Factores etiopatogénicos de maloclusión: el factor dentario en la organización de la oclusión. Parte III / Etiopathogenic factors of malocclusion: the dental effect in occlusal organization. Part III

Esta publicación es la última de una serie de tres, dirigida a la organización de la oclusión, en el marco de un enfoque sistémico. En las anteriores fueron desarrollados los temas referidos al espacio en los arcos dentarios restando analizar, entonces, aspectos de la erupción dentaria. Al respecto, se sintetizarán conceptos de la evolución deseable desde el origen de los folículos dentarios hasta su inclusión en el arco y contacto con el antagonista y se presentarán ejemplos de alteraciones ordenadas según el avance biológico de la dentición (AU)

This publication is the last in a series of three, aimed at the organization of occlusion, within the framework of a systemic approach. In the previous ones, the topics related to the space in the dental arches were developed, leaving to analyze, then, aspects of the dental eruption. In this regard, concepts of the desirable evolution from the origin of the dental follicles to their inclusion in the arch and contact with the antagonist will be synthesized, and examples of alterations ordered according to the biological progress of the dentition will be presented (AU)

Odontomas: un reto para el tratamiento interdisciplinario del paciente de ortodoncia / Odontomas: a challenge for the interdisciplinary treatment of the orthodontic patient

El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir las técnicas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de 3 casos clínicos de odontoma en pacientes ortodóncicos. En el caso 1, se trató a un paciente masculino de 17 años, que acudió para interconsulta con el servicio de ortodoncia, ya que no había erupcionado el canino superior izquierdo y el primer premolar superior izquierdo. El estudio anatomopatológico reveló odontoma complejo con áreas pindborgoides y acumulación de células fantasma. En al caso 2 se trató a un paciente femenino de 15 años. El estudio anatomopatológico reveló odontoma complejo. En el caso 3, se trató a un paciente masculino de 28 años que acudió a rehabilitación integral de su boca, y fue derivado a la cátedra de ortodoncia. En la radiografía panorámica se observó una imagen compatible con odontoma. Se remitió una muestra a anatomía patológica que confirmó el diagnóstico de odontoma. Conclusión: el conocimiento adecuado de las características clínicas, radiológicas y patológicas es necesario para un correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento. Es importante el trabajo interdisciplinario ortodoncista - cirujano para tratar estos casos (AU)

The objective of this work is to describe the techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of 3 clinical cases of odontoma in orthodontic patients. In case 1, a 17-year-old male patient was treated who came for consultation with the orthodontic service, since the upper left canine and the upper left first premolar had not erupted. Pathological study revealed complex odontoma with pindborgoid areas and accumulation of ghost cells. In case 2, a 15-year-old female patient was treated. The anatomopathological study revealed a complex odontoma. In case 3, a 28-year-old male patient was treated who attended comprehensive rehabilitation of his mouth and was referred to the orthodontic department. In the panoramic radiography, an image compatible with odontoma was observed. A sample was sent to pathological anatomy, which confirmed the diagnosis of odontoma. Conclusion: Adequate knowledge of the clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics is necessary for a correct diagnosis and treatment. Interdisciplinary orthodontist-surgeon work is important to treat these cases (AU)

Correlación entre el Diagnóstico Clínico y Radiográfico de Sujetos Adultos con Erupción Pasiva Alterada / Correlation Between Clinical and Radiographic Diagnosis of Adult Subjects with Altered Passive Eruption

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la correlación entre el diagnóstico clínico y radiográfico de sujetos adultos con erupción pasiva alterada. La muestra estuvo conformada por los incisivos centrales del cuadrante I de 30 sujetos adultos. Se registraron 2 mediciones clínicas: longitud de corona clínica y distancia del margen gingival (MG) a la unión cemento esmalte (UCE); y 2 mediciones radiográficas: longitud de corona anatómica y distancia del MG-UCE. Para diagnosticar EPA, se comparó el promedio de la resta entre corona anatómica y corona clínica; con el valor hipotético ( ³ 2,5 mm según Zucchelli). La muestra estuvo conformada por: 36,7 % incisivos de sujetos de sexo masculino y 63,3 % de sexo femenino; con la edad media de 25,17 años. Clínicamente, se obtuvo la media de 8,5 mm para longitud de corona clínica y 2,267 mm para sondaje MG-UCE. Radiográficamente, se obtuvo la media de 10,767 mm para longitud de la corona radiográfica y 2,47 mm para MG-UCE. Según la Rho de Spearman, el sondaje MG-UCE (clínico) con MG-UCE (radiográfico) no muestra una correlación estadísticamente significativa (p=0,227), sin embargo, al comparar la media (2,48 mm) con el valor hipotético (³2,5 mm) según la prueba t de una muestra, se determina que no existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,864) entre ambos resultados. La radiografía con técnica paralela de Zucchelli es una excelente alternativa para un adecuado diagnóstico diferencial de la erupción pasiva alterada; de manera simple, económica y reproducible para el beneficio de clínicos y pacientes.

