الملخص
ABSTRACT Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the safety of single intravitreal injection of each of two concentrations of 0.1 ml of sunitinib (1 and 10 mg/ml), 0.1 ml of a drug-free dispersion containing solid lipid nanoparticles, and 0.1 ml of a drug-free dispersion containing polymeric nanocapsules for analyzing the possible toxic effects using electrophysiology and histology in albino rabbit retina. Methods: We conducted an experimental controlled study of 20 eyes of albino rabbits. Intravitreal injections of each specific agent were applied to one eye per rabbit in each 5-rabbit group, while the contralateral eyes received no treatment and were used as controls. Results: We noted no electroretinographic changes in the sunitinib (1 and 10 mg/ml) or in solid lipid nanoparticles groups. However, we observed significant abnormalities in ocular morphology and in the electroretinogram in the nanocapsules group. At the histological level, only the nanocapsules group demonstrated abnormal changes, including severe edema and cytoplasmic vacuole formation. Conclusions: While nanocapsules intravitreal injections indicated retinal toxic effects, sunitinib and solid lipid nanoparticles intravitreal injections were not toxic to the retina. Our results suggest that a sunitinib preparation with solid lipid nanoparticles for controlled release may offer a significant therapeutic approach for vasoproliferative ocular disease.
RESUMO Objetivos: O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a segurança da injeção intravítrea de 0,1 ml de sunitinibe em duas concentrações (1 mg/ml e 10 mg/ml), 0,1 ml de dispersão contendo nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas sem droga e 0,1 ml de dispersão contendo nanocápsulas poliméricas livre de drogas analisando os possíveis efeitos tóxicos à retina de coelhos albinos detectados pela eletrofisiologia e histologia por microscopia óptica. Métodos: Um estudo controlado experimental foi realizado com 20 olhos de coelhos albinos. Foram realizadas injeções intravítrea de duas concentrações diferentes de sunitinibe, uma dispersão contendo nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas e uma dispersão contendo nanocápsulas. O olho contralateral não recebeu tratamento e foi utilizado como controle. Resultados: Não foram observadas alterações eletrorretinográficas nos grupos do sunitinibe (1 mg/ml e 10 mg/ml) e no grupo das nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas. No grupo das nanocápsulas, houve alterações significativas tanto na morfologia, quanto na amplitude e tempo das ondas do eletrorretinograma. Ao estudo histológico, somente o grupo das nanocápsulas apresentou alterações degenerativas (núcleos tumefeitos) com acentuado edema e formação de vacúolos citoplasmáticos, sugerindo toxidade retiniana. Conclusões: As injeções intravítreas de sunitinibe e nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas não foram tóxicas para a retina. No entanto, nanocápsulas mostraram ser tóxicas para a retina. Sendo assim, a possibilidade de poder combinar o potencial de uma droga que possui a capacidade de inibir duas importantes vias da angiogênese, às vantagens de liberação controlada das nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas, pode ser um importante recurso terapêutico para doenças vasoproliferativas oculares.
الموضوعات
Animals , Rats , Retina/drug effects , Vitreous Body/drug effects , Intravitreal Injections , Sunitinib/pharmacology , Electroretinography , Nanocapsules , Nanoparticlesالملخص
OBJECTIVE@#To determine whether chloroquine (CQ), an often used inhibitor of late autophagy and autophagosome/lyosome fusion, can inhibit proliferation of renal carcinoma cells and investigate its effect on sunitinib (ST)-induced apoptosis.@*METHODS@#Renal carcinoma cell line 786 O and ACHN had been used as cellular model and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) assay was carried out to detect the cell viability in response to CQ or ST treatment. Both transmission electron microscope and immunoblotting had been employed to observe apoptotic and autophagic process. To examine the involvement of autophagy in ST-dependent apoptosis, autophagy had been inhibited either chemically or genetically via utilizing autophagy inhibitor or specific small interference RNA (siRNA) targeted to either Ulk1 (unc-51-like kinase 1) or LC3 (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 fusion protein), two essential autophagic proteins.@*RESULTS@#Both ST and CQ induced cell viability loss, indicating that either of them could inhibit renal cancer cell proliferation. Clone formation experiments confirmed the aforementioned results. Furthermore, the combined ST with CQ synergistically promoted the loss of cell viability. By transmission electron microscopy and immunoblotting, we found that the ST induced both autophagy and caspase-dependent apoptosis. While 3-MA, an early autophagy inhibitor, reduced the ST-induced cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a substrate of caspase 3/7 and often used marker of caspase-dependent apoptosis, CQ promoted the ST-dependent PARP-1 cleavage, indicating that the early and late autophagy functioned differentially on the ST-activated apoptotic process. Moreover, the knock down of either Ulk1 or LC3 decreased the ST-caused apoptosis.Interestingly, we observed that rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and an inducer of autophagy, also showed to inhibit cell viability and increased the cleavage of PARP-1 in the ST-treated cells, suggesting that autophagy was likely to play a dual role in the regulation of the ST-induced apoptosis.@*CONCLUSION@#ST activates both apoptotic and autophagic process in renal carcinoma cells. Although autophagy precedes the ST-induced apoptosis, however, early and late autophagy functions differentially on the apoptotic process induced by this compound. Additionally, ST can coordinate with the inducer of autophagy to inhibit the cell proliferation. Further research in this direction will let us illuminate to utilize CQ as a potential drug in the treatment of renal carcinoma.
الموضوعات
Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Autophagy/drug effects , Caspases , Cell Line, Tumor , Chloroquine/pharmacology , Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy , Sunitinib/pharmacologyالملخص
En el 40% de los casos de carcinoma de células renales (CCR) se desarrollan metástasis después de la nefrectomía. En estadios avanzados la sobrevida es baja y los pacientes no siempre responden a la terapia actual con inhibidores de tirosinas quinasas (TKI). Con el propósito de encontrar nuevas dianas terapéuticas estudiamos 20 casos de CCR. Se observó una mayor frecuencia en hombres (60%) y en cuanto al grupo etario, un alto porcentaje de los estudiados fueron adultos jóvenes (40%). Solamente los pacientes en estadio IV recibieron tratamiento con TKI (Sunitinib). Por inmunohistoquímica se observó que ErbB-2 de membrana se expresó en el 40% de los CCR Células Claras. Se plantea la hipótesis que, este oncogén podría servir como diana terapéutica en nuestra población