الملخص
RESUMEN La rotura de vasa previa es una afección infrecuente que aparece cuando el cordón umbilical tiene una inserción velamentosa y los vasos fetales desprotegidos, que al carecer de la gelatina de Wharton, discurren a través de las membranas, lo que los hace especialmente vulnerables a la rotura o desgarros. Los factores de riesgo más relevantes son: la gestación gemelar monocorial, las gestaciones conseguidas mediante técnicas de reproducción asistida y las anomalías de inserción placentaria. La rotura de la vasa previa puede llevar a: una hemorragia fetal aguda, un choque hipovolémico, una asfixia fetal y a la muerte perinatal. El estudio ecográfico de la placenta y el empleo del Doppler color tienen gran importancia para lograr el diagnóstico precoz de las pacientes en riesgo, el cual constituye la premisa fundamental para lograr disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad fetal y neonatal.
ABSTRACT Ruptured vasa previa is an uncommon condition that appears when the umbilical cord has a velamentous insertion and the unprotected fetal vessels, which, in the absence of Wharton's jelly, run through membranes making them especially vulnerable to rupture or tears. The most relevant risk factors are: monochorionic twin pregnancy, pregnancies achieved through assisted reproductive techniques and abnormal placental cord insertion. Ruptured vasa previa can lead to: acute fetal hemorrhage, hypovolemic shock, fetal asphyxia and perinatal death. The ultrasound study of the placenta and the use of color Doppler ultrasound are of great importance to achieve early diagnosis of patients at risk, which is the fundamental premise to achieve lower fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.
الموضوعات
Vasa Previa , Umbilical Cordالملخص
Abstract Vasa previa (VP) is a dangerous obstetric condition associated with perinatal mortality and morbidity. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a risk factor for VP due to the high incidence of abnormal placentation. The diagnosis should be made prenatally, because fetal mortality can be extremely high. We report two cases to demonstrate the accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound in the prenatal diagnosis of VP. A 40-year-old primiparous Caucasian woman with IVF pregnancy was diagnosed with VP at 29 weeks of gestation and was hospitalized for observation at 31 weeks of gestation. She delivered a male newborn weighing 2,380 g, with an Apgar score of 10 at 5 minutes, by elective cesarean section at 34 weeks + 4 days of gestation, without complications. A 36-yearold primiparous Caucasian woman with IVF pregnancy was diagnosed with placenta previa, bilobed placenta increta and VP. The cord insertion was velamentous. She was hospitalized for observation at 26 weeks of gestation. She delivered a female newborn weighing 2,140 g, with an Apgar score of 9 at 5 minutes, by emergency cesarean section at 33 weeks + 4 days of gestation due to vaginal bleeding. The prenatal diagnosis of VP was associated with a favorable outcome in the two cases, supporting previous observations that IVF is a risk factor for VP and that all IVF pregnancies should be screened by transvaginal ultrasound.
Resumo Vasa previa (VP) é uma condição obstétrica perigosa associada a mortalidade e morbidade perinatais. Fertilização in vitro (FIV) é um fator de risco para VP devido à alta incidência de placentação anormal. O diagnóstico deve ser realizado no período pré-natal, pois a possibilidade de mortalidade fetal é extremamente elevada. Relatamos dois casos para demonstrar a acurácia da ultrassonografia transvaginal no diagnóstico pré-natal de VP. Mulher caucasiana, primigesta, de 40 anos, submetida a FIV, foi diagnosticada com VP na 29ª semana de gestação e hospitalizada para observação na 31ª semana de gestação. A paciente foi submetida à cesariana eletiva com 34 semanas e 4 dias, sem complicações, com recém-nascido do sexo masculino, pesando 2.380 g, e com Apgar de 10 no 5° minuto. Mulher caucasiana, primigesta, de 36 anos, subetida a FIV, foi diagnosticada com placenta prévia, placenta bilobada, acretismo placentário e VP. Cordão umbilical com inserção velamentosa. A paciente foi hospitalizada para observação na 26ª semana de gestação. Foi submetida à cesariana de emergência com33 semanas e 4 dias por sangramento vaginal. O recém nascido do sexo feminino pesou 2.140 g, com Apgar de 9 no 5°minuto. O diagnóstico de VP no período pré-natal associou-se a um desfecho favorável nos dois casos, corroborando observações anteriores de que a FIV é um fator de risco para VP e de que todas as gestações por FIV deveriam ser avaliadas por ultrassonografia transvaginal.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Adult , Prenatal Diagnosis , Vasa Previa/diagnosis , Fertilization in Vitro , Cesarean Section , Ultrasonography, Prenatal , Diagnosis, Differential , Vasa Previa/diagnostic imagingالملخص
Objetivo: reportar un caso de vasa previa y hacer una revisión de la literatura en cuanto a la patogénesis, el diagnóstico ecográfico antenatal y el pronóstico perinatal de la misma.Materiales y métodos: se presenta el caso de una paciente de 44 años de edad y 36 semanas de gestación, que consultó al Hospital Manuel Uribe Ángel (HMUA), institución pública de segundo nivel de atención, centro de referencia obstétrica ubicado en el municipio de Envigado, Antioquia. Se utilizó como fuente de información la historia clínica, se realizó una búsqueda de literatura con las palabras clave vasa previa, ultrasonography, prognosis en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed de los años 1993 a 2013 en inglés y español; se buscaron revisiones de tema, revisiones sistemáticas y reportes de caso.Resultados: se encontraron 35 artículos, se analizaron todas las referencias y se halló que 22 corresponden a reportes de caso, 8 a revisiones de tema y 5 a revisiones sistemáticas.Conclusiones: la vasa previa es una complicación obstétrica poco frecuente. La evaluación de la placenta por ultrasonido es un método útil para determinar la inserción del cordón umbilical y sus posibles anormalidades. El pronóstico es pobre, con altos índices de mortalidad fetal si no se realiza un diagnóstico antenatal.
