Cirurgia de aproveitamento de dente incluso associada a odontoma: relato de caso / Surgery to use an impacted tooth associated with odontoma: case report / Cirugía para uso de diente incluido asociado a odontoma: reporte de caso

Introdução: Odontoma é o tipo mais comum de tumor odontogênico, contudo são lesões assintomáticas, de crescimento lento e indolor, descobertos geralmente em consultas de rotina, e que muito comumente são causadores de impactação dentária. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo relatar o caso clínico de uma criança que apresentava um odontoma composto na pré-maxila, ocasionando a impactação de seu incisivo central e comprometimento estético. Relato de caso: Paciente de 12 anos, em preparo para tratamento ortodôntico, no qual na etapa de exames de imagem, foi percebido um odontoma composto na região anterior da maxila o qual impedia a irrupção do dente 21, onde para que se conseguisse o melhor aproveitamento estético e funcional, foi indicado a remoção do tumor com 43 estruturas semelhantes a dentes e o tracionamento do dente associado. Conclusão: O tratamento do odontoma não costuma ter recidivas, permitindo o aproveitamento de possíveis dentes associados e manutenção de estruturas nobres adjacentes. Possibilitando também, o tracionamento do dente impactado ao arco dental, restituindo saúde e estética... (AU)

Introduction: Odontoma is the most common type of odontogenic tumor. They are asymptomatic, slow-growing lesions of unknown etiopathogenesis. They have a density similar to teeth, surrounded by a thin radiolucent halo. Objective: To report a clinical case of traction surgery of an impacted tooth associated with compound odontoma, and a brief literature review. Case report: Patient presented composite odontoma in the anterior region of the maxilla, preventing the eruption of tooth 21. The lesion was noticed during the preparation of the orthodontic treatment and for the success of such procedure, the treatment consisted of the excision of the lesion composed of 43 similar structures to teeth and the preparation of the traction of the maxillary central incisor. Conclusion: The removal of the odontoma was extremely relevant, with this, the impacted tooth was exposed, allowing the placement of the orthodontic button for its traction. Positioning the missing tooth in the dental arch, restoring health and aesthetics... (AU)

Introducción: El odontoma es el tipo más común de tumor odontogénico. Son lesiones asintomáticas, de crecimiento lento y de etiopatogenia desconocida. Tienen una densidad similar a los dientes, rodeados de un fino halo radiotransparente. Objetivo: Reportar un caso clínico de cirugía de tracción de un diente retenido asociado a odontoma compuesto, y una breve revisión de la literatura. Reporte de caso: Paciente presentó odontoma compuesto en la región anterior del maxilar, impidiendo la erupción del diente 21. La lesión fue notada durante la preparación del tratamiento de ortodoncia y para el éxito de dicho procedimiento, el tratamiento consistió en la escisión de la lesión. compuesto por 43 estructuras similares a los dientes y la preparación de la tracción del incisivo central maxilar. Conclusión: La remoción del odontoma fue de suma relevancia, con esto se logró exponer el diente impactado, permitiendo la colocación del botón de ortodoncia para su tracción. Posicionamiento del diente faltante en la arcada dentaria, restaurando la salud y la estética... (AU)

Treatmen of distal femoral fracture of Müller type A with homeopathic bidirectional-traction reduction device unite with internal fixation / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of treatment of Müller A fracture of distal femur with small incision internal fixation assisted by homeopathic bidirectional-traction reduction device.@*METHODS@#From January 2018 to December 2019, 22 patients (14 males and 8 females) with Müller type A distal femoral fractures were treated with homeopathic bidirectional-traction assisted reduction and minimally invasive small incision locking plate internal fixation;The age ranged from 29 to 58 years old with an average of (41.23±7.03) years. The time from injury to operation was 1 to 7 days with an average of (3.41±1.71) days. According to Müller classification, there were 4 cases of type A1, 10 cases of type A2, and 8 cases of type A3. The postoperative knee joint function was evaluated by Schatzker Lambert fracture criterion of distal femur.@*RESULTS@#All the incisions healed in one stage without infection, osteomyelitis and other complications. All the fractures healed without malunion and nonunion. All of 22 patients were followed up for 12 to 18 months with an average of (14.50±2.02) months. The healing time was 3 to 6 months with an average of (4.64±1.14) months. According to Schatzker Lambert criteria for distal femoral fracture, 12 cases were excellent, 6 good, and 4 medium.@*CONCLUSION@#It is an ideal method to treat Müller type A fracture of distal femur with homeopathic bidirectional-traction assisted reduction device and minimally invasive small incision locking plate internal fixation.

Review of closed reduction techniques for femoral neck fracture / 中国骨伤

For patients with femoral neck fractures who plan to undergo internal fixation, satisfied alignment of fracture ends is an important prerequisite for internal fixation stability and fracture healing. There are many reports on the reduction methods of displaced femoral neck fractures, which can be summarized into three categories:First, the solely longitudinal traction of lower limbs, supplemented by other manipulations such as rotation and compression; Second, the resultant force formed by the longitudinal traction of lower limbs and the lateral traction;the third is accomplished by vertical traction in the axis of femur with hip joint flexed. Each reduction method has its own advantages, but no single method can be applied to all fracture displacement. In this paper, some classical reduction techniques in the literatures are briefly reviewed. It is hoped that clinicians will not be limited to a certain reduction method, they should analyze the injury mechanism and fracture displacement process according to the morphology features and flexibly select targeted reduction methods to improve the success rate of closed reduction of femoral neck fracture.

