Precision redox regulation / 药学学报

Oxygen is vital for life. Redox stress is important in cell signal transduction, mediating many physiological and pathological processes such as aging, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic diseases and tumors. Redox homeostasis maintainance is critical for promoting life health. In this paper, the lasting challenges during antioxidant research and development and the beyond main reasons were analyzed: including insufficient understanding of the physiological function of redox stress; excessive antioxidant, causing reductive stress; antioxidant strategies lacking specificity. Here the author proposed that cells and the body own precise redox nature, therefore, redox intervention strategies such as anti-oxidation should consider the "5R" principle, i.e. right species, right time, right place, right level, right target. Precision redox regulation is the future direction and precise redox medicine development is opening.

The normal values of water-perfused high resolution esophageal manometry: a multicenter study / 中华消化杂志

Objective:To establish the normal values of water-perfused high resolution esophageal manometry (HREM)(GAP-36A) at resting period, water swallowing, semisolid swallowing and solid swallowing in Chinese population.Methods:From September 1, 2019 to June 30, 2020, 91 healthy volunteers receiving water-perfused HREM (GAP-36A) at resting period, water swallowing, semisolid swallowing and solid swallowing were selected from 9 hospitals (Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; the Second Affiliated Hospital, Naval Medical University; the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; the First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China; Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University; the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University and the First People′s Hospital of Yichang). Parameters included the position of the upper and lower edges of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the length of the LES and UES, the position of the pressure inversion point (PIP), the resting pressure of UES and LES and swallow-related parameters such as the distal contraction integral (DCI), 4 s integrated relaxation pressure (IRP), distal latency (DL) and UES residual pressure. One-way analysis of variance, post-hoc test and sum rank test were used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 87 healthy volunteers were enrolled, including 40 males and 47 females, aged (38.5±14.2) years old (ranged from 19 to 65 years old). The position of the upper and lower edges of the LES was (42.7±2.8) and (45.6±2.8) cm, respectively, the length of the LES was (2.9±0.4) cm, and the position of PIP was (43.3±2.8) cm. The position of the upper and lower edges of the UES was (18.1±3.0) and (22.6±2.0) cm, respectively, and the length of the UES was (4.8±1.0) cm. The resting pressure of LES and UES was (17.4±10.7) and (84.1±61.1) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), respectively. The DCI value at solid swallowing was higher than those at water swallowing and semisolid swallowing ((2 512.4±1 448.0) mmHg·s·cm vs. (2 183.2±1 441.2) and (2 150.8±1 244.8) mmHg·s·cm), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=-4.30 and -3.74, both P<0.001). The values of 4 s IRP at semisolid swallowing and solid swallowing were lower than that at water swallowing ((4.6±4.1) and (4.9±3.9) mmHg vs. (5.4±3.9) mmHg), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=3.38 and 2.09, P=0.001 and 0.037). The DL at water swallowing was shorter than those at semisolid swallowing and solid swallowing ((8.5±1.8) s vs. (9.8±2.2) and (10.6±2.8) s), and the DL at semisolid swallowing was shorter than that at solid swallowing, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=-10.21, -13.91 and -4.68, all P<0.001). The UES residual pressure at water swallowing was higher than those at semisolid swallowing and solid swallowing (9.5 mmHg, 6.5 to 12.3 mmHg vs. 8.0 mmHg, 4.5 to 11.7 mmHg and 5.5 mmHg, 2.0 to 9.3 mmHg), and the UES residual pressure at semisolid swallowing was higher than that at solid swallowing, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=3.48, 10.30 and 6.35, all P<0.001). Conclusions:The normal values of water-perfused HREM (GAP-36A) in Chinese population at resting period, water swallowing, semisolid swallowing and solid swallowing can provide a reference basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment for patients receiving water-perfused HREM examination.

