الملخص
BACKGROUND@#Currently, a significant number of miners are involved in mining operations at the Gejiu tin mine in Yunnan. This occupational setting is associated with exposure to dust particles, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and radioactive radon, thereby significantly elevating the risk of lung cancer. This study aims to investigate the involvement of leptin-mediated extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in the malignant transformation of rat alveolar type II epithelial cells induced by Yunnan tin mine dust.@*METHODS@#Immortalized rat alveolar cells type II (RLE-6TN) cells were infected with Yunnan tin mine dust at a concentration of 200 μg/mL for nine consecutive generations to establish the infected cell model, which was named R₂₀₀ cells. The cells were cultured normally, named as R cells. The expression of leptin receptor in both cell groups was detected using the Western blot method. The optimal concentration of leptin and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor (U0126) on R₂₀₀ cells was determined using the MTT method. Starting from the 20th generation, the cells in the R group were co-cultured with leptin, while the cells in the R₂₀₀ group were co-cultured with the MEK inhibitor U0126. The morphological alterations of the cells in each group were visualized utilizing hematoxylin-eosin staining. Additionally, concanavalin A (ConA) was utilized to detect any morphological differences, and an anchorage-independent growth assay was conducted to assess the malignant transformation of the cells. The changes in the ERK signaling pathway in epithelial cells after the action of leptin were detected using the Western blot method.@*RESULTS@#Both the cells in the R group and R₂₀₀ group express leptin receptor OB-R. Compared to the R₂₀₀ group, the concentration of leptin at 100 ng/mL shows the most significant pro-proliferation effect. The proliferation of R₂₀₀ cells infected with the virus is inhibited by 30 μmol/L U0126, and a statistically significant divergence was seen when compared to the control group (P<0.05). Starting from the 25th generation, the cell morphology of the leptin-induced R₂₀₀ group (R₂₀₀L group) underwent changes, leading to malignant transformation observed at the 30th generation. The characteristics of malignant transformation became evident by the 40th generation in the R₂₀₀L group. In contrast, the other groups showed agglutination of P40 cells, and the speed of cell aggregation increased with an increase in ConA concentration. Notably, the R₂₀₀L group exhibited faster cell aggregation compared to the U0126-induced R₂₀₀ (R₂₀₀LU) group. Additionally, the cells in the R₂₀₀L group were capable of forming clones starting from P30, with a colony formation rate of 2.25‰±0.5‰. However, no clonal colonies were observed in the R₂₀₀LU group and R₂₀₀ group. The expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) was enhanced in cells of the R₂₀₀L group. However, when the cells in the R₂₀₀L group were treated with U0126, a blocking agent, the phosphorylation level of pERK decreased.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Leptin can promote the malignant transformation of lung epithelial cells infected by mine dust, and the ERK signaling pathway may be necessary for the transformation of alveolar type II epithelial cells induced by Yunnan tin mine dust.
الموضوعات
Rats , Animals , Alveolar Epithelial Cells/pathology , Dust , Tin/adverse effects , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Leptin/adverse effects , Receptors, Leptin , China , Signal Transduction , Epithelial Cells/pathology , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/adverse effectsالملخص
O desgaste erosivo tem sido reconhecido como uma condição frequente nos últimos anos, principalmente devido a mudanças nos hábitos alimentares e comportamentais das populações em geral. Considerando a natureza irreversível desta condição, o diagnóstico precoce e a adoção de medidas preventivas são muito importantes. Dentre elas, a adição de polímeros a produtos de higiene bucal associados ou não a fluoretos apresenta-se como uma alternativa promissora, já que alguns polímeros apresentam compatibilidade com as estruturas dentais e capacidade de formação de um filme protetor. Este estudo foi subdivido em três artigos que visaram, através de diferentes abordagens, investigar o efeito anti- erosivo de polímeros formadores de filme, bem como o efeito da associação destes com fluoretos. O primeiro artigo consistiu em uma revisão da literatura sobre aspectos relacionados ao potencial de utilização dos polímeros para a prevenção da erosão dental. O segundo artigo consistiu em um estudo de varredura para verificar a capacidade de redução da dissolução da hidroxiapatita promovida por soluções contendo quatro polímeros (polioxirano, hidroxipropilmetilcelulose, pectina e um copolímero do polimetacrilato) associadas