Effects of stereoscopic traction on photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and quality of Codonopsis pilosula under organic cultivation / 中国中药杂志

To solve the serious problem of stem and leaf shading in the middle and late stage of traditional flat planting of Codonopsis pilosula, this study analyzed the effects of different stereoscopic traction heights on the photosynthetic characteristics and growth of C. pilosula and explored the optimal traction height to improve the yield and quality of C. pilosula. The experiment designed three stereo-scopic traction heights [H1(60 cm), H2(90 cm), and H3(120 cm)] with natural growth without traction as the control(CK). The results showed that the increase in stereoscopic traction heights broadened the growth space of stems and leaves of C. pilosula, enhanced the ventilation effect, significantly increased the average daily net photosynthetic rate of C. pilosula, promoted the absorption of intercellular CO_2, decreased the transpiration rate, and reduced the evaporation of water. Moreover, it effectively avoided the problem of weakened photosynthesis, maintained the carbon balance of individual plants, and promoted the growth and development of the C. pilosula roots. In terms of the seed yield of C. pilosula, it was ranked as H2>H1>H3>CK. To be specific, H1 increased by 213.41% compared with CK, H2 increased by 282.43% compared with CK, and H3 increased by 133.95% compared with CK. The yield and quality of C. pilosula were the highest in the H3 treatment group, with the fresh yield of 6 858.33 kg·hm~(-2), 50.59% higher than CK, dry yield of 2 398.33 kg·hm~(-2), 76.54% higher than CK, and lobetyolin content of 0.56 mg·g~(-1), 45.22% higher than CK. Therefore, the stereoscopic traction height has a great influence on the photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and quality of C. pilosula. Particularly, the yield and quality of C. pilosula can be optimized and improved in the traction height treatment of H3(120 cm). This planting method is worth popularizing and applying in the cultivated management of C. pilosula.

Comparison of effectiveness of lower extremity axial distractor and traction table assisted closed reduction and intramedullary nail fixation in femoral subtrochanteric fracture / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the effectiveness of lower extremity axial distractor (LEAD) and traction table assisted closed reduction and intramedullary nail fixation in treatment of femoral subtrochanteric fracture.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 117 patients with subtrochanteric fracture of femur treated by closed reduction and intramedullary nail fixation between May 2012 and May 2022 who met the selection criteria were retrospectively analyzed. According to the auxiliary reduction tools used during operation, the patients were divided into LEAD group (62 cases with LEAD reduction) and traction table group (55 cases with traction table reduction). There was no significant difference in baseline data, such as gender, age, injured side, cause of injury, fracture Seinsheimer classification, time from injury to operation, and preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score, between the two groups ( P>0.05). Total incision length, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fluoroscopy frequency, closed reduction rate, fracture reduction quality, fracture healing time, weight-bearing activity time, and incidence of complications, as well as hip flexion and extension range of motion (ROM), Harris score, and VAS score at 1 month and 6 months after operation and last follow-up were recorded and compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#There were 14 cases in the LEAD group from closed reduction to limited open reduction, and 43 cases in the traction table group. The incisions in the LEAD group healed by first intention, and no complication such as nerve and vascular injury occurred during operation. In the traction table group, 3 cases had perineal crush injury, which recovered spontaneously in 1 week. The total incision length, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fluoroscopy frequency, and closed reduction rate in the LEAD group were significantly better than those in the traction table group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the quality of fracture reduction between the two groups ( P>0.05). Patients in both groups were followed up 12-44 months, with an average of 15.8 months. In the LEAD group, 1 patient had delayed fracture union at 6 months after operation, 1 patient had nonunion at 3 years after operation, and 1 patient had incision sinus pus flow at 10 months after operation. In the traction table group, there was 1 patient with fracture nonunion at 15 months after operation. X-ray films of the other patients in the two groups showed that the internal fixator was fixed firmly without loosening and the fractures healed. There was no significant difference in fracture healing time, weight bearing activity time, incidence of complications, and postoperative hip flexion and extension ROM, Harris score, and VAS score at different time points between the two groups ( P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#For femoral subtrochanteric fracture treated by close reduction and intramedullary nail fixation, compared with traction table, LEAD assisted fracture reduction can significantly shorten the operation time, reduce intraoperative blood loss and fluoroscopy frequency, reduce incision length, effectively improve the success rate of closed reduction, and avoid complications related to traction table reduction. It provides a new method for good reduction of femoral subtrochanteric fracture.

Complications of prolonged halo-gravitational tractional in spinal deformity surgeries / Complicações da tração halo-gravitacional prolongada em cirurgias de deformidade da coluna / Complicaciones de la tracción halo-gravitacional prolongada en cirugías de deformidad de la columna

ABSTRACT Objective: Spinal traction by a cranial halo is a method with more than half a century of application, presenting the possibility of gradual correction of deformities while the patient is awake, also improving respiratory and nutritional patterns. This study aimed to evaluate the complications of pins and traction during their use in treating severe spinal deformities. Methods: We evaluated 27 patients undergoing surgical treatment using halo-gravitational traction pre or interoperatively between 2014 and 2020. Inclusion criteria were the presence of severe deformity (>100º) in the coronal and/or sagittal plane and traction for at least seven days. Two subgroups were identified: patients presenting only severe coronal deformity (Group 1) and patients with severe deformity in the sagittal plane accompanied by coronal deformity (Group 2). Clinical and radiological data were analyzed retrospectively, evaluating the variables: age, sex, weight, height, etiological diagnosis, number of pins, traction time, sagittal and coronal Cobb angle before and after traction, and complications related to pins and traction. Results: Age and weight showed a significant correlation with the occurrence of complications related to the pins (p=0.007; p<0.001), as well as the congenital etiology of deformity (p=0.001), and those patients in group 2 (p=0.006). There was no significant correlation between the variables studied and the occurrence of neurological complications. Conclusion: Halo-gravitational traction is an important adjunctive method in treating severe spinal deformities. Despite having a considerable complication rate, there were no serious events. Level of evidence IV; Case series.