The aim of the study was to determine the correlation between the clinical and radiographic diagnosis of adult subjects with altered passive eruption. The population consisted of the central incisors of quadrant I of 30 adult subjects. Two clinical measurements were recorded: length of clinical crown and distance from the gingival margin (GM) to the cementum enamel junction (CEJ); and 2 radiographic measurements: length of anatomical crown and distance from the GM-CEJ. To diagnose APE, the average of the subtraction between anatomical crown and clinical crown was compared; with the hypothetical value (³ 2.5 mm according to Zucchelli). The population were: 36.7 % incisors of male subjects and 63.3 % female; with the average age of 25.17 years. Clinically, the average was 8.5 mm for clinical crown length and 2,267 mm for GM-CEJ probing. Radiographically, the average 10.767 mm was obtained for the length of the radiographic crown and 2.47 mm for GM- CEJ. According to Spearman's Rho, the GM-CEJ (clinical) probing with GM-CEJ (radiographic) does not show a statistically significant correlation (p = 0.227), however, when comparing the average (2.48 mm) with the hypothetical value (³ 2.5 mm) according to the t-test of a sample, it is determined that there is no statistically significant difference (p = 0.864) between both results. The radiography with Zucchelli technique is an excellent alternative for an adequate differential diagnosis of altered passive eruption; in a simple, economical and reproducible way for the benefit of clinicians and patients.

Impactación Canina Maxilar y Reabsorción Radicular de Dientes Adyacentes: Un Análisis a Través de Tomografía Computarizada Cone-Beam / Canine Maxillary Impaction and Root Resorption of Adjacent Teeth: An Analysis through Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Analysis

RESUMEN: Uno de los problemas con mayores consecuencias tanto estéticas como funcionales en ortodoncia es la impactación de caninos maxilares (ICM) siendo principal motivo de reabsorciones radiculares de dientes adyacentes. Actualmente se carece de estudios que describan la reabsorción radicular por ICM a través de tomografía computarizada conebeam (TCCB) en la población chilena. El objetivo del estudio fue describir a pacientes entre 8 a 18 años, que presentan ICM (o riesgo de ella), tanto en las características de la impactación canina como en la reabsorción radicular presentada en incisivos laterales (IL) y en otros dientes adyacentes. En este estudio retrospectivo, 135 datos de TCCB fueron seleccionados por conveniencia, de los cuales 181 caninos presentaron ICM. Fueron analizadas las variables edad, sexo, tipo de ICM (unilateral o bilateral), localización bucolingual (vestibular o palatino), lado de impactación (derecho o izquierdo), reabsorción radicular en el incisivo lateral y registro de el o los dientes anexos afectados por reabsorción radicular (incisivo central y/o premolares). Además en el caso de reabsorción de IL fue analizada la reabsorción tridimensionalmente a través de la ThreeDimensional Leeds Orthodontic Root Resorption Target Scale (3D-LORTS). La ICM en la muestra seleccionada tuvo una edad promedio de 12 años, una relación por sexo mujeres:hombres de 1,5:1, frecuentemente de tipo unilateral, en el lado derecho y una localización bucolingual palatina (64,1 %) por sobre la vestibular (35,9 %). La reabsorción radicular alcanzó un 35,9 %, de la cual un 27,6 % involucró a IL y un 8,3 % en dientes anexos adyacentes. En cuanto a la distribución tridimensional de la reabsorción radicular, la más frecuente involucró el tercio apical (60 %), con compromiso pulpar o severo (40 %), involucrando solo una cara, la palatina (54 %). Ninguna de las variables anteriores consideradas, demostró diferencias estadísticas con la reabsorción radicular de incisivos laterales.

ABSTRACT: One of the problems with greatest aesthetic and functional consequences in orthodontics is the Impaction of Maxillary Canines (ICM) being the main reason for root resorption of the adjacent teeth. Currently there are no studies describing root resorption by ICM through cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the Chilean population. The main objective of the study was to describe patients between 8 and 18 years old, who presented with ICM (or risk thereof), with the characteristics of canine impaction as well as root resorption presented in lateral incisors (IL) and in other adjacent teeth. In this retrospective study, 135 CBCT subjects were selected for convenience, of which 181 canines presented ICM. The variables were analyzed: age, sex, type of ICM (unilateral or bilateral), buccolingual location (vestibular or palatal), side of impaction (right or left), root resorption in the lateral incisor and registration of adjacent teeth affected by resorption radicular (central incisor and/or premolars). In addition, when reabsorption of IL was observed, three-dimensional analysis was made using the Three-Dimensional Leeds Orthodontic Root Resorption Target Scale (3D-LORTS). The ICM in the selected sample had an average age of 12 years, a ratio by sex of women:men of 1.5:1, frequently of unilateral type, on the right side and with palatine buccolingual location (64.1 %) above the vestibular (35.9 %). Root resorption reached 35.9 %, of which 27.6 % presented in the IL and 8.3 % in adjacent teeth. Regarding the three-dimensional distribution of root resorption, the most frequent involved the apical third (60 %), with pulpal or severe damage (40 %), in only one location, the palatine (54 %). None of the above variables considered showed statistical differences with the root resorption of lateral incisors.

Analysis of Estrogen Effects on Eruption of Rat Molars / Análisis de los Efectos del Estrógeno en la Erupción de Molares de Rata

ABSTRACT: Tooth eruption requires resorption of the alveolar bone interposed between the tooth germ and the oral mucosa (coronal bone). The cells responsible for bone resorption are the osteoclasts and their activity can be reduced or inactivated by estrogen hormone. We aimed to investigate the effects of estrogen on the process of tooth eruption in rats. Thirty-three Wistar rats, aged two-to-17-days, were divided into control, sham and estrogen-treated groups. After daily injections with estrogen, the animals were euthanized and the jaws removed and processed for histological analysis. We performed clinical examination, morphological analysis, quantification of the number of osteoclasts on the surface of the coronal bone and immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen receptor type alpha (ERα). Estrogen therapy was effective, which could be confirmed by the higher estrogen plasma levels on treated animals. However, it had no effect on tooth development or tooth eruption. Progressive bone resorption was observed and the number of osteoclasts on coronal bone was not affected on hormoneinjected animals, allowing tooth to erupt at the same time observed in untreated animals. Immunohistochemistry for ERα confirmed the presence of this type of receptor in osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Taken together, our results showed that estrogen stimulation was not sufficient to decrease the number of osteoclasts on the coronal bone, supporting the idea that, although estrogen may have a protective activity on bone resorption, this may not apply to the alveolar bone that is meant to be resorbed during eruptive process.