Effects of propofol on neuronal activity in medial prefrontal cortex during social behavior in sleep-deprived rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of propofol on neuronal activity in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during social behavior in sleep-deprived rats.Methods:Sixty SPF healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 8 weeks, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=20 each) using a random number table method: control group (group Con), chronic sleep deprivation plus natural sleep group (group CSD+ NS), and chronic sleep deprivation plus propofol group (CSD+ Pro). Sleep deprivation model was developed by the modified multiple platform method, and the rats were placed in the sleep-deprivation tank for 20 h a day (14: 00-10: 00) and allowed to sleep naturally for 4 h (10: 00-14: 00) a day for 28 consecutive days.Propofol 40 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected after sleep deprivation for 28 consecutive days in group CSD+ Pro, while the equal volume of 10% fat emulsion was given instead in group C and group CSD+ NS.Electroencephalographic recordings in cerebral cortical regions were performed on the days 1st, 14th and 28th after sleep deprivation.The apoptotic neurons in mPFC were detected using TUNEL method after the end of sleep deprivation, and the apoptosis index was calculated.A three chamber sociability test was used to detect the social behavior of rats, and local field potential signals in mPFC were collected. Results:Compared with group Con, the percentage of rapid eye movement sleep was significantly increased, the sniffing time preference coefficients in the 2 stages were reduced, the percentage of the β waves and θ waves-band power in mPFC during the social sniffing process was decreased, and the apoptosis index of neurons in mPFC was increased in group CSD+ NS ( P<0.05). Compared with group CSD+ NS, the percentage of rapid eye movement sleep was significantly increased, the sniffing time preference coefficient in the 2 stages was increased, and the percentage of β waves and θ waves-band power in mPFC during the social sniffing process was increased, and the apoptosis index of neurons in mPFC was decreased in group CSD+ Pro ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Propofol inhibits the apoptosis in neurons in mPFC and increases β and θ waves in the mPFC during social interaction after sleep deprivation in sleep-deprived rats, which is helpful in improving sleep deprivation-induced social disorder.

Advance in the degradation of biodegradable plastics in different environments / 生物工程学报

With the continuously increasing demands of plastic products in the current society, the challenge of disposing plastic waste is constantly increasing, leading to the urgent need of mitigating plastic pollution. As a consequence, much attention has been paid to biodegradable plastics due to their degradability in a bio-active environment under certain conditions. Biodegradable plastics herald vast development potentials and considerable market prospects. The degradation of numerous types of biodegradable plastics will be affected by many factors. A thorough understanding of degradation mechanisms as well as functional microbial strains and enzymes is the key to comprehensive utilization and efficient treatment and disposal of biodegradable plastics. The article summarized the types, properties, advantages and disadvantages, and main applications of common biodegradable plastics. The degradation mechanisms, functional microbial strains and enzymes, as well as the degradation degree and duration under different environmental conditions, were also summarized. This review may help better understand the degradation of biodegradable plastics wastes.

Integrating dynamic elements to static biochemistry-the practice of unitized "micro-teaching" / 生物工程学报

As the content of static biochemistry is boring and traditional cramming education fails to draw the attention of students, we divided the course into small units and then made full use of "micro-teaching" resources such as multimedia slides, pictures, objects, experimental demonstrations and animations of the biochemical principles. The method created a "micro-teaching" environment, which combined boring static knowledge with vivid dynamic elements, thus producing a strong sensory impact on students, highlighting the knowledge in their mind, prompting students' participation, and greatly improving the teaching effects. This article introduces the goals and development process of this teaching method, and takes "Protein Denaturation and Renaturation" as an example to demonstrate the design and implementation process of the "micro-teaching", which seems to be of great significance to the improvement of the teaching quality of biochemistry course and serves as a reference for reform in other courses.

Changes in glucose metabolism in prefrontal cortex during long-term cognitive dysfunction induced by neuropathic pain in developing rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the changes in glucose metabolism in the prefrontal cortex during long-term cognitive dysfunction induced by neuropathic pain in developing rats.Methods:SPF healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 4 weeks, weighing 80-100 g, were used in this study.The model of neuropathic pain was established by using spared nerve injury in anesthetized rats.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) was measured at 1 day before establishing the model (T 0) and 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after establishing the model (T 1-7). According to the results of MWT compared between T 5 and T 0, the rats were divided into neuropathic pain group (group NP) and non-neuropathic pain group (group NNP). Open field test and novel object recognition test were performed at T 7 to assess anxiety-like behavior and cognitive function.Positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging was performed to determine the standard uptake value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the prefrontal cortex.Then the rats were sacrificed, and prefrontal cortex was removed for determination of the expression of glucose transporter 3 using Western blot and immunofluorescence. Results:Compared with the baseline at T 0, the MWT at T 1-2 in group NNP and at T 1-7 in group NP were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Compared with group NNP, the MWT at T 1-7 were significantly decreased, the time of staying at the central region at T 7 was shortened, the percentage of time for exploring the novel object was decreased, the percentage of novel object exploration was decreased, the standard uptake value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in prefrontal cortex was decreased, and the expression of glucose transporter 3 in prefrontal cortex was down-regulated in group NP ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Long-term cognitive dysfunction induced by neuropathic pain may be related to decreased glucose metabolism in the prefrontal cortex of the developing rats.