Resumo: Objetivo: A tração espinhal por halo craniano é um método com mais de meio século de aplicação, apresentando a possibilidade de correção gradual de deformidades com o paciente desperto, além da melhoria do padrão respiratório e nutricional. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as complicações relacionadas aos pinos e à tração durante o seu uso no tratamento de deformidades graves. Métodos: Foram avaliados 27 pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico com uso de tração halo-gravitacional pré ou inter-operatória, entre 2014 e 2020. Os critérios de inclusão foram a presença de deformidade grave (>100º) coronal e/ou sagital, e duração mínima de 7 dias de tração. Dois subgrupos foram identificados: pacientes com deformidade grave coronal (Grupo 1) e pacientes com deformidade grave sagital acompanhada de deformidade coronal (Grupo 2). Os dados clínicos e radiológicos foram analisados retrospectivamente, incorporando as variáveis: idade, sexo, peso, altura, diagnóstico etiológico, número de pinos, tempo de tração, ângulo de Cobb sagital e coronal pré e pós tração, complicações relacionadas aos pinos e à tração. Resultados: Idade e peso demonstraram correlação significativa com a ocorrência de complicações relacionadas aos pinos (p=0,007; p<0,001), assim como etiologia congênita (p=0,001), e os pacientes incluídos no grupo 2 (p=0,006). Não houve correlação significativa com a ocorrência de complicações neurológicas. Conclusão: A tração halo-gravitacional é um importante método adjuvante no tratamento de deformidades graves da coluna vertebral. Apesar de ter apresentado taxa de complicações considerável, não ocorreram eventos graves. Nível de evidência IV; Série de casos.

Resumen: Objetivo: La tracción espinal por halo craneal es un método con más de medio siglo de aplicación, presentando la posibilidad de corrección gradual de las curvas con el paciente despierto, mejorando el patrón respiratorio y nutricional. Este estudio evaluó las complicaciones relacionadas con los tornillos y la tracción durante el tratamiento de deformidades espinales graves. Métodos: Se evaluó a 27 pacientes sometidos a cirugía con uso de tracción halo-gravitatoria pre o inter quirúrgica, entre 2014 y 2020. Los criterios de inclusión fueron la presencia de deformidad severa (>100º) en el plano coronal y/o sagital y tiempo mínimo de tracción de 7 días. Dos subgrupos fueron identificados: pacientes con deformidad severa en el plano coronal (Grupo 1), y pacientes con deformidad sagital severa acompañada de deformidad coronal (Grupo 2). Los datos clínicos y radiológicos se analizaron retrospectivamente, evaluando edad, sexo, peso, talla, diagnóstico etiológico, número de tornillos, tiempo de tracción, ángulo de Cobb sagital y coronal pre y post tracción, complicaciones relacionadas con los tornillos y tracción. Resultados: Se demostró que la edad y el peso eran factores significativamente correlacionados con las complicaciones de los tornillos (p=0,007; p<0,001), así como la etiología congénita (p=0,001), y los pacientes incluidos en el grupo 2 (p=0,006). No hubo correlación significativa entre las variables estudiadas y complicaciones neurológicas. Conclusión: La tracción halo-gravitacional es un método adyuvante importante en el tratamiento de deformidades espinales severas. A pesar de haber presentado una tasa de complicaciones considerable, no hubo eventos graves. Nivel de evidencia IV; Series de casos.

Pars plana vitrectomy and visual stimulation for treatment of vitreomacular traction secondary to toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis in a 5-year-old child / Vitrectomia via pars plana e estimulação visual para tratamento da tração vitreomacular secundária à retinocoroidite por toxoplasmose em criança de 5 anos

ABSTRACT Objective: A unusual case of ocular toxoplasmosis with significant vitreomacular traction is reported. The patient improved significantly following pars plana vitrectomy combined with visual stimulation and occlusion therapy. Methods: The case of a 5-year-old girl with significant unilateral vision loss associated with vitreous condensation and macular traction is described. Results: Pars plana vitrectomy was carried out for vitreomacular traction release. This was followed by visual stimulation and occlusion therapy. Significant improvement was observed. Conclusion: Despite structural damage, the combination of properly indicated surgery and amblyopia management strategies allowed the achievement of maximum vision goals in this case, suggesting structural damage may be associated with functional amblyopia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relata-se um caso de apresentação atípica de toxoplasmose ocular, com importante tração vitreomacular. A paciente apresentou melhora significativa após vitrectomia via pars plana, com estimulação visual e oclusão. Métodos: Descreve-se o caso de uma menina de 5 anos, com importante perda de visão unilateral associada à condensação vítrea e à tração macular. Resultados: Foi realizada vitrectomia via pars plana para alívio da tração vitreomacular, seguida de estimulação visual e oclusão. Foi observada melhora significativa. Conclusão: Apesar dos danos estruturais, a combinação de cirurgia bem indicada com estratégias de tratamento da ambliopia permitiu alcançar o máximo do potencial visual nesta paciente, sugerindo que os danos estruturais podem estar associados à ambliopia funcional.

