الملخص
Background: A recently-surfaced virus called Monkeypox virus (MPXV) has gained widespread attention as it dominates the news, creating a sense of panic among people due to the potential threat it poses to their health. Materials and Methods: To evaluate knowledge about this virus and its disease, and to raise consciousness among the members of the Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences and Earth and Universe Sciences at the University of Tlemcen, we launched an online web-based survey for a twenty days 'period that contained sociodemographic and perceptiveness questions about the emergent virus, its disease, and vaccination. Results: Our findings showed that the majority of the respondents of our study have a satisfactory level of knowledge about this emerging virus and its disease. Moreover, most participants showed a positive attitude towards the vaccine, considering it the best preventive means to fight against Monkeypox disease. Conclusion: Although the MPXV may not become a pandemic, but knowing the various ways that contribute to itsspread is essential to avoid any possibility of a new one, especially in Algeria.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Variola virus , Surveys and Questionnaires , Monkeypox virus , Communicable Diseases, Emergingالملخص
La publicación describe las recomendaciones emitidas por las autoridades nacionales de los países de España, Estados Unidos, Canadá, Alemania, Francia, Reino Unido, OMS/OPS, CDCUSA, y la información de las vacunas autorizadas por la FDA (Food and Drug Administration), Agencia Europea de Medicamentos (EMA) y la agencia reguladora de medicamentos de Reino Unido. Ninguno de los organismos internacionales revisados recomienda una vacunación masiva contra la viruela símica en población general. La OMS, Reino Unido, España y Estados Unidos recomiendan la vacunación pre-exposición a personas con riesgo ocupacional alto para la exposición al virus de la viruela símica, que incluye a trabajadores de salud específicos. Únicamente España, Alemania y Reino Unido añaden la recomendación de vacunación pre-exposición a grupos que tienen prácticas sexuales de alto riesgo, incluyendo a hombres que tienen sexo con hombres, población gay y bisexual y el caso de España también a personas que viven con VIH
الموضوعات
Variola virus , International Agencies , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Smallpox Vaccine , Mass Vaccination , Mpox (monkeypox) , Sexual and Gender Minoritiesالملخص
La viruela del mono es una zoonosis que se transmite de los animales a los humanos. El virus es un ortopoxvirus que causa una enfermedad con síntomas similares a los de la viruela, pero menos graves. Si bien la viruela se erradicó en 1980, la viruela del simio continúa ocurriendo en países de África central y occidental. Se identifican dos clados: el clado de África occidental y el clado de la cuenca del Congo, también conocido como el clado de África central. Los casos a menudo se encuentran cerca de las selvas tropicales donde hay animales que portan el virus. Se han encontrado pruebas de infección por el virus de la viruela del mono en animales como ardillas, ratas cazadas furtivamente de Gambia, lirones, diferentes especies de monos y otros
الموضوعات
Variola virus , Smallpox , Zoonoses , Epidemiologic Studies , Epidemiologic Measurements , Mpox (monkeypox) , Epidemiological Monitoringالملخص
Resumen | La viruela significó para las colonias americanas un proceso que desestabilizaba de forma dramática las dinámicas sociodemográficas de las colonias, lo que incentivó el desarrollo de estudios científicos sobre el virus causante. Cada libro acerca de la viruela en la biblioteca de Nariño constituyó una herramienta en la lucha contra el virus emprendida por el prócer. Tras la revisión del artículo "A propósito del bicentenario de la independencia de Colombia: las prácticas de lectura de Antonio Nariño y el desarrollo de una vacuna presuntamente efectiva contra la viruela" quise comentar y profundizar en torno al saber médico de Nariño mediante el acercamiento a las obras a las que recurrió para instruirse sobre la enfermedad. A partir de la semblanza de cada una de ellas, analicé el proceso de variolización en el Reino de la Nueva Granada y la necesidad de fabricar una vacuna propia.
Abstract | For the American colonies, smallpox implied a process that dramatically destabilized their sociodemographic dynamics, which explains why scientific development took place around the causative virus. Each book about smallpox in Nariño's library was a tool in the fight against smallpox undertaken by the founding father. After reviewing the article "About the bicentennial of the independence of Colombia: The reading practices of Antonio Nariño and the development of a vaccine that is presumably effective against smallpox", I set myself to study Antonio Nariño's medical knowledge further. Through the approach to the works that Nariño used to educate himself on smallpox and the development of a biographical sketch of each of them, I analyzed the process of variolization in the Kingdom of Nueva Granada and the need to manufacture a vaccine locally.
