The chemical constituents and hypoglycemic activity of alcoholic extract of sea buckthorn leaves / 药学学报

The purpose of this research is to identify the chemical constituents of sea buckthorn leaves extract (SBLE) and explore its hypoglycemic biological activity. SBLE was prepared by hot reflux extraction with 65% ethanol, and its chemical composition was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS) system. The animal experiments were compliant with ethical principles for animal use and had been approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Jinan University. Mice were injected with streptozocin (STZ) to establish a hyperglycemic animal model, and SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) was administered by gavage for 5 weeks. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance were detected. Normal mice were given SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) by intragastric administration for 10 days, and blood was collected from the tail vein to detect the changes in blood glucose within 120 min after sucrose or starch loading. The mucous membrane of the small intestine of mice was taken to detect the activity of α-glucosidase (AG), and the activity of yeast-derived AG incubated with SBLE was evaluated. The glucose uptake by Caco-2 cells treated with SBLE was detected by fluorescence microscopy and cytometry, and the gene expression of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in Caco-2 cells were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). A total of 18 compounds were identified, mainly including tannins and flavonoids. SBLE reduced FBG and increased oral glucose tolerance in STZ hyperglycemic mice. SBLE effectively inhibited the increase of blood glucose caused by starch intake in normal mice. SBLE exerted good inhibitory activity on yeast-derived AG (IC50 = 16.94 μg·mL-1) and small intestinal mucosa AG with an inhibition rate of 15.48%. SBLE (25-100 μg·mL-1) dose-dependently inhibited glucose uptake by Caco-2 cells, and SBLE significantly reduced the mRNA level of SGLT1 without changing the expression of GLUT2. In conclusion, the UHPLC characteristic fingerprint of SBLE is established with 18 chemical components identified by mass spectrometry, and SBLE exerts hypoglycemic effect by inhibiting the activity of AG and the absorption of glucose by intestinal epithelial cells.

Comparison of mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy and standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy for renal stones >2cm: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Background The purpose is to compare the efficacy and safety of mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PCNL) versus standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (standard-PCNL) in patients with renal stones >2cm. Materials and Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases to identify relevant studies before March 8, 2021. Stone-free rate (SFR), operation time, fever rate, hemoglobin drop, blood transfusion rate, and hospitalization time were used as outcomes to compare mini-PCNL and standard-PCNL. The meta-analysis was performed using the Review Manager version 5.4. Results Seven randomized controlled trials were included in our meta-analysis, involving 1407 mini-PCNL cases and 1436 standard-PCNL cases. Our results reveal that, for renal stones >2cm, mini-PCNL has a similar SFR (risk ratio (RR)=1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98 to 1.04, p=0.57) and fever rate (RR=1.22, 95% CI: 0.97-1.51, p=0.08). Standard-PCNL was associated with a significantly shorter operating time (weighted mean difference (WMD)=8.23, 95% CI: 3.44 to 13.01, p <0.01) and a longer hospitalization time (WMD=-20.05, 95% CI: -29.28 to -10.81, p <0.01) than mini-PCNL. Subgroup analysis showed hemoglobin drop and blood transfusion for 30F standard-PCNL were more common than mini-PCNL (WMD=-0.95, 95% CI: -1.40 to -0.50, p <0.01; RR=0.20, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.58, p <0.01). Conclusion In the treatment of >2cm renal stones, mini-PCNL should be considered an effective and reliable alternative to standard-PCNL (30F). It achieves a comparable SFR to standard-PCNL, but with less blood loss, lower transfusion rate, and shorter hospitalization. However, the mini-PCNL does not show a significant advantage over the 24F standard-PCNL. On the contrary, this procedure takes a longer operation time. Trial registration This meta-analysis was reported consistent with the PRISMA statement and was registered on PROSPERO, with registration number 2021CRD42021234893.