Comparison of segmentectomy versus lobectomy for ≤2 cm lung adenocarcinoma with micropapillary and solid subtype negative by intraoperative frozen sections: A multi-center randomized controlled trial / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To compare the clinical effects of segmentectomy and lobectomy for ≤2 cm lung adenocarcinoma with micropapillary and solid subtype negative by intraoperative frozen sections. Methods    The patients with adenocarcinoma who received segmentectomy or lobectomy in multicenter from June 2020 to March 2021 were included. They were divided into two groups according to a random number table, including a segmentectomy group (n=119, 44 males and 75 females with an average age of 56.6±8.9 years) and a lobectomy group (n=115, 43 males and 72 females with an average of 56.2±9.5 years). The clinical data of the patients were analyzed. Results    There was no significant difference in the baseline data between the two groups (P>0.05). No perioperative death was found. There was no statistical difference in the operation time (111.2±30.0 min vs. 107.3±34.3 min), blood loss (54.2±83.5 mL vs. 40.0±16.4 mL), drainage duration (2.8±0.6 d vs. 2.6±0.6 d), hospital stay time (3.9±2.3 d vs. 3.7±1.1 d) or pathology staging (P>0.05) between the two groups. The postoperative pulmonary function analysis revealed that the mean decreased values of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second percent predicted in the segmentectomy group were significantly better than those in the lobectomy group (0.2±0.3 L vs. 0.4±0.3 L, P=0.005; 0.3%±8.1% vs. 2.9%±7.4%, P=0.041). Conclusion    Segmentectomy is effective in protecting lungs function, which is expected to improve life quality of patients.

Merging ideological education with the course of "Introduction to Life Science" / 生物工程学报

As an important part of college education, quality education curriculum is an essential sector for ideological education. The quality education curriculum "Introduction to Life Science" is a demonstration course of ideological education in Beijing University of Chemical Technology. The teacher actively merged the ideological elements with the course and created 18 teaching cases, which were integrated into classroom teaching through the BOPPPS teaching model. Using this approach, both the curriculum knowledge and the ideological value were given to students, which further boosted their interests to the course. This article introduces the overall idea, process of reform and implementation of this initiative.

Analysis of clinical and endoscopic characteristics and progress-related risk factors of gastric low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia / 中华消化杂志

Objective:To analyze the clinical and endoscopic characteristics of gastric low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN), and to explore the risk factors related to the progression of LGIN.Methods:The clinical, endoscopic and pathological data of 411 patients with LGIN diagnosed by initial pathological biopsy in the Department of Gastroenterology, the First People′s Hospital of Yichang (the People′s Hospital of China Three Gorges University) from January 1, 2012 to December 30, 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and were followed up every three to six months and endoscopy and pathological biopsy were performed. The clinical data of patients were collected, which included age, gender, lesion location, lesion size, lesion type, lesion color, lesion appearance, family history of gastric cancer, history of smoking and alcohol intake, history of pickled food, whether complicated with intestinal metaplasia or gastric atrophy and the degree, whether there was Helicobacter pylori infection. According to the results of last follow up, the differences in above factors between progressive and non-progressive patients, and the risk factors for the progression of LGIN were analyzed. Indenpendent sample t test, chi square test, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results:Among the 411 patients with LGIN, there were 261 males and 150 females, the ratio of male to female was 1.74 ∶1; the mean age was (57.5±10.3) years old (30 to 86 years old). The most common clinical symptoms were abdominal pain, abdominal discomfort and abdominal distension, which accounted for 30.7% (126/411), 25.8% (106/411) and 20.9% (86/411), respectively. The lesions of 245 cases (59.6%) located in gastric antrum; the maximum diameter of lesions of 344 cases (83.7%) was 0.5 to less than 2.0 cm; the lesion types of 232 cases (56.4%), 104 cases (25.3%) and 75 cases (18.2%) were prominent type, flat type and depressed type, respectively. The lesion color of 298 cases (72.5%) was red, and that of 113 cases (27.5%) was normal or white. One hundred and seventy-one cases (41.6%) had surface erosion and 61 cases (14.8%) had surface ulcer. Two hundred and seventy-two cases (66.2%) of LGIN were complicated with intestinal metaplasia, and the proportions of mild, moderate and severe intestinal metaplasia were 50.4% (137/272), 33.8% (92/272) and 15.8% (43/272), respectively; 196 cases (47.7%) of LGIN were with gastric atrophy, and the proportions of mild, moderate and severe degree of gastric atrophy were 58.2% (114/196), 29.1% (57/196) and 12.7% (25/196), respectively. Rapid urease test or 14C urea breath test were carried out in 368 cases (89.5%), the positive rate of Helicobacter pylori infection was 45.1% (166/368), and the proportion of male was higher than that of female (59.6%, 99/166 vs. 40.4%, 67/166), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=4.537, P<0.05). All 174 patients with LGIN were successfully followed up, and the LGIN lesion of 11.5% (20/174) patients was progressive. The results of univariate analysis indicated that there were statistically significant differences in the lesion location, lesion size, lesion type, lesion appearance, atrophy, family gastric cancer history, history of alcohol intake, and history of pickled food between the patients with progressive lesions (20 cases) and the patients with non-progressive lesions (154 cases) ( χ2=11.950, 22.370, 8.964, 8.552, 10.362, 7.139, 5.913 and 4.668, all P<0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lesions in gastric corpus, maximum diameter of the lesion ≥2.0 cm, depressed lesions, ulcer lesions, atrophy, family gastric cancer, history of alcohol intake, history of pickled foods were independent risk factors of the progression of LGIN (odds ratio=4.796, 5.457, 4.431, 3.521, 1.380, 21.405, 3.294 and 1.832, 95% confidence interval 2.028 to 6.431, 3.256 to 8.943, 1.356 to 6.410, 1.305 to 5.706, 1.013 to 2.805, 5.062 to 25.391, 2.012 to 5.826, 1.072 to 3.790, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The lesions located in gastric corpus, maximum diameter of the lesion ≥2.0 cm, depressed lesions, ulcer lesions, atrophy, family gastric cancer history, history of alcohol intake, history of pickled foods are independent risk factors of the progression of LGIN. When the patients with LGIN have these characteristics, endoscopic resection should be considered.