Objective: To report a case of vasa previa and a review of the literature in terms of the pathogenesis, pre-natal ultrasound diagnosis, and perinatal prognosis.Materials and methods: We present a case of a 44 year-old woman in her 36th week of gestation who came to Hospital Manuel Uribe Ángel (HMUA), a level II public referral center in Envigado, Antioquia. The clinical record was used as a source of information. The search of the literature was conducted using the key words vasa previa, ultrasonography, prognosis in the Medline databases through PubMed between 1993 and 2013, in English and Spanish. The search focused on topic reviews, systematic reviews, and case reports.Results: Overall, 35 articles were found, all the references were analyzed, resulting in 22 case reports, 8 topic reviews, and 5 systematic reviews.Conclusions: Vasa previa is an infrequent obstetrical complication. Ultrasound placental assessment is a useful tool to determine umbilical cord insertion and potential abnormalities. Prognosis is poor, with high rates of fetal mortality in the absence of pre-natal diagnosis.
الموضوعات
Prognosis , Ultrasonography , Vasa Previaالملخص
Relata-se a inserção velamentosa do cordão umbilical diagnosticada durante o parto gemelar normal, evento raro e com mais incidência em gestações múltiplas. É, em geral, assintomático, quando a paciente não entra em trabalho de parto, devendo a gestação ser interrompida por cesariana. A vasa prévia constitui-se em sua complicação rara, podendo ser letal. A ultrassonografia é fundamental para a realização de seu diagnóstico.
A report of velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord diagnosed during a normal twin delivery, a rare event with higher incidence in multiple pregnancies. Because it is generally asymptomatic, when the mother does not go into labor, pregnancy must be interrupted by performing a caesarean delivery. Previous vasa is a rare complication and can be lethal. Ultrasound is crucial for diagnosis.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Umbilical Cord/blood supply , Vasa Previa , Prenatal Diagnosis , Pregnancy, Twin , Natural Childbirth , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Colorالملخص
We are presenting a case of vasa previa diagnosed at 22 weeks gestation and then she started with threatened premature labor on week 27th.In spite of attempted tocolysis, labor continued to painless fully dilatation, spontaneous rupture of membranes, umbilical cord prolapse and unexpectedvaginal delivery of a 760 g baby in good conditions. Gross placental examination was in agreement with ultrasound findings and microscopic study demonstrated chorioamnionitis and funisitis associated to vasa previa and prematurity. We consider series of facts that happened in this case as a continuous risk condition from the morbidity to the epilog like near miss perinatal case. We discuss the importance of chance in the resultand we think that the preventive intervention was in the medical management and not in the attention system.