A benchmark dose analysis for children urinary fluoride and it's correlation with the prevalence of dental fluorosis / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the situation of drinking water fluorosis in Tianjin, to study the benchmark dose of urinary fluoride, and to provide a reference for the formulation of the standard for urinary fluoride. Methods Three fluorosis endemic areas were selected in Tianjin, and three villages in each area were selected in this study. The water fluoride was detected, and the prevalence of dental fluorosis and the urinary fluoride of children aged 8-12 years old were investigated. Results The prevalence of dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride content in children in the villages with water fluoride exceeding the standard were significantly higher than those in the villages with water fluoride qualified, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=88.821, P＜0.001; Z=6.089, P＜0.001). The analysis of the prevalence of dental fluorosis in children showed that the younger the age, the lower the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis (χ2trend=14.584, P2trend= 20.525, P2=0.736, P=0.391; χ2=3.649, P=0.456). There were significant differences in urinary fluoride between children with different ages and genders (H=14.768, P=0.011; Z=-2.526, P=0.012). According to the level of urinary fluoride, the children were divided into 5 groups. With the increase of urinary fluoride concentration, the prevalence of dental fluorosis gradually increased and the difference was statistically significant (χ2trend=16.348, P<0.001), showing a dose-effect relationship. Based on the prevalence of dental fluorosis in children, BMDS was used to calculate the BMD and BMDL, which were 2.20 mg/L and 1.54 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion The water reform and fluoride reduction in Tianjin has achieved certain results. There is a dose-effect relationship between urinary fluoride and prevalence of dental fluorosis in children, and the reference dose value is slightly higher than the current standard, suggesting that the current standard can be updated timely.

Research advances on thymosin β4 in promoting wound healing / 中华烧伤杂志

With the aging of population and the development of social economy, the incidence of chronic wounds is increasing day by day, while the incidence of burns and trauma remains at a high level, making wound repair an increasingly concerned area in clinical practice. Thymosin β4 is a naturally occurring small molecule protein in vivo, which is widely distributed in a variety of body fluids and cells, especially in platelets. Thymosin β4 has biological activities of promoting angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-fibrosis, and has many important functions in wound repair. Thymosin β4 has been observed to promote the healing of various wounds, such as burns, diabetic ulcers, pressure ulcers. This paper will review the molecular structure, mechanism of wound healing promotion, pharmacokinetics, and clinical application of thymosin β4, aiming to introduce its potential in wound treatment and the shortcomings of current researches.

Research advances on signaling pathways affecting sweat gland development and their involvement in the reconstitution of sweat adenoid cells in vitro / 中华烧伤杂志

The damage of sweat glands in patients with extensive deep burns results in the loss of thermoregulation, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. At present, there are many researches on the repair of sweat gland function, but the mechanism of human sweat gland development has not been fully clarified. More and more studies have shown that the cascaded pathways of Wnt/β-catenin, ecto- dysplasin A/ectodysplasin A receptor/nuclear factor-κB, sonic hedgehog, and forkhead box transcription factor jointly affect the development of sweat glands, and it has been reported that the cascaded signaling pathways can be used to achieve the reconstruction of sweat adenoid cells in vitro. This article reviews the signaling pathways that affect the development of sweat glands and their involvement in the reconstruction of sweat adenoid cells in vitro.