Traumatic Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation in Adult: Case Report

Traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation (AARS) is generally found in pediatric patients, rarely found in adults, being a life-threatening condition especially when early diagnosis is not possible, which can lead to severe late neurological deficits.We describe a 38-year-old patient, victim of physical aggression caused by strangulation attempt who developed AARS, an uncommontraumatic cause. During the hospital care, the early diagnosis allowed us to institute a conservative treatment, which made the case uncommon, since most of the time surgical treatment is imperative. With the patient awake and under analgesia, a closed reduction was performed that promoted immediate pain relief, followed by a prescription of wearing a Philadelphia-type collar for 8 weeks. During the follow-up, cervical spine radiographies demonstrated no subluxation after removing the cervical collar. The patient was asymptomatic after 6months of treatment. This case supports the importance of nonoperative management of AARS in selected cases.

Bezold jarisch reflex during halo-gravity traction: case report / Reflexo de bezold jarisch durante tração halo-craniana: relato de caso / Reflejo de bezold jarisch durante tracción halo-craneal: caso clínico

ABSTRACT Halo-gravity traction is an option that can be used in the treatment of severe spinal deformities. The author reports a complication not yet described in the literature in which rapid correction of the deformity triggered the Bezold Jarisch reflex. Level of evidence IV; Case Series.

RESUMO A tração halo-craniana é uma opção que pode ser utilizada no tratamento de deformidades severas da coluna vertebral. O autor relata uma complicação, ainda não descrita na literatura, em que a rápida correção da deformidade desencadeou o reflexo de Bezold Jarish. Nível de evidência IV; Série de Casos.

RESUMEN La tracción halo-craneal es una opción que puede ser usada para el tratamiento de deformidades severas de columna vertebral. El autor relata una complicación, aún no descrita en la literatura, en que la rápida corrección de la deformidad desencadenó el reflejo de Bezold Jarish. Nivel de evidencia IV; Serie de Casos.

Clinical observation on pulley suspension traction reduction combined with self-made splint fixation for the treatment of extended distal radius fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore clinical effects of pulley suspension traction reduction combined with self-made splint fixation in treating extended distal radius fracture.@*METHODS@#From December 2017 to December 2019, 60 patients with extended distal radius fractures were divided into observation group and control group, 30 patients in each group. In observation group, there were 12 males and 18 females, aged from 50 to 75 years old with an average of (59.63±8.08) years old;according to AO classification, 25 patients were type A2 and 5 patients with type A3;fractures were fixed by pulley suspension traction and self-made splint. In control group, there were 11 males and 19 females, aged from 52 to 76 years old with an average of (59.77±8.03) years old;according to AO classification, 24 patients were with type A2 and 6 patients were type A3;fractures were treated by conventional manipulation with self-made splint fixation. The radius height, ulnar angle and palmar angle between two groups were compared before and after treatment, and clinical effects were evaluated by advanced Green and O'Brien wrist joint scoring after treatment.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up from 11 to 13 months with an average of (11.90± 0.80) months. The splint was removed for 42 to 60 days with an average of (50.20±4.94) days. After removal of splint, X-rays indicated that all patients obtained bone healing with smooth of joint surface. In observation group, radius height was (4.57± 1.16) mm, ulnar angle was (12.83±3.25) °, palmar angle were (-21.17±3.36) ° respectively before treatment, (10.10± 1.75) mm, (24.30±3.16) °, (9.40±2.13) ° respectively at 8 weeks after treatment;in control group, radius height, ulnar angle, palm angle were (4.50±1.43) mm, (12.83±3.10) °, (-21.50±3.38) ° respectively before treatment, and (8.90±1.24) mm, (21.20±2.91) °, (6.16±2.94) ° respectively at 8 weeks after treatment;there were no significant difference in radius height, ulnar deviation angle and palmar inclination between two groups before treatment (@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with conventional manual traction and reduction, pulley suspension traction reduction combined with self made splint fixation for the treatment of extended distal radius fracture has more advantages with stable and reliable traction, good reduction, and better wrist joint function. It could be selected and applied according to the actual situation of patients.

Efficacy of Han-uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (HUPPP) combined with radiofrequency ablation of tongue base or HUPPP with traction of tongue base on moderate to severe patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS):a multicenter randomized controlled trial / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To compare the therapeutic efficacy of Han-uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (HUPPP) combined with radiofrequency ablation of tongue base or HUPPP with traction of tongue base on moderate to severe patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Methods: This is a multicenter randomized controlled trial. From March 2017 to July 2019, moderate to severe OSAHS patients from three clinical center in Shanghai who were intolerant to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and with velopharyngeal and glossopharyngeal plane obstruction were enrolled in this study. According to the surgical type, they were 1∶1 randomized to HUPPP plus radiofrequency ablation of tongue base group (Ablation group) or HUPPP plus traction of tongue base group (Traction group). All patients completed over-night standard Polysomnography (PSG), upper-airway assessment (Friedman classification, Müller test, CT and cephalometric examination), preoperative routine examination, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Quebec sleep questionnaire (QSQ). Six to 12 months after operation, all the above-mentioned examinations were repeatedly performed. Changes of aforementioned variables before and after operation were assessed. Results: A total of 43 patients with moderate to severe OSAHS were enrolled in this study. One patient lost to follow-up, the remaining 21 were allocated to Ablation group and 21 were allocated to Traction group. The total therapeutic efficacy of all patients was 69.05% (61.90% in Ablation group and 76.19% in Traction group), but there was no statistical significance between the two groups (P= 0.317). The value of sleep scale score (ESS and QSQ), objective sleep variables (apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen saturation, percentage of time with blood oxygen less than 90% in total sleep time, oxygen desaturation index and micro-arousals) and upper airway cross-sectional area (palatopharyngeal and retrolingual area) of the two groups were improved (P<0.05), but the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: For moderate to severe OSAHS who had glossopharyngeal plane obstruction, both HUPPP plus radiofrequency ablation of tongue base or HUPPP plus traction of tongue base are effective treatment for OSAHS, and the curative effect is similar. The choice of surgical type could be selected according to patient's or surgical conditions.