ou não com fluoreto de sódio -F (225 ppm F- ) e fluoreto de sódio + cloreto de estanho (800 ppm Sn2+) - FS. A mensuração do potencial zeta da hidroxiapatita dispersa tratada com as soluções experimentais foi realizada a fim de complementar a análise. O terceiro artigo consistiu em um estudo de ciclagem erosiva/reendurecedora na presença de película adquirida que se propôs a investigar o potencial de remineralização, potencial de proteção, a perda superficial e a tensão superficial do esmalte após o tratamento com as soluções contendo o copolímero do polimetacrilato. Concluiu- se que a utilização de polímeros formadores de filme, associados ou não a fluoretos, constitui uma abordagem promissora para prevenção da erosão dental. Dentre os polímeros investigados, o copolímero do polimetacrilato é um promissor agente para ser adicionado à produtos de higiene bucal visando a prevenção dos desgastes erosivos(AU)
Erosive wear has been recognized as a frequent condition in recent years, mainly due to changes in the dietary and behavioral habits of the general population. Considering the irreversible nature of this condition, early diagnosis and the adoption of preventive measures are very important. Among them, the addition of polymers to oral care products associated or not with fluorides is a promising alternative, as some polymers have compatibility with dental structures and ability to form a protective film. This study was subdivided into three articles that aimed, through different approaches, to investigate the anti-erosive effect of film- forming polymers, as well as the effect of their association with fluorides. The first article consisted of a literature review about aspects related to the potential use of polymers to prevent dental erosion. The second article consisted of a scanning study to verify the ability to decrease the hydroxyapatite dissolution promoted by solutions containing four polymers (polyoxyrane, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, pectin and a polymethacrylate copolymer) associated or not with sodium fluoride -F (225 ppm F- ) and sodium fluoride + tin chloride (800 ppm Sn2+ ) -FS. Measurement of the zeta potential of dispersed hydroxyapatite treated with experimental solutions was performed to complement the analysis. The third article consisted of an erosive/rehardening cycling study in the presence of acquired pellicle that aimed to investigate remineralization potential, protection potential, surface loss and surface tension of the enamel after treatment with solutions containing the polymethacrylate. It was concluded that the use of film- forming polymers, associated or not with fluorides, is a promising approach for the prevention of dental erosion. Among the polymers investigated, the polymethacrylate copolymer is a promising agent to be added to oral hygiene products to prevent erosive wear(AU)
الموضوعات
Tooth Erosion/complications , Polymers/administration & dosage , Sodium Fluoride/adverse effects , Tin/adverse effects , Dental Enamel/injuriesالملخص
O estanho (Sn) é um elemento natural na crosta terrestre obtido a partir do minério cassiterita. Devido à sua utilização em processos industriais, é encontrado distribuído pelo ambiente, e sendo um potencial contaminante. Na natureza, aparece nas formas inorgânicas e orgânicas, e quanto menor a cadeia orgânica associada ao metal, maior toxicidade do composto. Compostos organoestânicos de cadeia curta, como trimetil e trietil Sn, são bem absorvidos no trato gastrointestinal. Compostos organoestânicos podem penetrar nas membranas celulares, causando danos celulares e nas mitocôndrias, e ainda interromper a fosforilação oxidativa. Desta forma, podem ser imuno e genotóxicos. O interesse na especiação dos compostos de Sn é devido à toxicidade ser dependente da espécie. O plasma sanguíneo contém a fração biodisponível do analito e pode intermediar a predição de algumas formas de toxicidade crônica. No entanto, há poucos trabalhos sobre como o Sn se encontra no plasma. Portanto, a caracterização dos constituintes que se ligam e / ou transportam esse elemento ajustam na compreensão de seu metabolismo, elucidação dos mecanismos de toxicidade, uma melhor compreensão da distribuição de Sn na célula e sua de posição nos tecidos. Neste estudo, foi desenvolvido um método analítico para separação das espécies de Sn no plasma sanguíneo de trabalhadores que beneficiam o minério de cassiterita, através de cromatografia líquida por filtração em gel, enquanto a concentração do Sn nas frações coletadas foi determinada por espectrometria de absorção atômica por forno de grafite. O uso de Sepharose CL-4B, uma coluna com altura de 1 m, fase móvel de 50 milimolares (mM) Tris-HCl + 30 mM NaHCO3, pH 7,4, fluxo de 0,7 militros por minuto (ml min-1), volumes de plasma injetado e frações coletadas iguais a 2 ml cada,apresentou melhor separação das proteínas, com o aparecimento de três picos...