الموضوعات
Smallpox , Smallpox Vaccine , Variola virus , Vaccinia virus , Immunization , Epidemicsالملخص
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate the medical surge capacity required for mass prophylaxis based on a hypothetical outbreak of smallpox.METHODS: We performed a simulation using the Bioterrorism and Epidemic Outbreak Response Model and varied some important parameters, such as the number of core medical personnel and the number of dispensing clinics.RESULTS: Gaps were identified in the medical surge capacity of the Korean government, especially in the number of medical personnel who could respond to the need for mass prophylaxis against smallpox.CONCLUSIONS: The Korean government will need to train 1,000 or more medical personnel for such an event, and will need to prepare many more dispensing centers than are currently available.
الموضوعات
Bioterrorism , Korea , Smallpox , Surge Capacity , Vaccination , Variola virusالملخص
RESUMEN La reciente ocurrencia de infecciones por el virus vaccinia en animales y humanos en distintos lugares de la geografía colombiana, sumadas a otras por éste y por otros virus pertenecientes al género Orthopoxvirus (familia Poxviridae), ocurridas en algunos países de Suramérica, África, Asia y Europa se convierten en evidencia de la inminente emergencia y re-emergencia de este género, con características biológicas y epidemiológicas que le confieren gran interés para la salud pública del mundo, como lo fue en el pasado una de sus especies representativas: el virus de la viruela. Esta emergencia y re-emergencia parecen estar relacionadas con la suspensión en las décadas de los 70s y 80s de las campañas de vacunación contra la viruela, las cuales; insospechadamente estuvieron protegiendo a la población, no únicamente contra este virus, sino contra otros del mismo género. En el presente artículo se hace una revisión de la biología y epidemiología de los principales miembros del género Orthopoxvirus, su presentación clínica, antecedentes históricos, contexto social, e impacto en la salud pública mundial en el pasado, presente y a futuro.(AU)
ABSTRACT The recent occurrence of vaccinia virus infections in humans and animals in Colombia, together with that reported for this and other species of the genus Orthopoxvirus in some South American, African, Asian and European countries, is supporting evidence of the emergence and re-emergence of the genus. This fact has become of great interest for public health around the world due to its biological and an epidemiological features, as was in the past the variola virus, one of its representatives. The emergence and re-emergence of the genus Orthopoxvirus may be a consequence of stopping vaccination against the variola virus in the 1970s and 1980s. This vaccination unsuspectedly induced cross-protective immunity to other species of that genus. This is a review of the history, biology and epidemiology of the main species of the genus Orthopoxvirus, together with its clinical presentation, social context and public health impact in the past, present and future.(AU)
الموضوعات
Humans , Poxviridae , Variola virus , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology , Colombia/epidemiologyالملخص
We have examined isolation and identification protocols for three virus simulant candidates to biological warfare agents. MS2 phage, a simulant for yellow fever virus and Hantaan virus, was propagated using as a host an E. coli strain with F pilus. MS2 phage genome was examined by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Coat protein of the phage preparation was examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and mass spectrometric analysis. Cydia pomonella granulosis virus (CpGV) is a virus simulant candidate to smallpox virus. CpGV was isolated from a commercialized CpGV pellet. In this study, we developed new isolation and identification protocols for CpGV. One disadvantage of using CpGV is that it is not easy to determine viability of the virus. Here, we have included T4 phage as an alternative. We established a high titer production protocol and developed an easy genome identification protocol that does not require purified phage DNA. Stability of these virus preparations was also examined under various storage conditions. When the virus preparations were not subjected to freeze drying, MS2 phage was most stable when it was stored in liquid nitrogen but unstable at 4℃. In contrast, T4 phage was most stable when it was stored at 4℃. CpGV was stable at −20℃ but not at 4℃. Stability during or after freeze drying was also investigated. The result showed that 70~80% MS2 survived the freeze drying process. In contrast, only about 15% of T4 phage survived during the freeze drying. CpGV was found to be degraded during freeze drying.