Role of P2X 7 receptor in microglia in medial prefrontal cortex in neuropathic pain in rats: relationship with autophagy / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the role of P2X 7 receptor in microglia in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in neuropathic pain (NP) and the relationship with autophagy in rats. Methods:Sixty-four healthy SPF male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=16 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (S group), NP group, sham operation+ P2X 7 receptor blocking group (SP group), and NP+ P2X 7 receptor blocking group (NP+ P group). The NP model was established by ligation of the sciatic nerve.Fourteen days later a cannula was placed in the mPFC with a brain stereotactic instrument, P2X 7 receptor blocker A-740003 0.5 μg/0.5 μl was injected into bilateral mPFC for 3 consecutive days starting from the 14th day in SP and NP+ P groups, and DMSO 0.5 μl was injected instead of A-740003 in S and NP groups.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 3, 7 and 10 days after establishing the model and 14, 15 and 16 days after administration.Then the rats were sacrificed, and the mPFC was removed for determination of the expression of P2X 7 receptor and mRNA and autophagy-related proteins Beclin1 and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ (by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or by Western blot) and co-expression of P2X 7R and microglia (by immunofluorescence) and the number of autophagosomes in mPFC (with a transmission electron microscope). Results:Compared with group S, MWT was significantly decreased, and TWL was shortened at 3, 7 and 10 days after establishing the model, the expression of P2X 7 receptor and mRNA, Beclin1 and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ was up-regulated at 30 min after administration on 16 days after establishing the model, and the number of cells co-expressing P2X 7 receptor and IBA-1 and the number of autophagosomes were increased in NP and NP+ P groups ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the indexes mentioned above in group SP ( P>0.05). Compared with group NP, MWT was significantly increased, and TWL was prolonged at 30 min after administration on 14, 15 and 16 days after establishing the model, the expression of P2X 7 receptor and mRNA, Beclin1 and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ was down-regulated, and the number of cells co-expressing P2X 7 receptor and Iba-1 and the number of autophagosome were decreased in group NP+ P ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Up-regulation of P2X 7 receptor expression in microglia in mPFC is involved in the process of NP in rats, which is associated with the promotion of autophagy.