Tin is a natural element in the earth's crust and is obtained from cassiterite ores. Owing to their wide use in industrial processes, tin is relatively distributed in the environment. In nature, it occurs in both inorganic and organic forms and shorter organic chainassociated to the metal, higher the toxicity of the compound. Short-chain organotin compounds such as trimethyl and triethyl tin are well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Organotin compounds can penetrate cell membranes causing damage to cell andmitochondria, as well as interrupt oxidative phosphorylation. Thus organic compounds can be immunotoxic and genotoxic. The interest on speciation of the organotin compounds is due to species-dependent toxicity. The blood plasma contains the bioavailable fraction of the analyte and can mediate the prediction of some forms ofchronic toxicity. However, very few species of tin existing in the plasma are known. Therefore, the characterization of the constituents that bind to and / or transporting the element of interest is critical to full understanding of metabolism, elucidation of themechanisms of toxicity, a better understanding of the distribution of tin in the cell and its deposition in tissues. In this study, we developed an analytical method for theseparation of tin species in blood plasma using gel filtration liquid chromatography while tin concentration in the collected fractions was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The use of Sepharose CL-4B, height of 1 m, mobilephase of 50mM Tris-HCl + 30mM NaHCO3, pH 7,4, flow 0,7 ml min-1, fractions collected volume of 2 ml, plasma injected volume of 2 ml, showed the best protein separation with three peaks. For the determination of tin, pyrolisis and atomization...
الموضوعات
Humans , Environmental Exposure , Environmental Monitoring , Tin/analysis , Tin/adverse effects , Tin/blood , Tin/toxicity , Occupational Exposure , Public Health , Mining , Occupational Healthالملخص
O estanho é um agente químico de uso amplamente difundido nos mais diferentes setores da atividade humana, podendo ser encontrado, por exemplo, em preparações biocidas; como conservante em refrigerantes; na composição de cremes dentais e enxagüantes orais (como veiculador de flúor); como agente anticorrosivo na cobertura de outros metais em embalagens metálicas contendo alimentos e na pigmentação de tintas especiais. Na forma de cloreto estanoso (SnCl2), este agente é utilizado como agente redutor do Tecnécio 99m para a obtenção de radiofármacos e outras moléculas de interesse biológico. Uma vez que a literatura apresenta vários efeitos biológicos indesejáveis atribuídos ao SnCl2, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a sua atividade genotóxica, bem como a ação antioxidante de algumas substâncias naturais (cartilagem e boldina), através do bloqueio das lesões produzidas por este sal em plasmídeos e células bacterianas, com o fim de estudar a ação do íon estanoso sobre o DNA. O emprego das técnicas de análise de sobrevivência bacteriana, capacidade transformante, eletroforese em gel de agarose, espectrofotometria de luz ultravioleta e de absorção atômica, reveram que: i) O cloreto estanoso provoca lesões, mediadas pela produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio, tanto in vivo quanto in vitro; ii) os danos induzidos pelo SnCl2 provocam diminuição da capacidade transformante do plamídeo pUC9.1; iii) o número de lesões formadas no DNS é diretamente proporcional ao tempo de incubação com SnCl2; iv)o íon estanoso é capaz de se associar à molécula de DNA, induzindo a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio próximo ao local de ligação, promovendo modificações na estrutura da macromolécula; v) essa associação parece acarretar um ataque preferencial às bases nitrogenadas, fato que poderia estar associado a uma potencialidade mutagênica do estanho
الموضوعات
Organotin Compounds/adverse effects , DNA , Reactive Oxygen Species , Free Radicals/adverse effects , Hydroxyl Radical/adverse effects , Nitric Oxide/adverse effects , Hydrogen Peroxide/adverse effects , Superoxides/adverse effects , Tin Compounds/adverse effects , Tin/adverse effectsالملخص
Soldering is a principal operation in electronics andrelated industries. Lead tin alloy is used as a soft solder. In such processes, a flux is added to this alloy to clean and dry the solded surface. The flux used in this operation is fluorspar [calcium fluoride]. Solderers were exposed to the fumes of lead, tin as well as fluorine gas and oxygen fluorides. The results showed that solderers [n=67] were symptomatizing fromneurological [43.3%], musculoskeletal [32.8%] and gastro intestinal [13.4%] manifestations consistent with chronic lead poisoning. Respiratory symptoms in the form of tightness of the chest on exposure [19.4%] and chronic bronchitis [6%] could be due to inhalation of oxides of fluorine as well as isocyanates liberated from heating fluorspar an polyurethane coating of solded wires, respectively. The eye and nose irritation might be also caused by such irritant gases. Skin manifestations in the form of falling hair, alopecia areata and pruritus could be due to exposure of the skin to these irritant gases as well as possible psychic stress. Pallorand hypertension [16.4%and13.4%, respectively] as well as neurological signs [10.4%] are mostly related to lead poisoning. Cases with chest tightness showed 10-21.4% reduction in FEV1 value from the basic level confirming the diagnosis of occupational asthma in those cases