RESUMEN: La erupción dental requiere la resorción del hueso alveolar interpuesto entre el germen dental y la mucosa oral (hueso coronal). Las células responsables de la resorción ósea son los osteoclastos y su actividad puede reducirse o inactivarse por la hormona del estrógeno. Objetivos: apuntamos a investigar los efectos del estrógeno en el proceso de la erupción dental en ratas. Treinta y tres ratas Wistar, de dos a 17 días de edad, se dividieron en grupos de control, Sham y se trataron con estrógenos. Los animales fueron eutanizados después del tratamento con estrógeno y se procesaron las mandíbulas para el análisis histológico. Se realizó el examen clínico, el análisis morfológico, la cuantificación del número de osteoclastos en la superficie del hueso coronal y el análisis inmunohistoquímico del tipo de receptor de estrógeno alfa (ERα). La terapia de estrógeno fue eficaz, lo que podría ser confirmado por los niveles plasmáticos más altos de estrógeno en los animales tratados. Sin embargo, no se observó ningún efecto sobre el desarrollo de los dientes o la erupción dental. Se observó una resorción ósea progresiva y el número de osteoclastos en el hueso coronal no se vio afectado en los animales inyectados con hormonas, permitiendo que el diente erupcionó durante el mismo período de tiempo observado en animales no tratados. La inmunohistoquímica para el ERα confirmó la presencia de este tipo de receptor en los osteoclastos, osteoblastos y osteocitos. Nuestros resultados mostraron que la estimulación del estrógeno no fue suficiente para reducir el número de osteoclastos en el hueso coronal confirmando que, si bien el estrógeno puede tener una actividad protectora en la resorción ósea, esto puede no se aplica al hueso alveolar que está destinado a ser rerecurrido durante el proceso eruptivo.

Clinical and x-ray oral evaluation in patients with congenital Zika Virus

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate possible malformations in the soft, bone and/or dental tissues in patients with congenital Zika Virus (ZIKV) by clinical and x-ray evaluation. Methodology: Thirty children born with ZIKV and 30 children born without ZIKV (control group) were included in the study. Patients were evaluated over 24 consecutive months according to the variables: sex, age, cleft palates, soft tissue lesions, alveolar ridge hyperplasia, short labial and lingual frenums, inadequate posture of the lingual and perioral muscles at rest, micrognathia, narrow palatine vaults, changes in the teeth shape and/or number, sequence eruption, spasms, seizures and eruption delay were evaluated. Chi-square test, Student's t-test and nominal logistic regression were used (p<0.05). Results: Among the 30 babies examined, the mean age of the first dental eruption was 10.8±3.8 with almost two-thirds of the children (n=18, 60%) experiencing eruptions of their first tooth after 9 months of age, nine children (30%) had inadequate lingual posture at rest, more than half of the children (n=18, 60%) had short labial or lingual frenums. ZIKV babies showed a high prevalence of clef palate (p<0.001), inadequate lingual posture at rest (p=0.004), micrognathia (p=0.002), changes in the shape and/or number of teeth (p=0.006), alteration in sequence of dental eruption (p<0.001) and muscles spasms (p=0.002). The delay eruption was associated with inadequate lingual posture at rest (p=0.047), micrognathia (p=0.002) and changes in the shape and/or number of teeth (p=0.021). The delayed eruption (p=0.006) and narrow palatine vaults (p=0.008) were independently associated with ZIKV. Moreover, female patients showed the most narrow palatine vaults (p=0.010). Conclusions: The children with ZIKV showed a greater tendency to have delayed eruption of the first deciduous tooth, inadequate lingual posture and short labial and lingual frenums.

Timing of permanent tooth emergence is associated with overweight/obesity in children from the amazon region

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between timing of permanent tooth emergence with overweight and obesity in children from Brazilian Amazon region. The studied population consisted of 192 children, 09 to 12 year-old, from public schools at Manaus, Amazonas-Brazil. Clinical examination was performed and the tooth emergence was evaluated according to the number of permanent erupted teeth. Body mass index z-score was calculated. For the statistical analysis 'Overweight/obese' group was compared with 'Normal weight' group in a case to control ratio 1:2. The t-test based on age was used for means comparison between the groups. A linear regression analysis using age and gender as co-variants was used. The established alpha was 5%. One hundred twenty-seven children were classified as normal weight and 65 were classified as overweight/obese (49 were overweight and 16 were obese). Overweight/obesity condition was associated with the gender, in which boys had a higher chance to present higher weight conditions (OR=1.84; CI 95% 1.06-3.37; p=0.04). The mean number of permanent teeth was higher in the overweight/obesity group (p<0.001). Linear regression analysis demonstrated that nutritional status, gender and age were strongly associated with number of permanent erupted teeth (p<0.05). In conclusion, our study demonstrated that timing of permanent tooth emergence is associated with overweigh/obesity in children from Manaus, Brazil.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a erupção dentária está associada com sobrepeso/obesidade em crianças da região Amazônica brasileira. A população estudada foi composta por 192 crianças, de 9 a 12 anos, de escolas públicas de Manaus, Amazonas-Brasil. O exame clínico foi realizado e a erupção dentária foi avaliada de acordo com o número de dentes permanentes irrompidos. O índice de massa corporal escore-z foi calculado. Para a análise estatística, comparou-se o grupo "sobrepeso / obesidade" com o grupo "peso normal" em uma proporção de controle 1: 2. O teste t baseado na idade foi utilizado para comparação das médias entre os grupos. Uma análise de regressão linear usando idade e sexo como co-variáveis foi utilizada. O alfa estabelecido foi de 5%. Cento e vinte e sete crianças foram classificadas com peso normal e 65 foram classificados com sobrepeso / obesidade (49 com sobrepeso e 16 com obesidade). A condição de sobrepeso / obesidade associou-se ao gênero, no qual os meninos tiveram maior chance de apresentar condições de maior peso (OR = 1,84; IC 95% 1,06-3,37; p = 0,04). O número médio de dentes permanentes irrompidos foi maior no grupo sobrepeso / obesidade (p <0,001). A análise de regressão linear demonstrou que o estado nutricional, sexo e idade foram fortemente associados ao número de dentes permanentes irrompidos (p <0,05). Concluindo, nosso estudo demonstrou que o momento da erupção dos dentes permanentes é associado com sobrepeso / obesidade em crianças de Manaus, Brasil.