Current status and research advances on the use of assisted traction technique in endoscopic full-thickness resection / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) allows completely resecting deep submucosal tumors (SMTs) in the gastrointestinal wall, which has a broad application prospect in clinic. However, its application and promotion are limited by complex surgical procedures and high surgical risk. Various auxiliary traction techniques are expected to reduce the operation difficulty and risk of EFTR and improve its operative success rate. To provide a reference for clinicians, we summarize various auxiliary traction techniques in EFTR in this article. The clip-with-line method is simple to operate and widely used, whereas its traction is limited and there is a risk of clip falling off. The snare traction method and the clip-snare traction method has advantage of large traction force, but its thrust is affected by the hardness of snare. The traction point of the grasping forceps traction method is flexible and easy to adjust. Nevertheless, it requires the use of a dual-channel upper endoscope, which is difficult to operate. The transparent cap traction method and the full-thickness resection device traction method takes a short time and is easy to promote, whereas the resectable lesion is limited, and the size of the lesion may affect the success rate. In contrast, the suture loop needle-T-tag tissue anchors assisted method has a large resection range, but the operation is complicated and the feasibility has not been verified. The robot-assisted method has flexible operation and excellent visualization, whereas it is expensive and difficult to operate. There is no report of the application of magnetic anchor technology in EFTR, but it may have good application prospects in the auxiliary traction of EFTR.

Donkeys in transition: changing use in a changing world / Jumentos em transição: alterações do seu uso num mundo em mudança

Donkeys have a long history in the development of human societies. Typically referred to as a beast of burden, traditional uses for donkeys have included the transportation of goods and people, use in agricultural and forestry activities, to access water, and provide citizens in low- and middle-income countries a means of making an income for communities. However, the rise of mechanization, the development of modern farming techniques, and the increasing availability of motorized vehicles have led to donkeys and mules becoming redundant from traditional roles in many parts of the world. We provide examples of where donkeys have successfully transitioned from traditional roles to new, non-traditional roles in Europe and North America, and demonstrate that, although the roles and use of donkeys and mules are changing in a rapidly developing world, we can learn lessons from the past and apply them to current challenges. As the need for working equids declines in transport and agriculture, they still hold great value for recreational, therapeutic, and environmentally friendly methods of animal traction.(AU)

Os jumentos têm uma longa história no desenvolvimento das sociedades humanas. Normalmente referidos como bestas de carga, seus usos tradicionais incluem o transporte de pessoas e bens, atividades agrícolas e florestais, acesso a água, assim como oferecer uma forma de rendimento para comunidades em países de rendimento baixo e médio. No entanto, o aumento da mecanização, o desenvolvimento de técnicas agrícolas modernas e maior disponibilidade de veículos motorizados fizeram com que os jumentos e os muares se tornassem desnecessários nos seus papéis tradicionais em muitas partes do mundo. Neste artigo os autores fornecem exemplos onde os jumentos fizeram a transição, com sucesso, dos papéis tradicionais para novos papéis não tradicionais, tanto na Europa como na América do Norte; e demonstramos que, embora o papel e o uso de jumentos e muares estejam mudando num mundo em rápido desenvolvimento, podemos aprender lições com o passado e aplicá-las aos desafios atuais. À medida que diminui a necessidade de equídeos de trabalho no transporte e na agricultura, eles ainda têm grande valor no que toca a fins recreativos, terapêuticos e ecológicos no uso de tração animal.(AU)

Biomechanical Study of Different Femoral Fixation Devices in the Reconstruction of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament in Porcine Knees / Estudo biomecânico de diferentes dispositivos de fixação femoral na reconstrução do ligamento patelofemoral medial em joelhos de suínos

Abstract Objective To evaluate different femoral fixation devices for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction and compare their effectiveness regarding fixation strength up to failure in porcine knees. Methods Thirty porcine knees were used, divided into three groups of 10 knees. The removed grafts were dissected from the extensor tendons of porcine feet. In each group, the graft was fixed to the femur with an interference screw, an anchor, or adductor tenodesis. The three methods were subjected to biomechanical tests using a universal Tensile testing machine at a speed of 20 mm/minute. Results The highest average linear resistance under lateral traction occurred in group 1, "screw fixation" (185.45 ± 41.22 N), followed by group 2, "anchor fixation" (152.97 ± 49, 43 N); the lower average was observed in group 3, "tenodesis fixation" (76.69 ± 18.90 N). According to the fixed error margin (5%), there was a significant difference between groups (p < 0.001); in addition, multiple comparison tests (between group pairs) also showed significant differences. Variability was small, since the variance coefficient was lower than 33.3%. Conclusion Interference screws in bone tunnels and mountable anchors fixation with high resistance wire are strong enough for femoral fixation in porcine medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Adductor tenodesis, however, was deemed fragile for such purpose.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar diferentes dispositivos de fixação femoral na reconstrução do ligamento patelofemoral medial para comparar sua eficácia quanto à força de fixação até a falha em joelhos suínos. Métodos Foram ensaiados 30 joelhos de suínos subdivididos em 3 grupos de 10 joelhos. Os enxertos retirados foram dissecados de tendões extensores das patas dos suínos. Cada grupo teve o enxerto fixado ao fêmur com parafuso de interferência, âncora, ou tenodese no tendão adutor. Os 3 métodos foram submetidos à testes biomecânicos utilizando uma máquina universal de ensaio de tração com uma velocidade de 20 mm/min. Resultados Verificamos que a média mais elevada da resistência linear sob tração lateral (185,45 ± 41,22 N) ocorreu no grupo 1: "fixação por parafuso," seguido do grupo 2: "fixação por âncora" (152,97 ± 49,43 N), e a média foi menor no grupo 3: "fixação por tenodese" (76,69 ± 18,90 N). Para a margem de erro fixada (5%), comprovou-se a diferença significativa entre os grupos (p < 0,001) e também através dos testes de comparações múltiplas (entre os pares de grupos) verificou-se a ocorrência de diferenças significativas. A variabilidade expressada por meio do coeficiente de variação mostrou-se reduzida, já que a referida medida foi inferior a 33,3%. Conclusão O uso de parafusos de interferência no túnel ósseo de joelhos porcinos é suficientemente forte para fixação femoral na reconstrução do ligamento patelofemoral medial, assim como a fixação com âncoras montáveis com fio de alta resistência. Entretanto, a tenodese no tendão adutor mostrou-se frágil para essa finalidade.