Effect of nicotinamide mononucleotide on neurogenesis decline in sleep-deprived infancy rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on neurogenesis decline in sleep-deprived infancy rats.Methods:Seventy-eight clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7 days, weighing 10-15 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=26 each) using a random number table method: control group (group Con), sleep deprivation group (group SD) and sleep deprivation plus NMN group (group SD+ NMN). Sleep deprivation model was established by gentle stimulation method with a brush (10 h per day) for 14 consecutive days.NMN 500 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected in group SD+ NMN, while the equal volume of aqua pura was given instead in Con and SD groups.5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 100 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected immediately after the end of sleep deprivation to label the new-born cells.At 24 h after completion of sleep deprivation, the stem cell pluripotency transcription factor (SOX2) and doublecortin (DCX) positive cells in the hippocampal DG region were counted using immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical methods, and positron emission tomography-computed tomography was used to observe the metabolism of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the hippocampus.At 4 weeks after completion of sleep deprivation, the number of neuronal nuclei antigen (NeuN)/BrdU and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)/BrdU positive cells in hippocampal DG region was recorded using immunofluorescence, and novel object recognition test was performed to evaluate the cognitive function. Results:Compared with group Con, the number of SOX2 and DCX positive cells was significantly reduced, the standard uptake value of glucose in the hippocampus was decreased, the number of NeuN/BrdU and GFAP/BrdU positive cells was reduced, and discrimination index in novel object recognition test was decreased in group SD ( P<0.05). Compared with group SD, the number of SOX2, DCX NeuN/BrdU and GFAP/BrdU positive cells was increased, the standard uptake value of glucose in the hippocampus was increased, and discrimination index in novel object recognition test was increased in group SD+ NMN ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Nicotinamide mononucleotide can promote neurogenesis, thus improving cognitive function, and the mechanism is related to increasing the metabolism of hippocampal glucose in sleep-deprived infancy rats.

Relationship between P2X 7 receptors and NLRP3/IL-1β pathway in spinal neurons in development of inflammatory pain in rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between P2X 7 receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3)/interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) pathway in spinal neurons in the development of inflammatory pain (IP) in rats. Methods:SPF healthy adult male Wistar rats, weighing 180-220 g, were used in this study.Forty rats in which intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted were divided into 5 groups ( n=8 each) using a random number table method: control group (group CON), group IP, IP plus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group (group IP-DMSO), IP plus P2X 7 receptor antagonist A740003 group (group IP-A) and IP plus P2X 7 receptor agonist ATP group (group IP-ATP). Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium 40 mg/kg.IP was induced by injecting complete Freund′s adjuvant 50 μl into the right ankle joint cavity, while group CON was injected with the equal volume of normal saline instead.On 1 day before establishing the model, immediately after establishing the model, and on 1, 2 and 3 days after establishing the model, 1% DMSO 10 μl was intrathecally injected once a day in group IP-DMSO, A740003 0.1 nmol(dissolved in DMSO 10 μl) was intrathecally injected once a day in group IP-A, and ATP 150 nmol(dissolved in DMSO 10 μl) was injected intrathecally once a day in group IP-ATP.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured on 3 days after establishing the model.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations in right ankle tissues and IL-1β concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Then rats were sacrificed, and the lumber segments (L 4-6) of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expression of NLRP3, casepase-1, IL-1β (by Western blot) and co-expression of P2X 7 receptors with neuron-specific nucleoprotein (NeuN) and NLRP3 and with NeuN (by immunofluorescence). Results:Compared with group CON, PGE2 contents in ankle tissues were significantly increased in group IP, and the MWT was significantly decreased, the TWL was shortened, the concentrations of IL-1β in CSF were increased, and the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β was up-regulated in the other four groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group IP, the MWT was significantly increased, the TWL was prolonged, the concentrations of IL-1β in CSF were decreased, and the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β was down-regulated in group IP-A ( P<0.05), the MWT was significantly decreased, TWL was shortened, the concentrations of IL-1β in CSF were increased, and the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β was up-regulated in group IP-ATP ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group IP-DMSO ( P>0.05). P2X 7 was co-expressed with NeuN, and NLRP3 was co-expressed with NeuN. Conclusion:P2X 7 receptors in spinal neurons are involved in the development of inflammatory pain by activating NLRP3/IL-1β signaling pathway in rats.

