الملخص
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-Chat) em crianças de 24 a 36 meses de idade com (Grupo 1/n = 88) e sem (Grupo 2/n = 1116) o transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA). Avaliou-se a consistência interna e estimou-se a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN). Além disso, construiu-se a curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). Para avaliar a validade discriminante, comparou-se a proporção de falhas entre as crianças com e sem o TEA, utilizando o teste qui-quadrado ou teste Exato de Fisher. Comparou-se ainda o número de falhas segundo sexo, faixa etária e grupo do participante por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney. O M-Chat apresentou consistência interna elevada (0,78 e 0,86), reprodutibilidade satisfatória (Kappa de 0,6 a 0,79 e CCI = 0,87 e 0,89), alta sensibilidade (0,807 e 0,932), especificidade (0,927 e 0,706) e VPN (0,984 e 0,992), porém as estimativas do VPP (0,467 e 0,250) não foram satisfatórias. Quanto à validade discriminante, observou-se que a proporção de falhas foi significativamente maior no grupo de crianças com TEA. Observou-se também que o número de falhas foi maior entre as crianças do sexo masculino, com faixa etária de 25-36 meses e no grupo com TEA. A versão brasileira do M-Chat tem propriedades psicométricas adequadas no que se refere à confiabilidade, sensibilidade, especificidade, VPN e validade discriminante, o que torna recomendável sua aplicação para rastrear crianças com sinais do TEA.(AU)
This study aims to assess the psychometric properties of the instrument Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) in children from 24 to 36 months old with (Group 1/n = 88) and without (Group 2/n = 1116) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Internal consistency was evaluated and sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were estimated. Also, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was generated. To evaluate the discriminant validity, the proportion of flaws among children with and without ASD was assessed by applying the Chi-square test or by the Exact Fisher test. The number of flaws based on sex, age group, and participant's group was also compared with the Mann-Whitney Test. The M-CHAT showed high internal consistency (0.78 and 0.86), satisfactory reproductivity (Kappa 0.60 and 0.79 and ICC = 0.87 and 0.89), high sensibility (0.807 and 0.932), specificity (0.927 and 0.706), and NPV (0.984 and 0.992); however, PPV estimates (0.467 and 0.250) were not satisfactory. Regarding the discriminant validity, the proportion of flaws was significantly higher in the group of children with ASD. Moreover, the number of flaws was larger among boys, in the age group 25-36 months, and in the group with ASD. The Brazilian version of M-CHAT has adequate psychometric properties concerning reliability, sensitivity, specificity, NPV and discriminant validity, which makes its application recommendable to track children with ASD signs.(AU)
Ese estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) en niños de 24 a los 36 meses de edad con (grupo 1/n=88) y sin (grupo 2/n=1116) el trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Fueron evaluadas la consistencia interna y estimadas la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo (VPP), valor predictivo negativo (VPN). Además, se construyó la curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). Para evaluar la validad discriminante se comparó la proporción de los fracasos entre los niños con y sin TEA, utilizando el examen chi-cuadrado o la prueba exacta de Fisher. Se compararon también el número de fracasos según el sexo, edad y grupo de participantes por medio del teste Mann-Whitney. El M-CHAT presentó consistencia interna elevada (0,78 y 0,86), reproductividad satisfactoria (Kappa de 0,60 a 0,79 e CCI = 0,87 e 0,89), alta sensibilidad (0,807 e 0,932), especificidad (0,927 e 0,706) y VPN (0,984 e 0,992), pero las estimativas del VPP (0,467 e 0,250) no fueron satisfactorias. Acerca de la validad discriminante, se observó que la proporción de fallas fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de niños con TEA. El número de fracasos fue mayor entre los niños varones, de 25 a 36 meses de edad y no en el grupo con TEA. La versión brasileña del M-CHAT tiene propiedades psicométricas adecuadas en lo que concierne a la confiabilidad, sensibilidad, especificidad, VPN y validad discriminante, lo que hace que su aplicación sea recomendada para rastrear los niños con señales de TEA.(AU)
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Autistic Disorder , Triage , Sensitivity and Specificity , Validation Study , Primary Health Care , Psychology , Public Policy , Signs and Symptoms , Speech , Family , Child , Child Development , Predictive Value of Tests , Cognition , Communication , Photophobia , Asperger Syndrome , Aggression , Early Diagnosis , Echolalia , Education, Special , Emotions , Medicalization , Self-Control , Applied Behavior Analysis , Psychological Distress , Psychosocial Intervention , Social Inclusion , Social Interaction , Vestibular System , Learning , Neurologyالملخص
ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate whether the pigeon (Columba livia) is a good model for evaluating the vestibular system involved with postural maintenance during movement. Methods: This study maps the brainstem targets of the horizontal ampullary inputs from the vestibular periphery of the pigeon. We used biotin dextran amine (BDA) injection in horizontal semicircular canal (HSCC), immunohistochemistry for GluR2/3 and GluR4 AMPA and computerized histomorphology reconstruction. Results: Our results show the same distribution pattern with ipsilateral projections to vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) from the HSCC, with the majority of labeled fibers being, long, thin, with few varicosities and many ramifications. Horizontal semicircular canal projections achieve neurons belonging to all nuclei of the VNC with exception of dorsal portion of lateral vestibular nucleus and this area express GluR2/3 and GluR4 AMPA receptors reinforcing the idea of glutamate participation in these connections. Conclusions: Pigeon is an appropriated experimental model to study of projections of HSCC and reinforcing the information that the vestibular system has strong relation with the fast responses necessary for postural control. Moreover, its phylogenetic organization apparently conservation, also seems to be a fundamental characteristic for vertebrates.