Reacciones adversas de los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2 en personas con diabetes mellitus / Adverse reactions of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors in people suffering from diabetes mellitus

Introducción: Las bondades que ofrece el uso de los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2 en el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus, se reportan preocupantes eventos y reacciones adversas por el empleo de este grupo de medicamentos. De ahí, la necesidad de su conocimiento por parte de los facultativos. Objetivo: Mencionar las reacciones adversas a medicamentos más frecuentes de los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2 en personas con diabetes mellitus. y describir aquellas de mayor interés clínico por su gravedad. Métodos: La información se obtuvo en el trimestre octubre-diciembre de 2020. Se evaluaron diferentes artículos de revisión, de investigación y páginas Web, en general tenían menos de 10 años de publicados, en idioma español, portugués o inglés. Se utilizó como motores de búsqueda de información científica a Google Académico, Pubmed y SciElo. Fueron utilizadas como palabras claves: inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2; tratamiento; reacciones adversas; y diabetes mellitus. Fueron excluidos los artículos que no reunían las condiciones señaladas. Esto permitió el estudio de 88 artículos, de los cuales 50 fueron referenciados. Conclusiones: Los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2, pueden producir variadas reacciones adversas -descritas en el texto-, que de manera potencial pueden aumentar la morbilidad y mortalidad. Su uso ofrece la posibilidad de reacciones adversas graves de interés clínico, entre las que se describen: cetoacidosis diabética euglucémica, insuficiencia renal aguda, riesgo de amputaciones de los pies y fascitis necrosante del perineo(AU)

Introduction: The benefits offered by the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, worrisome adverse events and reactions are reported for the use of this group of drugs. Hence, the need for physicians to be aware of them. Objective: To describe the most frequent adverse drug reactions of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors in people with diabetes mellitus and those of greatest clinical interest due to their severity. Methods: The information was obtained in the October-December 2020 quarter. Different review articles, research articles and Web pages were evaluated, generally less than 10 years old, in Spanish, Portuguese or English. Google Scholar, Pubmed and SciElo were used as search engines for scientific information. The following keywords were used: sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors; treatment; adverse reactions; and diabetes mellitus. Articles that did not meet the indicated conditions were excluded. This allowed the study of 88 articles, of which 50 were referenced. Conclusions: Type 2 sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors can produce various adverse reactions -described in the text-, which can potentially increase morbidity and mortality. Their use offers the possibility of serious adverse reactions of clinical interest, among which the following are described: euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis, acute renal failure, risk of foot amputations and necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum(AU)

Ação dos isglt2 no hipertenso diabético, quando indicar? / Effect of sglt-2 inhibitor in diabetic hypertensive patients, when to indicate?

A doença cardiovascular (DCV) representa um fardo individual e social em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). A diabetes é uma doença crônica onerosa do ponto de vista social e econômico. O seu tratamento inclui medidas não farmacológicas, como dieta e exercício físico, bem como a adição de medicamentos em pacientes que não atingem controle glicêmico satisfatório através de medidas comportamentais. Medicamentos da classe inibidores de SGLT2 (iSGLT2), objeto deste manuscrito, têm sido associados com a redução de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade, além de redução da pressão arterial e peso, sem conferir aumento de risco de hipoglicemia

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents an individual and social burden in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetes is a chronic, socially and economically costly disease. Its treatment includes non-pharmacological measures, such as diet and exercise, as well as the addition of medication in patients who do not achieve satisfactory glycemic control through behavioral approach. Drugs as SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), object of this manuscript, have been associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality, in addition to a reduction in blood pressure and weight, without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia.

Vertebral fractures in adult women with type 2 diabetes mellitus / Fracturas vertebrales en mujeres adultas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Introduction. Diabetes is a chronic disease associated with important comorbidities. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with a three times increased risk of hip fracture but reports describing potential associations with vertebral fractures (VF) are contradictory. Our objective was to evaluate the factors involved in the prevalent VF in women with and without T2DM. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional design was used and the relationship between morphometric VF and T2DM in adult women was evaluated. The cases were adult women with morphometric VF and the controls were adult women without VF. Thoracic and spinal radiographs in lateral and antero-posterior projections were obtained. Bone mineral density (BMD) values of the lumbar spine (L-BMD) were measured by DXA. Results. A greater number of women with T2DM were found in the VF group (61% vs 31.5%). Non-T2DM women with VF were significantly older and with lower L-BMD than non-T2DM without VF. We observed a negative correlation between age and L-BMD (r=-0.463) in non-T2DM women, but not in the T2DM with FV group. T2DM was a risk factor for prevalent VF with OR of 3.540 (IC95% 1.750-7.160). Conclusion. Our study showed a higher prevalence of T2DM in the VF group. T2DM women with VF were younger and had higher L-BMD than non-T2DM women, L-BMD did not correlate with age and VF were not distributed according to BMD-L and age. (AU)