Factores de riesgo maternos y neonatales asociados al retardo de la dentición temporal / Maternal and neonatal risk factors associated with the temporary teething delay

Se realizó un estudio analítico, observacional, de casos y controles, en niños de los círculos infantiles Pétalos de Rosa y La Espiguita, pertenecientes al área de salud del Policlínico Docente Armando García Aspurú de Santiago de Cuba, durante el período de febrero de 2015 a marzo de 2016, con vistas a determinar los factores maternos y neonatales asociados al retraso en la aparición de dientes temporales. La población quedó conformada por 150 niños de 2do a 4to años de vida, de los cuales se tomaron 2 controles (N=100) por cada caso (N=50). En la serie se obtuvo asociación estadísticamente significativa de las variables estado nutricional de la madre, ganancia de peso de la madre, enfermedades maternas, lactancia materna y peso del niño al nacer, con la alteración del brote dentario temporal en los niños. Se recomendó realizar intervenciones educativas en los círculos infantiles y las comunidades para apoyar el trabajo del médico de la familia

An analytic, observational, of cases and controls study, in children from Pétalos de Rosa and La Espiguita day care centers, belonging to the health area of Armando García Aspurú Teaching Polyclinic was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, during February, 2015 to March, 2016, aimed at determining the maternal and neonatal factors associated with the delay in the emergence of the temporary teeth. The population was conformed by 150 children from 2nd to 4th years of life, from whom 2 controls were taken (N=100) for each case (N=50). In the series a statistically significant association of the variables mother's nutritional state, mother's weight gain, maternal diseases, breast feeding and child birth weight was obtained, with the disorder of the temporary teething eruption in the children. It was suggested to carry out educational interventions in the day care centers and communities to support the family doctor's work

Achados clínicos faciais em bebês com microcefalia / Facial clinical findings in babies with microcephal

A microcefalia pode ser definida como uma redução significante na circunferência ocipitofrontal da cabeça. Desta forma, ela é um achado clínico e não deve ser descrita como uma doença. Suas consequências são dependentes da área cerebral afetada. Sabendo que o crescimento facial é dependente do crescimento do crânio, supõem-se que a microcefalia também possa causar deformações faciais e distúrbios em funções como fonação, mastigação e deglutição. O Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Sergipe desenvolve um trabalho com bebês microcefálicos e proporciona atendimento multiprofissional para acompanhamento desses pacientes, a Odontologia foi incluída nesse grupo de trabalho a partir da iniciativa desse estudo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as funções orais de bebês diagnosticados com microcefalia em acompanhamento no Hospital Universitário de Sergipe. Achados clínicos de importante relevância foram descritos baseados no acompanhamento destes bebês. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as funções mais afetadas foram da deglutição, respiração, tonicidade muscular e erupção dentária. Conclui-se que devido à variabilidade e à imprevisibilidade das consequências da microcefalia, é imprescindível o acompanhamento preventivo odontológico destes casos.(AU)

Microcephaly can be defined as a significant reduction in the ocipitofrontal circumference of the head. In this way, it is a clinical finding and should not be described as a disease. Its consequences are dependent on the affected brain area. Knowing that facial growth is dependent on skull growth, it is assumed that microcephaly can also cause facial deformities and disturbances in functions such as phonation, chewing and swallowing. The University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe develops a work with microcephalic babies and sends multiprofessional care to follow up the patients, a dentistry was included in the work group from the initiative of the study. The present study had as objective to analyze as oral functions of babies diagnosed with microcephalus in follow-up, not Hospital Universitário de Sergipe. Clinical findings of major relevance have been reported in the follow-up of these infants. The results obtained are demonstrated as more affected functions such as swallowing, breathing, muscular tone and dental eruption. It is concluded that due to the variability and the unpredictability of the consequences of microcephaly, it is essential the dental preventive follow-up of these cases.(AU)

Cronología de la erupción dentaria permanente en nuestra población actual: correlación entre edad dental y edad cronológica en la población de la ciudad de La Plata / Chronology of permanent tooth eruption in our current population: correlation between dental age and chronological age in a population from La Plata city