Relationship between histone acetylation and NR2B-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway during sevoflurane-induced cognitive decline in aged mice / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between histone acetylation and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunit 2B (NR2B)-cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway during sevoflurane-induced cognitive decline in aged mice.Methods:Forty-eight SPF healthy male C57BL/6J mice, aged 22 months, weighing 32-40 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n = 12 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), sevoflurane group (group S), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) plus sevoflurane group (group DS) and histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (SAHA) plus sevoflurane group (group SS). The 100% oxygen was inhaled for 2 h in group C. In S, DS and SS groups, 3.0% sevoflurane was inhaled for 2 h, Morris Water Maze (MWM) test was performed at 24 h after the end of sevoflurane inhalation.SAHA 50 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected in group SS, and the equal volume of DMSO was given instead in group DS at 2 h before sevoflurane inhalation and at 2 h before MWM test was performed every day.Animals were sacrificed after the MWM test, and hippocampi were isolated for determination of the expression of acetyl-H3 in the nucleus and NR2B, phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) and BDNF in cytoplasm by Western blot.Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of NR2B and BDNF mRNA. Results:Compared with group C, the escape latency was significantly prolonged, and the percentage of time spent in target quadrant was decreased, and the expression of acetyl-H3, NR2B, p-CREB, BDNF, NR2B mRNA, and BDNF mRNA was down-regulated in S, DS and SS groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group S or group DS, the escape latency was significantly shortened, the percentage of time spent in target quadrant was increased, the expression of acetyl-H3, NR2B, p-CREB, BDNF, NR2B mRNA, and BDNF mRNA was up-regulated in group SS ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in each parameter mentioned above between group S and group SD ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Histone acetylation is involved in the pathophysiological mechanism of cognitive decline induced by sevoflurane anesthesia by regulating NR2B-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway in aged mice.

Value of thyroid radioactive iodine uptake on predicting the residual activity in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma after 131I treatment / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To explore the value of thyroid radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) on predicting the residual activity in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) after administration of 131I. Methods:A total of 178 patients (63 males, 115 females, age: (39.8±11.4) years) with DTC who underwent initial treatment of 131I in Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital between August 2018 and April 2019 were enrolled in this retrospective study. RAIU test and thyroid imaging were performed before 131I treatment. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the thyroid remnant showed by thyroid imaging: no remnant group, a little remnant group, and obvious remnant group. Radiation dose equivalent rates at different time points (immediately/24 h/48 h/72 h after injection of 131I) were measured to estimate the residual activity of 131I after administration. RAIU and residual activity at 72 h among different thyroid remnant groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance. Relationship between RAIU/ 131I therapeutic dose and residual activity at 72 h was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. The linear regression equation between RAIU and residual activity at 72 h after treatment was established. Results:The 3 h RAIU in no remnant group ( n=45), a little remnant group ( n=101), and obvious remnant group ( n=32) were (4.77±1.46)%, (5.53±1.70)% and (8.92±3.75)%, respectively ( F=39.35, P<0.01), and the 24 h RAIU was also significantly different among those 3 groups ((1.54±0.88)%, (3.41±2.55)%, (13.52±8.59)%; F=91.52, P<0.01). The residual activity at 72 h in no remnant group, a little remnant group, and obvious remnant group were (81.70±25.61), (108.24±51.58) and (283.07±133.72) MBq, respectively ( F=92.84, P<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between RAIU and the residual activity at 72 h (3 h: r=0.753, 24 h: r=0.817, both P<0.01). The linear regression equations between RAIU at 3 h and 24 h and the residual activity at 72 h were y=28.88 x-38.42 and y=13.87 x+ 67.01, respectively. When RAIU was higher than 24.01% at 3 h or 15.18% at 24 h, the residual activity at 72 h after treatment was likely to exceed 400 MBq. There was little correlation between 131I therapeutic dose and the residual activity at 72 h after treatment ( r=0.119, P>0.05). Conclusion:RAIU can be used to predict the residual activity at 72 h after treatment in DTC patients who underwent initial 131I treatment.

The main techniques of pulmonary segmentectomy and its effect on pulmonary function / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Abstract Pulmonary segmentectomy refers to the anatomic resection of lung parenchyma, which isolates bronchopulmonary from terminal bronchus to hilum after cutting the pulmonary artery, vein, and bronchus. It has been applied in the treatment of primary lung cancer, metastatic lung cancer, and other benign lesions because of the surgical techniques, such as lesion localization and recognition of the intersegmental plane. The pulmonary function of patients after pulmonary segmentectomy has been decreased to different degrees due to various factors, which may ultimately determine the overall prognosis and postoperative quality of life. This review will conclude the main techniques of pulmonary segmentectomy and its effect on lung function.