Estudo in vitro da influência de diferentes plugs coronários sobre o remanescente da obturação, após preparo para pino, na retenção de pinos metálicos fundidos / In vitro assessment of the influence of different protection plugs over obturation remnant space, after post preparation, on the retention of cast metal posts

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de diferentes plugs de proteção, acomodados sobre o remanescente da obturação após preparo para pino, na retenção de pinos metálicos fundidos. Métodos: Cinquenta dentes bovinos foram decoronados, manualmente instrumentados até a lima manual Kerr #80 e obturados. A desobturação parcial de 10mm do conduto foi realizada com uma broca Largo e os grupos foram divididos de acordo com os diferentes materiais utilizados como plugs (n=10): Grupo I (Controle, sem plug); Grupo II (plug de Coltosol®); Grupo III (plug, em consistência de massa, de Sealapex® + óxido de zinco); Grupo IV (plug de etil-cianoacrilato); e Grupo V (plug de fosfato de zinco). Uma camada de 1mm de espessura dos diferentes plugs (Grupos II, III, IV ou V) foi acomodada sobre a obturação remanescente. Os espécimes foram selados e armazenados em 100% de umidade, por 7 dias. Após moldagem do conduto, foram confeccionados pinos metálicos fundidos e cimentados com fosfato de zinco. Os espécimes permaneceram em câmara úmida por 45 dias antes do teste de tração, realizado em uma máquina universal de ensaios. Os valores foram expressos em Mega pascal (MPa) e submetidos aos testes ANOVA e Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados: O etilcianoacrilato diminuiu a retenção dos pinos metálicos fundidos (p<0,01). Não houve diferença entre os outros grupos (p>0,05), semelhante- mente ao controle. Conclusão: A proteção da obturação com plugs confeccionados com etil-cianoacrilato prejudica a retenção de pinos metálicos fundidos cimentados com fosfato de zinco, enquanto Sealapex® acrescido de óxido de zinco, fosfato de zinco endurecido ou Coltosol® não interferem na adesividade (AU).

Morphological changes in the midface of Beagle dogs treated by trans-sutural distraction / Cambios morfológicos en la cara media de perros Beagle tratados por distracción trans-sutural

Trans-sutural distraction is a biological process that induces the formation of new bone and changes the position of bone by pulling on growing suture under the action of external forces. Currently, therapy to midfacial hypoplasia treated by trans-sutural distraction has been applied. In this study, Beagle dogs were selected as experimental animals, and a traction device designed by ourselves was applied to Beagle dogs to simulate the treatment process of trans-sutural distraction in human face, so as to provide a basis for the subsequent research on the related mechanism of trans-sutural distraction. The objective is that the animal model can provide the basis for the follow-up study of transsutural distraction. 45 month beagle dogs were randomly divided into two groups 3 in experiment group and 3 in control group. Implant nails were implanted as the bone marker in the bilateral zygomatic temporal suture, zygomandibular maxillary suture and palatine transverse suture in experimental group. The traction of the maxilla was carried out by the external cranial traction frame with canine fossa as bearing point, 800g force each side, elastic traction for 15 days. The control group only implanted the implant nail as the bone marker on both sides of the bone suture. The distance between two implant nails was measured by vernier calipers and X-ray examination, compared with preoperative and postoperative changes. X-ray and cephalometric measurements were used to measure change in the cranial basal angle. HE staining was used to observe the width of the bone seams, the morphology and structure of the cells and the tissue of the new bone under the phase contrast microscope. Then descriptive statistical analysis and t-test between two independent samples are carried out for the measurement data. The experimental group had a good retention of the beagle traction frame. In the experimental group, the maxillaries of dogs were protrudent in the process of traction gradually and the occlusal relationship changed to type II malocclusion. When the traction is 15 days, the coverage distance is about 8~9 mm. Before and after the traction, the distance between landmark points indicated that the spacing between the transverse palatine suture was the largest (experimental group: 5.52±0.19 mm control group 1.31±0.06 mm P<0.05), and zygomaticotemporal suture was the second (experimental group: 3.12±0.15 mm, control group 0.73±0.04 mm, P<0.05), and zygomaticomaxillary suture was less (experimental group: 2.60±0.34 mm, control group 0.53±0.05 mm, P<0.05). The cranial basal angle was no change before and after operation (controlgroup: 32.3±1.3°, experimental group: 33.2±1.1° P>0.05. Histology showed that the collagenous fibers in the suture of the control group were denser and the osteoblasts were visible on the edge of the suture, showing osteogenic activity. The experimental group significantly widened suture (experimental group: 1209.388±42.714 µm, control group 248.276±22.864 µm, P<0.05), the number of fibroblasts increased significantly with loose collagen fiber. The direction of cell and fiber arrangement were parallel to the traction force. There were many small blood vessels and marrow cavities, and the bone trabecula around the bone suture was thin (experimental group: 23.684±3.774 mm, control group: 86.810±9.219 mm, P < 0.05), showing active osteogenic activity. The growing beagle dog can be used to establish a suture traction animal model for experimental study. In the experiment, Kirschner wire was used to penetrate the bottom plane of the piriform hole of the maxilla (about the position of the canine fossa at the back) and the traction direction was basically the same as the growth direction, and the maxilla was basically parallel and moved forward.