La erupción dentaria es, indudablemente, un indicador de evolución biológica del organismo humano. Determinar la edad evolutiva del individuo puede tener particular valor, ya que no siempre la referencia a la cronología temporal es un recurso válido para interpretar el real estado de madurez de la persona. Son muchas las ramas de las ciencias médicas donde es muy importante lograr precisar la edad de una persona. La cronología de la erupción está condicionada por factores genéticos, como la raza y el sexo y a factores sociales y ambientales, como el estado nutricional, el tipo de alimentación y el clima. La población de la ciudad de La Plata y sus aledaños ha sufrido, en los últimos años, numerosos cambios, particularmente en su composición étnica y cultural. Biológicamente, la cruza de etnias puede haber incidido en la evolución de la cronología de la dentición, así como la modificación de determinadas costumbres alimentarias incorporadas. Existen tablas para evaluar el desarrollo del niño, basadas en parámetros clínicos unas y otras en parámetros radiográficos. Es importante conocer la concordancia o no entre las tablas basadas en los diferentes criterios de estudio. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la edad cronológica y dentaria de una población infantil de la ciudad de La Plata, como base de datos para el tratamiento clínico. Se analizaron 199 radiografías panorámicas de niños entre 5 y 12 años. Las radiografías se agruparon según las etapas propuestas por Duterloo. En cada uno de los grupos se estableció, para cada radiografía, la edad dentaria del individuo, comparándola con la edad cronológica. Se establecieron las coincidencias y diferencias entre los valores obtenidos. Los resultados de los datos observados a partir de la población infantil estudiada permiten inferir que la edad dentaria difiere significativamente de la edad cronológica (p<0.05).

The dental eruption is undoubtedly an indicator of the biological evolution of the human organism. Determining the evolutionary age of the individual may have particular value, since not always the reference to the temporal chronology is a valid resource to interpret the real state of maturity of the person. There are many branches of the medical sciences where it is very important to achieve the age of a person. The chronology of the eruption is conditioned by genetic factors such as race and sex and social and environmental factors, such as nutritional status, type of diet and climate. The population of the city of La Plata and its surroundings has suffered, in recent years, many changes, particularly in its ethnic and cultural composition. Biologically, the ethnic cross may have influenced the evolution of the chronology of the dentition, as well as the modification of certain embodied food customs. There are tables to evaluate the development of the child, based on clinical parameters on radiographic parameters. It is important to know the concordance or not between the tables based on the different study criteria. The objective of this study was to compare the chronological and dental age of a child population in the city of La Plata, as a database for clinical treatment. We analyzed 199 panoramic radiographs of children between 5 and 12 years old. The radiographs were grouped according to the stages proposed by Duterloo. In each of the groups, the individual's dental age was established for each radiograph, comparing it with chronological age. The coincidences and differences between the obtained values ​​were established. The results of the data observed from the studied child population allow us to infer that tooth age differs significantly from chronological age (p <0.05).

Odontopediatría y enfermedad celíaca: diagnóstico y tratmaiento de las lesiones bucales / Pediatric dentistry and celiac disease: diagnosis and treatment of the oral lesions

La enfermedad celíaca es una alteración de base inmunológica que puede presentarse en cualquier etapa de la vida. La causa es la intolerancia al gluten en aquellas personas predispuestas genéticamente. El diagnóstico precoz en niños permite adherir auna dieta libre de gluten y evitar consecuencias vinculadas con la enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo es orientar sobre las lesiones en tejidos blandos y duros de la cavidad bucal o retardo en la cronología de la erupción, que podrían asociarse a enfermedad celíaca (EC) y realizar la derivación oportuna al médico pediatra...

Prevalencia de variaciones cronológicas de la erupción dental de los incisivos centrales inferiores permanentes / Prevalence of variations in the chronology of permanent lower central incisors eruption

El desarrollo general del niño está asociado a la erupción dental. Los estudios epidemiológicos sobre la cronología de la erupción dental aportan información de las características de estas variaciones según la región o lugar donde se realice. La experiencia clínica ha demostrado que la población mexicana presenta patrones de erupción dental que no coinciden con los estándares establecidos. Objetivo:Estimar la prevalencia de variaciones cronológicas de la erupción de los incisivos centrales inferiores permanentes. Material y métodos: Estudio tipo observacional, transversal, descriptivo. Resultados: La muestra se conformó por 424 niños entre 5 y 9 años, siendo 203 (48 por ciento) hombres y 221 (52 por ciento) mujeres. Se observó un ligera ventaja de erupción dental en mujeres en comparación con hemiarcadas, no hubo cambios relevantes y en comparación con la tabla de Hurme se observó retraso en la edad de erupción dental. Conclusiones: El promedio de erupción dental está retrasado en nuestra población en comparación con la estudiada por Hurme. Para obtener resultados más generales y acordes con nuestra población es conveniente seguir realizando estudios más amplios en los que se considere: mayor población, ampliar el rango de edad y tomar en cuenta variables como estatura y peso. También es importante realizar tablas de cronología de erupción dental para niños mexicanos tomando como referencia los estudios realizados en otros países

There is a relation between children’s general development and tooth eruption. The information provided by epidemiological studies on the chronology of tooth eruption detail the characteristics of these variations according to the specific location or region where the study is conducted. Clinical experience has shown that Mexican population tooth eruption patterns do not match established standards. Objective:To estimate the prevalence of variations in the chronology of permanent lower-central incisor eruption. Material and methods: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study. results: The sample consisted of 424 children between 5 and 9 years old, 203 (48%) male and 221 (52%) female. The females observed a slightly more advanced eruption. No significant deviations were found in the comparison of hemi-arcades and a slight delay in eruption age compared to the Hurme table was observed. conclusions: Average tooth...

