waste , Nuclear Warfareالملخص
The widespread use of H and 14C in research has generated a large volume of waste mixed with scintillation liquid, requiring an effective control and appropriate storage of liquid radioactive waste. In the present study, we compared the efficacy of three commercially available scintillation liquids, Optiphase HiSafe 3, Ultima-GoldÕ AB (biodegradable) and Insta-Gel-XF (non-biodegradable), in terms of [14C]-glucose and [ H]-thymidine counting efficiency. We also analyzed the effect of the relative amount of water (1.6 to 50 percent), radioisotope concentration (0.1 to 100 nCi/ml), pH (2 to 10) and color of the solutions (samples containing 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml of Trypan blue) on the counting efficiency in the presence of these scintillation liquids. There were few significant differences in the efficiency of 14C and H counting obtained with biodegradable or non-biodegradable scintillation liquids. However, there was an 83 and 94 percent reduction in the efficiency of 14C and H counting, respectively, in samples colored with 1 mg/ml Trypan blue, but not with 0.1 mg/ml, independent of the scintillation liquid used. Considering the low cost of biodegradable scintillation cocktails and their efficacy, these results show that traditional hazardous scintillation fluids may be replaced with the new safe biodegradable fluids without impairment of H and 14C counting efficiency. The use of biodegradable scintillation cocktails minimizes both human and environmental exposure to hazardous solvents. In addition, some biodegradable scintillation liquids can be 40 percent less expensive than the traditional hazardous cocktails.
الموضوعات
Humans , Radioactive Waste , Scintillation Counting , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Biodegradation, Environmental , Conservation of Natural Resources , Evaluation Study , Reproducibility of Resultsالملخص
There has been much debate about the use of depleted uranium in the Gulf War and its health effects on United States and European war veterans. However, studies on the impact of this radioactive substance on the residents of the surrounding Gulf region are far from adequate. Depleted uranium introduces large quantities of radioactive material that is hazardous to biological organisms, continues to decay for millennia and is able to travel tens of kilometres in air. If depleted uranium were used in the Gulf War, its impact on the health of people in the area would have been considerable. This review of depleted uranium-its origin, properties, uses and effects on the human environment and health-aims to trigger further research on this subject
الموضوعات
Humans , Alpha Particles/adverse effects , Beta Particles/adverse effects , Environmental Health/statistics & numerical data , Gamma Rays/adverse effects , Military Personnel , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Persian Gulf Syndrome/etiology , Radioactive Waste/adverse effects , Radiometry , Armed Conflictsالملخص
Aquatic fungi from four brackish water lakes; Edku, Burullus and Manzala lakes which are located at the northern region of Egypt and Qarun lake that located in El-Fayoum city are reported in this manuscript. Twenty-nine fungal species which belong to 19 genera of aquatic fungi were recovered from water samples collected from the studied lakes. The most frequently isolated fungal species were Chytridium conferrop, Allomyces throughout and Rhizoclosmatium globosum. Thraustochytrium amoeboidum and Leptolegniella exoosporus have a moderately occurrence frequency. The maximum fungal count of recovered aquatic fungi was recorded in Burrullus lake followed by EdKu, Manzala and Qarun lakes. This study was extended to test the ability of six selected aquatic fungi (Brevilegniella keratinophila, Blastocladiella cystogena, Chytridium conferrop, Entophlyctis variabilis, Schizochytrium mangrovei and Thraustochytrium rosii), to uptake the radionuclide from their culture medium as a step to biologically treat the waste water or solution with radio-cesium and radio-cobalt. Fifty seven % of Cs-137 and 35% of Co-60 could be removed from liquid waste by the selected aquatic fungi.
الموضوعات
Allomyces , Blastocladiella , Colony Count, Microbial , Egypt , Fungi , Lakes , Radioactive Waste , Wastewater , Waterالملخص
El manejo y la disposición final de los desechos hospitalarios ha sido objeto de atención en todo el mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha realizado paneles de expertos para analizar la materia y ha difundido recomendaciones específicas para países en vías de desarrollo. Frente a la postura de la OMS y de diversas agencias gubernamentales que promueven un tratamiento agresivo de los residuos biológicos, existen también posiciones divergentes. Tomando como base los riesgos epidemiológicos conocidos, hay quienes postulan que la gran mayoría de los residuos generados por las instituciones de salud son asimilables a los desechos domésticos, y que por lo tanto, no merecen un manejo especial, salvo casos específicos como los elementos radioactivos, los agentes citotóxicos, y otros de connotaciones especiales como los restos humanos identificables a simple vista. Este contexto de controversia, y el impacto económico que las decisiones en esta materia pueden tener para el sistema público de salud, justifican la evaluación objetiva de los riesgos reales asociados a los desechos hospitalarios para la población, y a la adopción de medidas de protección efectivas en los casos en los que la evidencia científica y epidemiológica lo sugiera. El análisis debe considerar también los aspectos sociales y culturales que pueden incidir en la toma de decisiones en este ámbito, y el estado de situación de la disposición de desechos en Chile en lo que sea pertinente.
الموضوعات
Evidence-Based Medicine , Hazardous Waste , Radioactive Waste , Medical Waste/prevention & control , Health Risk , Radiation Risks , Chileالملخص
BACKGROUND: It takes long time to cultivate Mycobacterium tuberculosis on solid media from clinical specimens. Although there is progress in the detection of tuberculosis using liquid media, Ogawa media is broadly used in Korea. In the 1990s, the BACTEC 460 system (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA) was used in some laboratories in Korea, but at present, it is not used because of the accumulation of radioactive waste and the risk of cross-contamination. The BACTEC MGIT 960 system (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA) is one of the new systems using liquid media. MGIT system uses oxygen-quenching fluorescence sensor technology instead of radioactive material. We evaluated MGIT for the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by comparison with Ogawa media. METHODS: A total of 232 sputum specimens were collected from patients admitted to the hospital. All specimens were processed by 4% NaOH and 0.5% NALC. After inoculation of MGIT with 0.5 mL and Ogawa with 0.3 mL of the processed specimen, the media were observed every 3 days until 6 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 99 isolates of mycobacteria were recovered from 232 specimens. Ninety nine isolates were detected with MGIT, as contrasted with 64 detected with Ogawa media. The mean times to detection of the Mycobacterium species were 12.6 days for MGIT, 23.7 days for Ogawa media. Contamination rates were 5.1% for MGIT, 5.6% for Ogawa media. CONCLUSION: From our study, we conclude that MGIT is a superior method for recovery rate and time to detection of Mycobacteria to Ogawa media.
الموضوعات
Humans , Diagnosis , Fluorescence , Korea , Mycobacterium , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Radioactive Waste , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sputum , Tuberculosisالملخص
Luego de considerar el impacto ambiental tanto de las centrales eléctricas como de las hidráulicas y las nucleares, el artículo se refiere a la experiencia de la Sociedad Cooperativa Popular Limitada de Chubut en el aprovechamiento de la energía eólica