Clinical characteristics of human adenovirus infection in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infection in Beijing / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To compare the clinical characteristics of different types of human adenovirus (HAdV) infection in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infection in Beijing, and to clarify the clinical necessity of adenovirus typing. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 9 022 respiratory tract specimens collected from hospitalized children with acute respiratory infection from November 2017 to October 2019 in Affiliated Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics were screened for HAdV by direct immunofluorescence (DFA) and (or) nucleic acid detection. Then the Penton base, Hexon and Fiber gene of HAdV were amplified from HAdV positive specimens to confirm their HAdV types by phylogenetic tree construction. Clinical data such as laboratory results and imaging data were analyzed for children with predominate type HAdV infection using t, U, or χ2 test. Results: There were 392 cases (4.34%) positive for HAdV among 9 022 specimens from hospitalized children with acute respiratory infection. Among those 205 cases who were successfully typed, 131 were male and 74 were female, age of 22.6 (6.7, 52.5) months,102 cases (49.76%) were positive for HAdV-3 and 86 cases (41.95%), HAdV-7, respectively, while 17 cases were confirmed as HAdV-1, 2, 4, 6, 14 or 21. In comparison of clinical characteristics between the predominate HAdV type 7 and 3 infection, significant differences were shown in proportions of children with wheezing (10 cases (11.63%) vs. 25 cases (24.51%)), white blood cell count >15 ×109/L (4 cases (4.65%) vs.14 cases (13.73%)), white blood cell count <5×109/L (26 cases (30.23%) vs.11 cases (10.78%)), procalcitonin level>0.5 mg/L (43 cases (50.00%) vs. 29 cases (28.43%)), multilobar infiltration (45 cases (52.33%) vs.38 cases (37.25%)), pleural effusion (23 cases (26.74%) vs. 10 cases (9.80%)), and severe adenovirus pneumonia (7 cases (8.14%) vs. 2 cases (1.96%)) with χ²=5.11, 4.44, 11.16, 9.19, 4.30, 9.25, 3.91 and P=0.024, 0.035, 0.001, 0.002, 0.038, 0.002, 0.048, respectively, and also in length of hospital stay (11 (8, 15) vs. 7 (5, 13) d, Z=3.73, P<0.001). Conclusions: HAdV-3 and 7 were the predominate types of HAdV infection in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection in Beijing. Compared with HAdV-3 infection, HAdV-7 infection caused more obvious inflammatory reaction, more severe pulmonary symptoms, longer length of hospital stay, suggesting the clinical necessity of further typing of HAdVs.

Analysis on repetitive reporting of hepatitis B in Fujian province, 2016-2020 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the repetitive reporting of hepatitis B in Fujian province during 2016-2020, and provide evidence for the improvement of hepatitis B surveillance. Methods: The reporting cards from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention were collected and divided into repetitive reporting cards and non-repetitive reporting cards from the report cards collected according to the valid ID number on the cards, and the proportion of repetitive report cards and related factors were analyzed by using software SAS 9.4. Results: A total of 314 551 hepatitis B reporting cards were submitted in Fujian from 2016 to 2020, in which 90.93% (286 020/314 551) were included in the analysis. The repetitive reporting cards accounted for 10.48% (29 982/286 020). The annual proportion of the repetitive reporting cards from 2016 to 2020 was between 2.98% and 3.71%, showing an overall increasing trend year by year (Z=2.26, P=0.024). The proportions of the repetitive reporting cards in 1-5 years were 3.17%, 5.40%, 7.74%, 9.27% and 10.48%, respectively, showing an increase trend with year (Z=128.16, P<0.001). The proportions of the repetitive reporting cards in 10 areas of Fujian ranged from 5.44% to 13.48% with significant difference (χ2=2 050.41, P<0.001) and increased with the increase of reported incidence of hepatitis B (Z=26.92, P<0.001). There were significant differences in relationships between repetitive reporting proportion and sex, age and type of the cases between the areas with high incidence and low incidence of hepatitis B. Conclusions: The reported incidence of hepatitis B was seriously affected by the repetitive reporting in Fujian from 2016 to 2020. A cross-year and cross-area surveillance mechanism for hepatitis B should be established and targeted measures should be taken to strengthen the control of the repetitive reporting and improve the surveillance for hepatitis B.

Early identification of a clustered epidemic of typhoid fever through pathogen molecular subtyping monitoring / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To identify a suspected clustered Typhoid fever by whole genome sequencing(WGS) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtyping. Methods: The nature of the epidemic was determined by combination of subtyping results of isolates and epidemiological information. Results: Five S. typhimurium isolates showed identical PFGE patterns and almost the same whole genome sequence. Epidemiological survey showed that five cases had dined in the same restaurant on the same day. Conclusion: Combined with the longest incubation period of typhoid fever, molecular subtyping of pathogenic bacteria and the field epidemiological survey, it can be preliminarily determined that the five cases have common infection sources.