Time of dissociation between microcirculation, macrocirculation, and lactate levels in a rabbit model of early endotoxemic shock / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#The relationship between macrocirculation and microcirculation remains controversial. The loss of coherence between microcirculation and macrocirculation has already been found in late-stage sepsis shock. The objective of this study was to determine the earliest possible time of detecting the loss of coherence between microcirculation and macrocirculation in early-stage endotoxemic shock.@*METHODS@#We randomized 24 female New Zealand white rabbits into two groups: endotoxemic shock group (n = 14) and control group (n = 10). Rabbits in the endotoxemic shock group were equipped with arterial and venous catheters and received an intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 mg/kg over 10 min). Rabbits in the control group received the same dose of saline infusion. Microcirculatory perfusion parameters were assessed in the sublingual mucosa using sidestream dark-field video microscopy. Systemic hemodynamics and blood lactate levels were measured at baseline and over a 120-min period.@*RESULTS@#Ninety minutes after completing LPS infusion, all animals in the endotoxemic shock group developed a hypodynamic septic condition, characterized by low cardiac output and increased systemic vascular resistance; 120 min after completing LPS infusion, the mean arterial pressure decreased by 25% (P = 0.01), confirming ongoing endotoxemic shock. However, significant decreases in sublingual microcirculatory parameters of small vessels (microvascular flow index, perfused vessel density, and proportion of small perfused vessels) were observed 30 min after completing LPS infusion (P = 0.01, for all), and threshold decreases of 30% were found 60 min after completing LPS infusion (P = 0.001, for all) in the endotoxemic shock group. Lactate levels significantly increased to more than 2 mm/L at 90 min and more than 4 mm/L at 120 min in the endotoxemic shock group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Changes in microcirculatory perfusion precede changes in macrocirculation and lactate levels in a rabbit model of endotoxemia shock. Microcirculation, macrocirculation, and oxygen metabolism are distinct in early-stage endotoxic shock.

Extracellular histones are involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced alveolar macrophage injury by activating the TWIK2-NLRP3 pathway / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To explore the role and mechanism of extracellular histones involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced alveolar macrophage injury.Methods:The mouse alveolar macrophage cell line (MH-S) was cultured in vitro and passaged, and the cells were cultured to 80% of cells for cell proliferation. The cells were stimulated with 1 mg/L LPS for 3 hours and 50 mg/L exogenous histones for 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours, respectively (LPS+histones 3, 6, 12, 24 h groups), and other groups included phosphate buffered saline (PBS) control group (PBS group), LPS alone stimulation group (LPS group), the exogenous histones alone stimulation group (histones group) and heparin pretreatment histones group (heparin+LPS+histones group). The cells in each group were challenged with different reagent, the expression of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and inflammatory factors in the supernatant were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the change of intracellular K + concentration was detected by FluxOR TMⅡgreen potassium channel. The proteins such as potassium channel protein (TWIK2), inflammasome (NLRP3), and apoptosis associated speck like protein containing a CARD (ASC) were determined by Western Blot. Results:Compared with the PBS group, the levels of LDH and inflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL-1β, IL-18) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly increased after LPS stimulation group. Compared with the LPS group, the levels of LDH and inflammatory factors were significantly increased after the treatment with exogenous histones, and reached a peak after 3 hours of the histones stimulation [LDH (U/L): 123.10±1.83 vs. 85.32±1.66, IL-1β (mg/L): 40.75±2.60 vs. 18.78±1.37, IL-18 (mg/L): 49.94±2.45 vs. 30.19±1.82, TNF-α (mg/L): 36.51±1.56 vs. 20.84±1.61, all P < 0.01]. Western Blot results showed that compared with the LPS group, NLRP3, ASC and TWIK2 protein expression were significantly up-regulated in the LPS+histones group (NLRP3/GAPDH: 0.80±0.02 vs. 0.57±0.02, ASC/GAPDH: 0.57±0.02 vs. 0.38±0.01, TWIK2/GAPDH: 0.65±0.01 vs. 0.41±0.01, all P < 0.01), and the expression of the above proteins were significantly down-regulated after heparin pretreatment (NLRP3/GAPDH: 0.28±0.02 vs. 0.80±0.02, ASC/GAPDH: 0.25±0.02 vs. 0.57±0.02, TWIK2/GAPDH: 0.35±0.01 vs. 0.65±0.01, all P < 0.01), indicating that histones could activate NLRP3 through TWIK2 to participate in inflammatory reaction. In addition, intracellular K + concentration in LPS+histones group decreased significantly compared with the LPS group (fluorescence intensity: 35.48±2.53 vs. 83.92±3.11, P < 0.01). Compared with LPS+histones group, K + concentration increased significantly after pretreatment with heparin (fluorescence intensity: 72.10±1.78 vs. 35.48±2.53, P < 0.01), indicating that extracellular histones could cause K + massive efflux through TWIK2, and thus mediate NLRP3 activation and participate in inflammatory injury of alveolar macrophages. Conclusion:Extracellular histones can cause inflammatory damage in alveolar macrophages, and its mechanism may be related to the activation of NLRP3 by extracellular histones activation of TWIK2 channel to promote K + efflux.

