ABSTRACT
In medical practice, the different scenarios in which cardio respiratory resuscitation (CPR) may be applied must be taken into account. CPR is crucial in subjects that arrive in emergency rooms or suffer a cardiac arrest in public places or at their homes. It is also critical in hospitalized patients with potentially reversible diseases, who suffer cardiac arrest as an unexpected event during their evolution. In intensive care units, the decision is particularly complex. The concepts of therapeutic proportionality, treatment futility and therapeutic tenacity can help physicians in their decision making about when CPR is technically and morally mandatory. The do not resuscitate (DNR) decision in taken when a patient is bearing an irreversible disease and his life is coming to an end. DNR decisions are clearly indicated in intensive care units to limit the therapeutic effort and in other hospital facilities, when death is foreseeable and therapeutic tenacity must be avoided. DNR orders must be renewed and reconsidered on a daily basis. It does not mean that other treatment should be discontinued and by no means should the patient be abandoned. DNR and previous directives, DNR and quality of life and DNR communication are also commented in the present article.
Subject(s)
Humans , Resuscitation Orders/ethics , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/ethics , Quality of Life , Terminal Care , Attitude of Health Personnel , Medical Futility/ethics , Decision Making/ethics , Intensive Care UnitsABSTRACT
The classification of a patient as terminally ill is based on an expert diagnosis of a severe and irreversible disease and the absence of an effective available treatment, according to present medical knowledge. Terminal diseases must not be confused with severe ones, since the latter may be reversible with an adequate and timely treatment. The physician assumes a great responsibility at the moment of diagnosing a patient as terminally ill. The professional must assume his care until the moment of death. This care must be oriented to the alleviation of symptoms and to provide the best possible quality of life. Also, help must be provided to deal with personal, legal and religious issues that may concern the patient