La distracción trans-sutural es un proceso biológico que induce la formación de hueso nuevo y cambia la posición del éste al tirar de la sutura en crecimiento bajo la acción de fuerzas externas. Actualmente, se ha aplicado la terapia para la hipoplasia de la cara media tratada por distracción trans-sutural. En este estudio, fueron seleccionados perros Beagle como animales experimentales, y un dispositivo de tracción fue instalado a los perros para simular el proceso de tratamiento de la distracción trans-sutural en el rostro humano. El objetivo fue proporcionar una base para la investigación posterior sobre mecanismos relacionados con la distracción trans-sutural. El modelo animal puede proporcionar la base para este tipo de estudio de seguimiento de la distracción trans-sutural. Perros Beagle de 45 meses de edad se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos: 3 en el grupo experimental y 3 en el grupo control. Los clavos de implante se usaron como marcadores óseos en la sutura temporal cigomática bilateral, la sutura maxilar cigomandibular y en la sutura transversal palatina en el grupo experimental. La tracción del maxilar se realizó mediante el marco de tracción craneal externo con fosa canina como punto de apoyo, 800 g de fuerza a cada lado, tracción elástica durante 15 días. En el grupo control solo se implantó el clavo del implante como marcador óseo en ambos lados de la sutura. La distancia entre dos clavos de implante se midió mediante calibradores de vernier y examen de rayos X, en comparación con los cambios preoperatorios y postoperatorios. Se utilizaron mediciones cefalométricas y de rayos X para medir el cambio en el ángulo basal craneal. La tinción con HE se usó para observar el ancho de las suturas óseas, la morfología y la estructura de las células y el tejido del hueso nuevo bajo el microscopio de contraste de fase. Luego se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo y una prueba t entre dos muestras independientes para los datos de medición. El grupo experimental tuvo una buena retención del cuadro de tracción del Beagle. En el grupo experimental, los maxilares de los perros sobresalieron gradualmente en el proceso de tracción y la relación oclusal cambió a maloclusión tipo II. Cuando la tracción era de 15 días, la distancia de cobertura fue de aproximadamente 8 ~ 9 mm. Antes y después de la tracción, la distancia entre los puntos de referencia indicaba que el espacio entre la sutura palatina transversal era más grande (grupo experimental: 5,52 ± 0,19 mm, grupo de control 1,31 ± 0,06 mm, P <0,05), y la sutura cigomáticotemporal fue la segunda. (Grupo experimental: 3,12 ± 0,15 mm, grupo control 0,73 ± 0,04 mm, P <0,05), y la sutura cigomaticomaxilar fue menor (grupo experimental, 2,60 ± 0,34 mm, grupo control 0,53 ± 0,05 mm, P <0,05). El ángulo basal craneal no cambió antes ni después de la operación (grupo control 32,3 ± 1,3, grupo experimental, 33,2 ± 1,1 ° , P> 0,05). La histología mostró que las fibras colágenas en la sutura del grupo control eran más densas y los osteoblastos se observaron en el margen de la sutura, mostrando actividad osteogénica. En el grupo experimental se amplió significativamente la sutura (1209,388 ± 42,714 µm, grupo control 248,276 ± 22,864 µm, P <0,05), el número de fibroblastos aumentó significativamente con fibras colágenas dispersas. La dirección de la disposición de la celda y las fibras era paralela a la fuerza de tracción. Se observó gran cantidad de vasos sanguíneos pequeños, cavidades medulares, y trabéculas óseas alrededor de la sutura ósea (grupo experimental: 23,684 ± 3,774 mm, grupo control: 86,810 ± 9,219 mm, P <0,05), que mostró actividad osteogénica activa. El perro Beagle en crecimiento se puede utilizar para estudios experimentales y así establecer un modelo animal de tracción de sutura. En el proceso, se usó alambre de Kirschner para penetrar en el plano inferior del foramen piriforme del maxilar (aproximadamente en la posición de la fosa canina en la parte posterior) y la dirección de tracción fue básicamente la misma que en el crecimiento.