Qidong Yixin Oral Liquid Activates Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway to Alleviate Adriamycin-induced Myocardial Injury in Mice / 中国实验方剂学杂志

<b>Objective::To study the protective effect and mechanism of Qidong Yixin oral liquid on doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in mice. <b>Method::Ninety male ICR mice were randomly divided into normal group, model(DOX) group, DOX+ Qidong Yixin oral liquid group (9.55, 23.88, 47.75 g·kg^-1) and high dose group (47.75 g·kg^-1) with 15 mice in each group. The normal group and model group were given pure water by gavage, and each dose group of Qidong Yixin oral liquid was given different doses of Qidong Yixin oral liquid once a day for 21 days. On the seventh day, normal saline was injected into the abdominal cavity of the normal group and the high dose group of Qidong Yixin oral liquid. Doxorubicin was injected into the abdominal cavity of the other groups (15 mg·kg^-1). After 21 days, the weight and heart weight of mice were weighed and cardiac index was calculated. Serum was taken for the detection of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Heart was taken for hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), catalase (CAT) in myocardial tissue were detected. The expression of nuclear factor NF-E2 related factor (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were detected by Western blot. <b>Result::Compared with normal group, adriamycin could significantly reduce the body weight of mice (<italic>P</italic><0.01), increase the activities of LDH, CK and AST in serum(<italic>P</italic><0.01), and decrease the activities of antioxidant enzymes (<italic>P</italic><0.01). Compared with DOX group, high dose Qidong Yixin oral liquid could significantly increase the weight of mice (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01), decrease the level of myocardial three enzymes(<italic>P</italic><0.01), increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes(<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01), and increase the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1(<italic>P</italic><0.01). <b>Conclusion::Qidong Yixin oral liquid has a good protective effect on doxorubicin myocardial toxicity. Its mechanism may be related to activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and alleviating oxidative stress injury.

Progress in Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Complications with Breviscapine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Erigeron breviscapus, a species within the genus of Erigeron, is mainly distributed in Southwest China. It is cold in property, slightly bitter in taste, and has the effect of dispersing cold table, removing wind and dehumidification, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, relieving pain and inflammation. Breviscapine is the extract of E. breviscapus. It is mainly consisted of flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, terpenes, phytosterols, etc. As the major components of breviscapine, the content of breviscapine b (4′-hydroxybaicalin-7-O-glucuronide) and breviscapine a (apigenin-7-O-glucuronide) is greater than 90%. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that breviscapine has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidation, anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, anti-platelet aggregation, lowering blood lipid, increasing blood flow, improving microcirculation, preventing and treating tumors, and resisting brain injury. In clinical, breviscapine has been widely used in the treatment of diabetes, cerebral insufficiency, sequelae caused by cerebral hemorrhage, hypermucolipemia, cerebral thrombosis, kidney disease, liver disease, Alzheimer's disease, and some other complex diseases. Specially, in the treatment of diabetes and its chronic complications, such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic foot, diabetic retinopathy, breviscapine has showed significant efficacy. In addition, studies have demonstrated that the combined application of breviscapine, mecobalamine, and micopol can improve the therapeutic effect. In this work, the application of breviscapine in the treatment of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and its related combination drugs were reviewed, by which we attempted to provide some valuable clues for the clinical application of breviscapine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications.

Fufangqizao decoction regulates Foxo3a/Bim inhibiting apoptosis of gastric mucosal epithelial cells in rats with experimental gastric ulcer / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To explore the possible mechanism of Fufangqizao Decoction in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Methods:Sixty rats were randomly divided into normal control group, ulcer control group, Fufangqizao decoction low-, medium- and high-dose groups (3 g/kg, 6 g/kg, and 12 g/kg); omeprazole group, with 10 in each group. Rat gastric ulcer model was prepared by acetic acid ablation method. The protein expressions of Foxo3a and Bim in gastric ulcer were detected by Western blot. Apoptosis of gastric mucosal epithelial cells was detected by TUNEL staining. Results: Compared with those in ulcer control group, the expression levels of Foxo3a and Bim in Fufangqizao decoction groups and omeprazole group were significantly lower, and the effect of high-dose Fufangqizao decoction on the expressions of Foxo3a and Bim was more significant than that of omeprazole (P<0.05). The apoptosis index in each group was (26.79±2.54)%, (22.41±3.67)%, and (14.38±3.40)%, which were significantly lower than that in ulcer model group (30.75±2.93)% (P<0.05). Conclusion: Fufangqizao decoction may inhibit gastric mucosal epithelial cell apoptosis by down-regulating Foxo3a/Bim expression and thus exerts its anti-gastric ulcer effect.