Tracing investigation and analysis of a Clostridium botulinum food poisoning incident in Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang / 中华预防医学杂志

To analyze a suspected case of Clostridium botulinum food poisoning in Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang and to help validating the diagnosis and providing technical support for clinical treatment. The basic information and clinical manifestations of food poisoning cases were investigated by using the epidemiological method of food safety accidents. The botulinum toxin genes in the samples were detected by real-time PCR and inoculation of KM mouse. The enriched bacteria were further purified and validated. PFGE and cluster analysis were performed on five isolates. Clostridium botulinum type A was detected in two homemade fermented bean samples and stool lavage fluid samples of three patients from enriched samples by toxin test and real-time PCR, and were further validated after isolation of Clostridium botulinum. PFGE showed 100% homology among five isolates. Five isolates of bacteria isolated from the stool lavage fluid of three patients and two homemade fermented bean curd were identified as the same source through PFGE. The cause of this food poisoning cases is food pollution of Clostridium botulinum type A.

Combined application of field epidemiology and laboratory etiology analysis in the investigation of a foodborne disease outbreak in Xinjiang uygur Autonomous Region, 2016 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objectives: To analyze the causes of a foodborne outbreak in rural areas of Xinjiang between April 2 and April 5 in 2016. Methods: Cases and the relevant background information were obtained by consulting outpatient records of local health centers and regional people's hospitals and interviewing doctors and residents. All samples were collected by the laboratory test through epidemiological and food hygiene investigations. The χ2 test (Fisher's exact probability method) was used to compare differences in incidence rates. Molecular typing, virulence genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) were analyzed by using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). Results: A total of 142 cases were found in this study, with incidence rate at 5.7‰ (142/24 979). Among all cases, the main symptoms were nausea (94%), vomiting (92%) and abdominal pain (67%), and the incubation period was about 2 h (1-7.5 h). There were 16 Staphylococcus aureus isolates identified and all of them could produce A+C+E mixed enterotoxin. PFGE showed 100% homology. WGS further revealed that there were 9 and 1 strains contained by Sequence Type 1 (ST1) and ST5405, respectively. All ST1 strains were in the same clade on the genome tree. Among these, 7 strains shared close proximity (74 SNPs) and 2 strains shared close relationships as well (127 SNPs). The S. aureus isolates that caused the outbreak were introduced by a mutant isolate from the milk supply station. Conclusions: This foodborne outbreak was mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus contamination.

Clinical value of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for detecting immune related adverse events of the combined immunotherapy in hepatobiliary carcinoma / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To investigate the capability of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in monitoring combined immunotherapy response and detecting immune related adverse events (irAEs) in patients with advanced hepatobiliary carcinoma. Methods:From August 2018 to July 2019, 21 patients (14 males, 7 females, age (58.5±10.0) years) with advanced hepatobiliary carcinoma routinely underwent 66 18F-FDG PET/CT examinations in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. SUV max, the occurrence time and symptoms of irAEs were obtained and analyzed. Therapy response (complete metabolic response (CMR), partial metabolic response (PMR), stable metabolic disease (SMD), progressive metabolic disease (PMD)) was evaluated according to PET response criteria in solid tumors (PERCIST). Results:(1) Clinical results. Twenty-two irAEs occurred in 16 patients, while were not found in 5 patients. Six organs were involved, including thyroiditis(8), colitis(5), pneumonitis(4), rash(2), hepatitis(2), myositis and fasciitis(1). The appearance time of each irAEs were (103.0±58.0), (141.6±103.5), 34.0(6.0, 308.8), 9 and 117, 62 and 67, and 87 d after therapy, respectively. PET/CT detected all pneumonitis and myositis and fasciitis, but no rash and hepatitis were found. For colitis and thyroiditis, PET/CT detected 4 and 6 times respectively. (2) PET/CT signs of irAEs. Except thyroiditis, all irAEs lesions exhibited exudative changes in CT and high-avidity in PET. SUV max of the lesions were 9.0(7.9, 17.6) (colitis), 7.1±3.2 (thyroiditis), 5.3 and 8.6 (pneumonitis), 4.1 (myositis and fasciitis), respectively. (3) Therapy assessment. Among 21 patients, there were 7 for PMR, 9 for SMD, 5 for PMD, which were 7, 8, 1 in patients with irAEs and 0, 1, 4 in patients without irAEs. Conclusions:Patients with advanced hepatobiliary carcinoma can benefit from combined immunotherapy. 18F-FDG PET/CT can be used to evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy by detecting the changes of tumor lesions and the occurrence of irAEs simultaneously. However, it is necessary to use CT to distinguish tumor progression from irAEs.