الموضوعات
Bacteriophage T4 , Bacteriophages , Biological Warfare Agents , DNA , Electrophoresis , Freeze Drying , Genome , Granulovirus , Hantaan virus , Levivirus , Nitrogen , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Reverse Transcription , Variola virus , Yellow fever virusالملخص
The following is a commentary on the article “Arita I, Breman JG. Evaluation of smallpox vaccination policy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1979;57(1):1-9.” Abstract (of the original article): During 1978 and 1979 the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication will proceed with verification of smallpox eradication in 31 countries. If current surveillance activities do not discover any further cases before the end of 1979, the world will be declared smallpox free. However, the recent occurrence of two laboratory associated smallpox cases in Birmingham, England, revealed that the stocks of variola virus held in at least 12 laboratories in the world pose a real danger to the achievement of smallpox eradication and efforts are being made to reduce the number of laboratories retaining the virus to not more than 4-all WHO collaborating centres-by 1980. Scientific data indicate the unlikelihood of smallpox recurring once it has been eradicated from the human population, although further confirmatory studies are continuing. If the Global Commission verifies the eradication of smallpox, continuation of smallpox vaccination will be unjus-tifiable in view of its severe complications, however infrequent, and the expected global savings that would result from the termination of vaccination programmes.
الموضوعات
Disease Eradication/instrumentation , Disease Eradication/methods , Global Health , Humans , Mass Vaccination , Smallpox/prevention & control , Smallpox Vaccine/therapeutic use , Variola virus , World Health Organizationالملخص
Vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP) is one of the proteins encoded by vaccinia virus to modulate the host inflammatory response. VCP modulates the inflammatory response and protects viral habitat by inhibiting the classical and the alternative pathways of complement activation. The extended structure of VCP, mobility between its sequential domains, charge distribution and type of residues at the binding regions are factors that have been identified to influence its ability to bind to complement proteins. We report that a Lister strain of vaccinia virus encodes a VCP homolog (Lis VCP) that is functional, glycosylated, has two amino acids less than the well-characterized VCP from vaccinia virus WR strain (WR VCP), and the human smallpox inhibitor of complement enzymes (SPICE) from variola virus. The glycosylated VCP of Lister is immunogenic in contrast to the weak immunogenicity of the nonglycosylated VCP. Lis VCP is the only orthopoxviral VCP homolog found to be glycosylated, and we speculate that glycosylation influences its pattern of complement inhibition. We also correlate dimerization of VCP observed only in mammalian and baculovirus expression systems to higher levels of activity than monomers, observed in the yeast expression system.
الموضوعات
Animals , Humans , Amino Acid Sequence , Cell Line , Chlorocebus aethiops , Complement Activation , Allergy and Immunology , Complement System Proteins , Metabolism , Dimerization , Gene Expression , Glycosylation , Molecular Sequence Data , Protein Binding , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Recombinant Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Smallpox , Allergy and Immunology , Metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Vaccinia virus , Chemistry , Allergy and Immunology , Metabolism , Variola virus , Chemistry , Allergy and Immunology , Metabolism , Viral Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Pharmacologyالملخص
Aborda historicamente o fim dos estoques de poxvírus variólico existentes no mundo (MC)
الموضوعات
Variola virusالملخص
La eliminación mundial del virus de la viruela con el virus de la vaccinia fue un proceso que duró poco más de siglo y medio, que se desarrolló en varias etapas según la aceptación del procedimiento, de los adelantos técnicos y del esfuerzo colaborativo de las autoridades internacionales de salud con los representantes en cada uno de los países del mundo. El virus de la vaccinia es asimétrico y está recubierto por una membrana obtenida cuando el virus maduro sale de la célula infectada. Tiene la forma de un ladrillo y es muy resistente a los efectos de los inactivadores físicos y químicos. La certificación definitiva de la erradicación mundial de la viruela fue hecha por la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud en mayo de 1980; con esto el virus de la vaccinia parecía también haber quedado condenado a la extinción. Sin embargo, la comunidad científica se volvió a fijar en él a consecuencia del desarrollo de la tecnología del DNA recombinante, cuando surgió la posibilidad de romper la barrera genética de los organismos y se logró la recombinación de genomas de cualquier especie. Si el agente infeccioso no es patogénico y el gene proviene de otro agente que si lo es, entonces ese vector de expresión se puede utilizar con una vacuna prácticamente ideal, ya que puede inmunizar al sujeto contra ese patógeno, sin peligro para la salud. Uno de los más lógicos candidatos a servir como vector fue el virus de la vaccinia, debido a que sus cualidades inmunogénicas y de seguridad son excelentes ya que su genoma puede incorporar una cantidad importante de DNA, por lo menos 25,000 pares de bases, sin por ello perder su inefectividad. El virus de la vaccinia cuenta ahora con enormes posibilidades para continuarse usando, ya no como medida profiláctica, específica o no, sino como un vehículo seguro y eficiente de material genético de otros agentes infecciosos