Resolução cirúrgica de pólipo inflamatório em ouvido médio de felino através da técnica de avulsão e tração por abordagem lateral: relato de caso / Surgical resolution of feline middle ear inflammatory polyp by lateral approach traction and avulsion technique: case report

O objetivo desse trabalho foi descrever um caso de pólipo inflamatório em ouvido médio de um felino e sua resolução cirúrgica através da avulsão e tração da massa após abordagem lateral. Um felino, fêmea, de 2 anos de idade, foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário Professor Sylvio Barbosa Cardoso, apresentando prurido intenso, dor e secreção fétida em região auricular. Pelo exame físico foi possível observar um nódulo em região de ouvido médio esquerdo. Associado a isso, o animal apresentava "headtilt" (inclinação da cabeça para o lado afetado). Foram solicitados exames hematológicos, radiografia de crânio e citologia da massa. O animal foi encaminhado para cirurgia de extirpação da massa. Foi feita uma incisão na pele sob o canal auditivo vertical palpável. A cartilagem foi liberada até o nível da junção entre as cartilagens auricular e anular. Com o auxílio de um fórceps, o pólipo foi agarrado e delicadamente girado até ser completamente extirpado de sua origem. A cartilagem e o subcutâneo foram fechados com material de sutura monofilamentar 4-0 e a pele foi fechada em um padrão de sutura subdérmica usando o mesmo material. A peça foi encaminhada para exame histopatológico, pelo qual confirmou-se a suspeita de pólipo inflamatório, através da observação de epitélio colunar ciliado. Utilizando a técnica cirúrgica TALA (avulsão e tração após abordagem lateral) foi possível obter melhora do quadro clínico do animal referido, rápida recuperação pós-cirúrgica e sem nenhuma complicação decorrente da técnica. Essa técnica, portanto, se mostrou satisfatória, melhorando significativamente a qualidade de vida do animal.

The aim of this study was to describe a case of inflammatory polyp in the middle ear of a cat and its surgical resolution through avulsion and mass traction after lateral approach. A female feline, two year old, was admitted at the Hospital Veterinário Professor Sylvio Barbosa Cardoso, presenting intense itching, pain and fetid discharge in the ear region. Physical examination revealed a nodule in the left middle ear region. Associated with this, the animal presented head tilt (inclination of the head to the affected side). Hematological examinations, skull radiography and mass cytology were requested. The animal was referred for polyp removal surgery. A skin incision was made under the palpable vertical ear canal. The cartilage was released to the level of the junction between the auricular and annular cartilages. With the help of a forceps, the polyp was grasped and gently rotated until completely removed from its origin. The cartilage and subcutaneous tissue were closed with 4-0 monofilament suture material and the skin was closed in a subdermal suture pattern using the same material. The piece was referred for histopathological examination, which confirmed the suspicion of inflammatory polyp by observing ciliated columnar epithelium. Using the TALA surgical technique (avulsion and traction after lateral approach) it was possible to obtain improvement of the clinical 3 picture of the referred animal, rapid postoperative recovery and without any complications resulting from the technique. This technique therefore proves satisfying, significantly improving the quality of life of the animal.

Long-term Outcomes of Vitrectomy Used to Treat Myopic Traction Maculopathy

PURPOSE: We investigated the long-term outcomes of vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling as treatment for myopic traction maculopathy (MTM).METHODS: The medical records of patients who underwent vitrectomy to treat MTM were retrospectively evaluated. We excluded patients who exhibited macular holes (MHs) or retinal detachment at the time of primary surgery. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central foveal thickness (CFT) were analyzed preoperatively, at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery, and at the final visit. Complications including retinal detachment or an MH were noted during follow-up.RESULTS: Twenty-three eyes of 22 patients were enrolled. At the time of primary surgery, the mean patient age was 64.4 ± 11.1 years and the baseline mean logMAR BCVA and CFT, 0.67 ± 0.50 and 431.8 ± 159.5 µm, respectively. The mean follow-up period was 53.7 ± 19.3 months. The mean logMAR BCVAs at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively and at the final visit were 0.42 ± 0.39 (p = 0.001), 0.41 ± 0.38 (p = 0.001), 0.39 ± 0.40 (p < 0.001), 0.42 ± 0.43 (p < 0.001), and 0.51 ± 0.47 (p = 0.016), respectively, thus significantly better than the baseline value. The mean CFT at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively and at the final visit were 244.6 ± 72.3, 210.5 ± 79.1, 209.6 ± 91.6, 219.8 ± 93.9, and 217.7 ± 81.3 µm, respectively, thus significantly less than baseline (all p < 0.001). MTM resolved in 18 eyes (78.3%) after primary surgery, without any complication, and remained stable to the final visit.CONCLUSIONS: Vitrectomy with ILM peeling afforded favorable long-term efficacy and safety in MTM patients.

Open pulling reduction and bone graft by overstretched wrist traction and internal fixation for the treatment of distal radius type Fernandez Ⅲ fractures / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical effect of the treatment of Fernandez type Ⅲ fracture of the distal radius with hyperextension traction prying, volar reduction, bone grafting and internal fixation.@*METHODS@#From February 2017 to March 2018, 11 cases of Fernandez type Ⅲ fracture of the distal radius were treated with intraoperative hyperextension traction and volar prying reduction and bone grafting and internal fixation, including 6 males and 5 females, aged 55 to 67 years. Preoperative X-ray and CT evaluated the distal radius fracture dorsal angulation with articular surface compression, collapse. According to Fernandez, all of them were type Ⅲ. After operation, the reduction of articular surface and fracture healing were evaluated. VAS score and Cooney wrist score were used to evaluate the curative effect.@*RESULTS@#All the patients were followed up for 12 to 14 months. All the fractures healed. Cooney wrist score scale was used to evaluate the curative effect, 9 cases were excellent, 1 case was good and 1 case was fair.@*CONCLUSION@#In the operation of Fernandez type Ⅲ fracture of the distal radius, hyperextension traction was used to enlarge the angle, and through the volar fracture end prying reduction and internal fixation with bone graft, the collapsed articular surface could be effectively reduced and fixed. The early functional exercise after the operation had satisfactory clinical effect.