Manejo quirúrgico periodontal de la erupción pasiva alterada: reporte de casos / Periodontal surgical management of the altered passive eruption: case report

Cuando el tejido blando se posiciona excesivamente sobre las coronas anatómicas de los dientes, frecuentemente visto en adultos y que resulta en coronas clínicas cortas, es una condición que ha sido descrita en la literatura por diversos autores como ®erupción pasiva alterada¼. Se define como una relación dentogingival en la que el margen gingival se posiciona en la corona anatómica y no se aproxima a la unión cemento-esmalte debido a la alteración en los patrones de desarrollo y eruptivos de la unidad dentogingival. En este artículo se describe cómo la cirugía plástica periodontal puede remodelar el aparato de inserción, restablecer el espacio biológico adecuado, eliminar la exposición excesiva de la encía y exponer las dimensiones correctas de los dientes. En este reporte se presentan 3 casos de erupción pasiva alterada, abarcando su diagnóstico, clasificación clínica y tratamiento a través de cirugía periodontal para corregir las alteraciones estructurales y devolver la estética.

When the soft tissue is positioned excessively on anatomical crowns of teeth, frequently seen in adults and resulting in short clinical crowns, a condition has been described in the literature by several authors as "altered passive eruption". It is defined as a dentogingival relationship wherein the gingival margin is positioned coronally on the anatomic crown, and does not attach to the cement-enamel junction due to the disruption in the development and eruptive patterns of the dentogingival unit. This article describes how periodontal plastic surgery can remodel the attachment apparatus, re-establish the correct biological width, eliminate the excessive showing of gingiva, and expose the correct dimensions of teeth. In this report, 3 cases are presented of altered passive eruption, and includes the diagnosis, clinical staging and treatment through periodontal surgery to correct the structural and aesthetic appearance.

Orthodontic movement in deciduous teeth

Deciduous teeth exfoliate as a result of apoptosis induced by cementoblasts, a process that reveals the mineralized portion of the root while attracting clasts. Root resorption in deciduous teeth is slow due to lack of mediators necessary to speed it up; however, it accelerates and spreads in one single direction whenever a permanent tooth pericoronal follicle, rich in epithelial growth factor (EGF), or other bone resorption mediators come near. The latter are responsible for bone resorption during eruption, and deciduous teeth root resorption and exfoliation. Should deciduous teeth be subjected to orthodontic movement or anchorage, mediators local levels will increase. Thus, one should be fully aware that root resorption in deciduous teeth will speed up and exfoliation will early occur. Treatment planning involving deciduous teeth orthodontic movement and/or anchorage should consider: Are clinical benefits relevant enough as to be worth the risk of undergoing early inconvenient root resorption?.

O dente decíduo é esfoliado graças à apoptose em seus cementoblastos, que desnuda a parte mineralizada da raiz e atrai os clastos. A rizólise é lenta, pois faltam mediadores em quantidade para acelerar o processo, mas ela se acelera e unidireciona quando se aproxima um folículo pericoronário de dente permanente rico em EGF e outros mediadores da reabsorção óssea - os responsáveis pelas reabsorções óssea na erupção e dentária decídua na rizólise e esfoliação. Se houver movimentação ortodôntica ou ancoragem em dentes decíduos, aumenta-se, também, o nível local desses mesmos mediadores, devendo-se estar bem consciente de que haverá uma aceleração da rizólise e, em decorrência, uma antecipação de sua esfoliação. No planejamento de casos em que dentes decíduos estejam envolvidos na movimentação ortodôntica e/ou ancoragem, deve-se ponderar: o benefício clínico para o paciente será relevante, a ponto de valer o risco de uma rizólise abreviada e inconveniente?.

Custo-eficácia do uso de escova infantil com cerdas longas nas pontas associada à técnica de escovação anteroposterior comparada à escova de cerdas planas associada à técnica transversal no controle de lesões de cárie em molares permanentes em erupção - estudo clínico randomizado / Cost-efficacy of anteroposterior toothbrushing using a toothbrush with extra-long bristles in the tip vs. cross-toothbrushing using a toothbrush with bristles in the same plane- randomized and controlled clinical trial

Este estudo clínico randomizado teve por objetivo avaliar se a escovação anteroposterior com escova de cerdas longas nas pontas (modo teste) foi mais custo-eficaz do que a técnica de escovação transversal com escovas de cerdas retas (modo controle) no controle de lesões de cárie na superfície oclusal de molares permanentes em erupção. Cento e quarenta participantes (66 crianças e 74 adolescentes) foram aleatoriamente designados para os grupos teste e controle. Os participantes foram acompanhados por 24 meses. Para determinar as diferenças entre os grupos em termos de eficácia, foram utilizadas as análises por intenção de tratar (ITT) e por protocolo, além de análises de sobrevida. Foram considerados como desfecho: 1) qualquer tipo de progressão e 2) progressão para cavidade. A análise de viabilidade econômica foi determinada através do custo da escova e seu grau de deterioração. Para comparação da relação de custo-eficácia entre os grupos utilizou-se a razão de custo-eficácia incremental. O modo teste mostrou-se superior quando a progressão geral de lesões foi considerada. As análises por protocolo e de sobrevida mostraram tendências semelhantes. A análise por ITT para progressão geral das lesões, bem como todas as análises considerando a progressão ara cavidades, não mostraram diferença entre os grupos. A custo-eficácia incremental entre os modos de escovação foi superior aos valores recomendados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde para tratamentos custo-eficazes. Conclui-se que o modo teste apresenta um impacto reduzido em termos de eficácia na redução da progressão de lesões de cárie em molares em erupção comparado ao modo controle e não é mais custo-eficaz que este último a ponto de ser indicado para substituí-lo na prática clínica...