Introducción. La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica asociada con comorbilidades importantes. La diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) se asocia con un riesgo tres veces mayor de fractura de cadera pero la asociación con fracturas vertebrales (FV) es contradictoria. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar los factores involucrados en las FV prevalentes en mujeres adultas con y sin DM2. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un diseño transversal y se evaluó la relación entre FV morfométrica y DM2 en mujeres adultas. Los casos fueron mujeres adultas con FV morfométricas y los controles fueron mujeres adultas sin FV. Se obtuvieron radiografías torácicas y espinales en proyecciones lateral y anteroposterior. Los valores de densidad mineral ósea (DMO) de la columna lumbar (DMO-L) se midieron por DXA. Resultados. Se observó un mayor número de mujeres con DM2 en el grupo de FV (61% frente a 31.5%). Las mujeres sin DM2 con FV eran significativamente mayores y con una DMO-L más baja que las mujeres sin DM2 sin FV. Observamos una correlación negativa entre la edad y la DMO-L (r= -0.463) en mujeres sin DM2 y FV, pero no en DM2 con FV. La DM2 fue un factor de riesgo para FV prevalente con un OR 3.540 (IC95% 1.750-7.160). Conclusión. Nuestro estudio demostró una mayor prevalencia de DM2 en el grupo de FV. Las mujeres con DM2 y FV eran más jóvenes y tenían mayor DMO-L que las mujeres sin DM2, la DMO-L no correlacionó con la edad y las FV no se distribuyeron de acuerdo a la DMO-L y edad. (AU)

Use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and urinary tract infections in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review

SUMMARY Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are drugs that act by maintaining glycosuria. Recent studies have shown promising effects of these in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). However, there may be an increased risk of developing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients treated with these. Our study aims to analyze the association between the risk of UTI in patients treated with SGLT2i. A systematic review of the literature was carried out by randomized clinical trials, totalizing at the end of the selection 23 articles that were statistically evaluated. The incidence of UTI was generally demonstrated in articles and in different subgroups: patients on SGLT2i monotherapy or on combination therapy; according to specific comorbidities of each sample or according to the drug used. They noticed an increase in the chance of UTI in the SGLT2i groups compared to the control groups on placebo or other oral antidiabetic agents. This increased chance was found predominantly with the use of Dapagliflozin, Canagliflozin, and Tofogliflozin, regardless of the dosing. Lastly, stands out that the dimension of UTI chances for DM2 patients who use SGLT2i remains to be more strictly determined.

RESUMO Os inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose do tipo 2 (SGLT2i) são medicamentos que atuam mantendo a glicosúria. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado efeitos promissores desses no tratamento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). No entanto, pode haver um risco aumentado de desenvolver infecções do trato urinário (UTI) em pacientes tratados com essa classe de medicação. Nosso estudo tem como objetivo analisar a associação entre o risco de desenvolver UTI em pacientes tratados com SGLT2i. Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi realizada por ensaios clínicos randomizados, totalizando, ao final da seleção, 23 artigos que foram avaliados estatisticamente. A incidência de UTI foi demonstrada genericamente de acordo com os dados dos artigos e em diferentes subgrupos: pacientes em monoterapia com SGLT2i ou em terapia combinada, de acordo com as comorbidades específicas de cada amostra ou de acordo com a droga utilizada. Verificou-se um aumento na chance de UTI nos grupos SGLT2i em comparação com os grupos de controle em placebo ou outros agentes antidiabéticos orais. Essa chance aumentada foi encontrada predominantemente com uso de Dapagliflozina, Canagliflozina e Tofoglifozina, independentemente da dosagem. Por fim, ressaltou-se que as chances de UTI em pacientes com DM2 em uso de SGLT2i ainda precisam ser mais bem determinadas.