Se presenta un caso clínico de vasa previa diagnosticada con ultrasonido a las 22 semanas que evolucionó con amenaza de parto prematuro en semana 27. Pese a la frenación inicial se produjodilatación completa en forma silenciosa, rotura de membranas, procidencia de cordón y parto vaginal sorpresivo de un prematuro de 760 gramos que tuvoevolución favorable. El examen macroscópico placentario fue concordante con las imágenes observadas con ultrasonido y el estudio histológico confirmó corioamnionitis y funisitis asociadas a la vasa previa y la prematurez. La interpretación de la secuencia de eventos es de un riesgo continuo desde su inicio como morbilidad y su epílogo de probable mortalidad perinatal (near miss).Se discute la importancia del azar en la evolución y se concluye que una intervención preventiva estuvo en el ámbito del manejo médico y no en el sistema de atención.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Chorioamnionitis/therapy , Chorioamnionitis , Vasa Previa/therapy , Vasa Previa , Obstetric Labor, Premature , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Risk , Ultrasonography, Prenatalالملخص
La vasa previa (VP) es una rara causa de metrorragia del tercer trimestre del embarazo, en la cual vasos sanguíneos procedentes de la placenta se interponen entre la presentación y el orificio cervical interno (OCI). Se trata de una patología que en la mayoría de los casos no se diagnostica durante el embarazo (prenatal) si no se la busca específicamente, siendo responsable de una alta mortalidad perinatal que oscila entre 60 por ciento a 90 por ciento, según distintas fuentes bibliográficas. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 26 años de edad, con 1,41 m de estatura, nulípara, que ingresa para cesárea de coordinación por desproporción feto-pélvica debida a estrechez pélvica absoluta. Se obtiene neonato vivo de sexo masculino y puntaje de Apgar de9 puntos al minuto y 10 puntos a los 5 minutos. Como hallazgo en el alumbramiento se destaca placenta fúndica normoinserta con vasa previa. Se enfatiza la importancia del diagnóstico prenatal mediante la ultrasonografía Doppler para poder realizar un tratamiento programado y oportuno, logrando disminuir notablemente la mortalidad por esta rara pero igualmente letal entidad clínica.
Vasa previa (VP) is an unusual cause of metrorrhagia in the third trimester of pregnancy, where the blood vessels coming from the placenta are located in front of the internal cervical os. In the vast majority of cases this pathologyis not diagnosed during pregnancy unless it is specifically looked for, and it results in high mortality rates ranging from 60 percent to 90 percent according to different sources. A clinical case is presented: A 26 year old patient, 1.41mhigh, nulliparous, is admitted to hospital to undergo a coordinated c-section due to cephalopelvic disproportion absolute narrow pelvis. A live male newborn is obtained, Apgar 9 after one minute and 10 after five minutes. During delivery it was found that placenta was fundal and normally located although there was vasa previa. We emphasize emphasize on the importance of prenatal diagnosis with Doppler scanning to draw up a timely and planned treatment and thus significantly diminish mortality resulting from this infrequent, though lethal condition.
A vasa previa (VP) é uma causa rara de metrorragia do terceiro trimestre de gestação, na qual os vasos sanguíneos procedentes da placenta se cruzam ou atravessam a membrana amniótica passando pelo orifício cervical interno(OCI). Trata-se de uma patologia que, na maioria dos casos, não é diagnosticada durante a gravidez (pré-natal) se não é investigada especificamente, e que é responsável por uma alta mortalidade perinatal que varia entre 60 por cento a 90 por cento de acordo com diferentes estudos. Apresenta-se o caso clínico de uma paciente de 26 anos de idade, com estatura de 1,41 m, nulípara, que ingressa a maternidade para cesárea de coordenação por desproporção feto-pélvica absoluta. O recém nascido vivo de sexo masculino apresentou boletim de Apgar de 9 pontos no primeiro minuto e 10 pontos aos 5 minutos. No momento do parto se observou placenta fúndica normoinserta com vasa previa. Destaca-se a importância do diagnóstico pré-natal utilizando ultrassonografía Doppler que permite realizar tratamento programado e oportuno buscando diminuir consideravelmente a mortalidade por esta rara, mas letal entidade clínica.
الموضوعات
Metrorrhagia , Ultrasonography, Prenatal , Vasa Previaالملخص
Vasa previa is said to occur when fetal vessels, unsupported by placenta or umbilical cord, transverse the menbranes over the cervix, below the presenting part. It is typically caused by velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord with fetal vessels between the cervix and presenting part. Bilobed or succenturiate placentas also can be associated with aberrant vasculature over the internal cervical os. Vasa previa has an incidence of approximately one per 2,000-5,000 deliveries. It has a high fetal mortality due to fetal exsanguination resulting from fetal vessels tearing when the menbranes rupture. So Prenatal detection of vasa previa is very important. We believe transvaginal ultrasound in combination with color Doppler is the most effective tool in the antenatal diagnosis of vasa previa. Recently, we experienced one case of vasa previa accompanied by succenturiate placenta diagnosed prenatally by color Doppler and transvaginal sonography. Here we report our experience with a literature review.
الموضوعات
Female , Cervix Uteri , Exsanguination , Fetal Mortality , Incidence , Placenta , Prenatal Diagnosis , Rupture , Ultrasonography, Prenatal , Umbilical Cord , Vasa Previaالملخص
Vasa previa is one of the most unusual and tragic accidents to fetus in obstetrics. This condition is not diagnosed easily because it is rare and unexpected. To improve the perinatal outcome, early detection by ultrasonography is very important during pregnancy. We present a case of vasa previa with velamentous insertion of cord with a brief review of the literatures concerned.