This single-blinded randomized clinical trial investigated if the anteroposterior toothbrushing using a toothbrush with extra-long bristles in the tip (test mode) was more cost-efficacious than cross-toothbrushing technique using toothbrush with bristles in the same plane (control mode) in controlling caries lesion progression on occlusal surfaces of erupting first permanent molars. One hundred and forty participants (66 children and 74 adolescents) were randomly assigned for test and control modes of toothbrushing (technique + toothbrush). They were followed-up for 24 months. For assessing differences between groups in terms of efficacy, per protocol, intention to treat (ITT) and survival analyses were used. The outcomes set were: 1) overall caries lesions progression; 2) caries lesions progression for cavity threshold. Toothbrush cost and deterioration were considered for economic feasibility. The cost-efficacy between groups was compared using the incremental cost-efficacy ratio. The test mode was superior regarding overall caries lesion progression. Per protocol and survival analyses showed similar trends. ITT analysis for the previously mentioned outcome, as well as all analyses considering progression for cavitation threshold, did not show differences between groups. Incremental cost-efficacy ratio was superior to the thresholds determined by World Health Organization for being cost-efficacious treatments. In conclusion, the test mode has reduced impact on caries lesions progression compared to the control mode and is not most cost-efficacious than that. Therefore, the replacing the control mode for the test mode in clinical practice is not recommended...

Importancia del primer molar permanente y consecuencias clínicas de su pérdida en edades tempranas del desarrollo / Importance of the first permanent molar and clinical consequences of its loss at early developmental stages

El primer molar permanente es la undiad más importante de la masticación y es esencial en el desarrollo de una oclusión funcionalmente deseable. La pérdida de este molar en un niño puede conducir a cambios en las arcadas dentarias que se perpetúan a lo largo del tiempo. Si no se toman medidas preventivas o correctivas apropiadas, podrán encontrarse: disminución en la función local, desviaciones de las piezas dentarias, extrusión de la pieza antagonista y trastornos de las articulaciones temporomandibulares, entre otras alteraciones. El presente artículo pretende evidenciar el protagonismo del primer molar permanente en la cavidad bucal y las consecuencias negativas que derivan de su ausencia. Además, deja entrever las necesidades de conocimiento por parte del odontólogo en los cuidados preventivos de dichas piezas dentarias y sobre la existencia de posibles tratamientos al momento de una pérdida inminente.

Relato de caso clínico de paciente com dente natal e neonatal / A case report of a pacient with natal and neonatal tooth

Dentes presentes ao nascimento são denominados de dentes natais. Dentes que erupcionam no primeiro mês de vida são denominados de dentes neonatais. Estes podem ou não ser supra­ numerários. Objetivo: o presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o caso clínico de paciente do gênero feminino, com 15 dias de vida, levada pelos pais ao consultório odontológico com a queixa de que a criança nasceu com um dente na região inferior anterior. Relato de caso: ao exame clínico observou-se a presença de dois dentes na região dos incisivos centrais inferiores; um em processo de erupção, sem mobilidade e outro recoberto por tecido gengival. Conclusão: manutenção de dentes natais e/ou neonatais é possível e aconselhável, quando estes são da dentição normal, não apresentam mobilidade nem riscos para a amamentação. Os controles periódicos são importantes para acompanhar o desenvolvimento dentário da criança.

The teeth present at the birth time are called natal teeth. The teeth that erupt within the first month of birth are called neonatal teeth. They can be supernumerary or not. Aim: the present work aims at reporting a case of a female patient, with 15 days of life, taken by her parents to the dental clinic with the complaint that the child was born with a tooth in the lower region. Case report: the clinical examination revealed the presence of two teeth in the region of the mandibular central incisors; one of them, in process of eruption and without mobility, and the other covered by gingival tissue. Conclusion: the maintenance of the natal and/or neonatal teeth is possible and advisable; when these are from an ordinary teething they don't present mobil ity or risks to the breast - feedi ng. Periodic ora I exa m i nations a re i nd icated to follow-u p the child's dental development.

Second molar impaction associated with lip bumper therapy

INTRODUCTION: Although lip bumpers (LBs) provide significant clinical gain of mandibular arch perimeter in mixed-dentition patients, orthodontists are reluctant to use them due to the possibility of permanent second molar eruptive disturbances. OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to assess second molar impaction associated with the use of LBs, and to investigate how they can be solved. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Lateral and panoramic radiographs of 67 patients (34 females and 33 males) were assessed prior (T1) and post-LB treatment (T2). LB therapy lasted for approximately 1.8 ± 0.9 years. Concomitant rapid palatal expansion (RPE) was performed in the maxilla at LB treatment onset. Impaction of mandibular second molars was assessed by means of panoramic radiographs in relation to the position of first mandibular molars. Horizontal and vertical movements of first and second molars were assessed cephalometrically on lateral cephalometric radiographs based on mandibular superimpositions. RESULTS: Eight (11.9%) patients had impacted second molars at the end of LB therapy. Two patients required surgical correction, whereas five required spacers and one patient was self-corrected. Mandibular first molar tip and apex migrated forward 1.3 mm and 2.3 mm, respectively. Second molar tip showed no statistically significant horizontal movement. CONCLUSION: Although LB therapy increased the risk of second molar impaction, impactions were, in most instances, easily solved. .

INTRODUÇÃO: embora placas labioativas (PLAs) promovam um ganho clínico significativo no perímetro da arcada inferior em pacientes com dentição mista, ortodontistas são relutantes em usá-las devido a possibilidade de problemas eruptivos dos segundos molares. OBJETIVO: o presente estudo avaliou a impacção dos segundos molares associada ao uso das PLAs e como a impacção pôde ser resolvida. MÉTODOS: radiografias cefalométricas lateral e panorâmica de 67 pacientes (34 do sexo feminino e 33 do masculino) foram avaliadas antes (T1) e após (T2) o tratamento com PLAs, que durou aproximadamente 1,8 ± 0,9 anos. Expansão rápida do palato (ERP) foi usada na maxila no início do uso da PLA. Usando as radiografias panorâmicas, a impacção dos segundos molares inferiores foi avaliada relativamente à posição dos primeiros molares mandibulares. Os movimentos horizontais e verticais dos primeiros e segundos molares inferiores foram avaliados com base em sobreposições de estruturas estáveis da arcada inferior por meio das radiografias laterais. RESULTADOS: oito (11,9%) pacientes apresentaram impacção dos segundos molares mandibulares ao final do tratamento com PLA; dois pacientes tiveram de recorrer à intervenção cirúrgica para a correção da impacção, cinco tiveram a correção da impacção usando apenas espaçadores e um apresentou autocorreção da impacção. A coroa e o ápice do primeiro molar inferior migraram 1.3mm e 2,.3mm, respectivamente, para mesial. O segundo molar não mostrou movimento horizontal significativo. ...

Eruption chronology of the first deciduous teeth in children born prematurely with birth weight less than 1500g / Cronologia de erupcion de los primeros dientes deciduos en ninos nacidos prematuros y con peso al nacer inferior a 1500g / Cronologia de erupcao dos primeiros dentes deciduos em criancas nascidas prematuras com peso inferior a 1500g

Objective: To describe the eruption chronology of the first deciduous teeth in premature infants with birth weight less than 1500g and to compare it according to gender and nutritional status at birth. Methods: Longitudinal study including 40 low birth weight premature infants of both genders. The tooth was considered erupted when the crown went through the gum and became part of the oral environment. The comparison of the eruption chronology in relation to gender and among children appropriate or small for gestational age was done by Student's t-test, being significant p<0.05. Results: The eruption of the first tooth (teeth) occurred, on average, with 11.0±2.1 months of chronological age and with 9.6±1.9 months corrected for prematurity. The first erupted teeth were the lower central incisors. The average eruption for males was 9.7±1.9 and, for females, 9.5±1.9 months, both corrected for prematurity (p=0.98). The average eruption in children with birth weight appropriate for gestational age was 10.1±1.4 months; for small for gestational age, it was 9.4±2.2, also corrected for prematurity (p=0.07). Conclusions: The average eruption age of the first teeth, corrected for prematurity, was 9.6 months. Sex and nutritional status at birth did not change the eruption chronology. .

Objetivo: Describir la cronología de erupción de los primeros dientes deciduos en niños prematuros con peso al nacer inferior a 1500g y comparar las diferencias entre los sexos y entre la adecuación nutricional al nacer. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal con 40 niños prematuros y de muy bajo peso al nacer, de ambos sexos. Se consideró diente erupcionado en el momento en que la corona atravesó la encía y pasó a pertenecer al ambiente bucal. La comparación de la cronología de erupción respecto al sexo y entre los niños adecuados y no adecuados nutricionalmente al nacer se realizó con la prueba t de Student. El nivel de significancia fue de 0,05. Resultados : La erupción del (los) primer(os) diente(s) tuvo lugar, en promedio, a los 11,00±2,06 meses de edad cronológica y con 9,61±1,91 meses de edad corregida para la prematuridad. Los primeros dientes erupcionados fueron los incisivos centrales inferiores (81 y 71). El promedio de erupción en el sexo masculino fue de 9,74±1,91 y, en el femenino, de 9,46±1,95 meses, ambas corregidas para la prematuridad (p=0,98). El promedio de erupción en los niños adecuados nutricionalmente al nacer fue de 10,05±1,36 meses y, en los pequeños, de 9,35±2,16, también corregidas para la prematuridad (p=0,07). Conclusiones: El promedio de edad de erupción de los primeros dientes corregido para la prematuridad fue de 9,61 meses. El sexo y la adecuación nutricional al nacer no alteraron la cronología de la erupción. .

Objetivo: Descrever a cronologia de erupção dos primeiros dentes decíduos em crianças prematuras com peso de nascimento menor que 1500g e comparar as diferenças entre os sexos e entre a adequação nutricional ao nascimento. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal com 40 crianças prematuras e de muito baixo peso ao nascer, de ambos os sexos. Considerou-se dente erupcionado no momento em que a coroa atravessou a gengiva e passou a pertencer ao ambiente bucal. A comparação da cronologia de erupção quanto ao sexo e entre as crianças adequadas e não adequadas nutricionalmente ao nascer foi realizada com o teste t de Student, sendo significante p<0,05. Resultados: A erupção do(s) primeiro(s) dente(s) ocorreu, em média, com 11,0±2,1 meses de idade cronológica e com 9,6±1,9 meses de idade corrigida para a prematuridade. Os primeiros dentes erupcionados foram os incisivos centrais inferiores. A média de erupção no sexo masculino foi de 9,7±1,9 e, no feminino, de 9,5±1,9 meses, ambas corrigidas para a prematuridade (p=0,98). A média de erupção nas crianças adequadas nutricionalmente ao nascer foi de 10,1±1,4 meses e, nas pequenas, de 9,4±2,2, também corrigidas para a prematuridade (p=0,07). Conclusões: A idade média de erupção dos primeiros dentes corrigida para a prematuridade foi de 9,6 meses. O sexo e a adequação nutricional ao nascer não alteraram a cronologia de erupção. .