Advances in the application of nuclear medicine imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of systematic light chain amyloidosis / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Systematic light chain (AL) amyloidosis is the most common forms of amyloidosis, which manifests as multiple organ system involvement, rapid progress, dire prognosis, difficult therapy and high mortality. Many patients may miss the optimal treatment as a result of not being diagnosed timely. Therefore, early diagnosis and assessment of involved extent of AL are clinical focuses. Related clinical studies have demonstrated that nuclear medicine imaging can be non-invasive in detecting amyloid deposits. It can not only early assess the extent and distribution of amyloid deposits in systemic AL amyloidosis, but also offer the indications for risk stratification, treatment response monitoring and prognosis assessment of the patients, especially for positron amyloidosis-specific tracers, which may have great prospects in the future. This review summarizes the application of nuclear medicine imaging in the systematic AL amyloidosis.

Clinical value of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To analyze 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging features of non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NF-pNENs) and investigate its correlation with pathology and prognosis. Methods:A total of 35 cases (17 males, 18 females; age (51±12) years) of pathologically confirmed NF-pNENs who underwent pretherapeutic 18F-FDG PET/CT from January 2011 to July 2017 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively enrolled. Clinical data were collected and patients were followed up. PET/CT parameters including number and maximum diameter of lesions, SUV max and pancreatic tumor-to-liver ratio (T/L) were measured. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, Spearman correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. Results:Among the included 35 NF-pNENs patients (G1, n=6; G2, n=21; G3, n=8) with maximum diameter of 3.0(2.1, 6.1) cm and SUV max of 5.5(4.0, 8.9), 32 were positive in PET/CT. There were 1 patient with cystic, 2 with calcification and 3 with dilatation of pancreaticobiliary duct. Among 10 patients with metastases, 8 revealed multiple liver metastases. There was statistical difference of T/L among G1-G3 tumor (1.23(0.60, 2.00), 3.05(1.80, 4.00), 3.90(1.90, 7.60); H=8.29, P=0.016), but there were no statistical differences of SUV max or maximum diameter among G1-G3 tumor ( H values: 4.34, 3.37, P values: 0.114, 0.186). There was a significant correlation between T/L (2.78(1.48, 3.94)) and Ki-67 index (8.0(3.0, 20.0); rs=0.631, P<0.001). Among 27 patients with available follow-up results, T/L in patients with complete remission or stable disease ( n=20) was statistically lower than that in patients with progressive disease or death ( n=7) (2.1(1.2, 3.2) vs 7.5(3.4, 13.4); z=-3.37, P=0.001). Conclusions:18F-FDG PET/CT can detect primary and metastatic lesions of NF-pNENs. T/L can better reflect the proliferative activity based on Ki-67 index than SUV max and it may be favorable on prognostic value.

18F-FDG PET/CT in detecting immune-related adverse events / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown significant efficacy in clinical trials and applications of various malignant tumors, and have been approved for clinical application in China. ICIs can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which may affect any organs. Early identification and appropriate treatment can improve patient outcome. 18F-FDG PET/CT is capable of early detection of irAEs and provides effective clinical guidance. This article reviews the clinical application of 18F-FDG PET/CT in detecting irAEs, including typical imaging findings and research progress.

Application value of delay-phase 99Tc m-PYP scintigraphy and SPECT imaging for diagnosis of transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To investigate the application of different imaging methods of 99Tc m-pyrophosphate (PYP) in the diagnosis and pathological classification of cardiac amyloidosis (CA). Methods:A total of 31 patients (22 males, 9 females, age 21-81(57.2±13.4) years) with suspected CA who underwent 99Tc m-PYP dual-phase scintigraphy (early-phase: 1 h, delay-phase: 2-3 h) and SPECT/CT (1 h) between December 2018 and December 2019 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively included. Taking clinical diagnosis as the standard, the results of visual score (≥2, positive) and semi-quantitative values (heart to contralateral lung (H/CL)≥1.5, positive) of 99Tc m-PYP uptake in dual-phase scintigraphy and SPECT/CT imaging were analyzed. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni test were used to analyze the data. Results:Among 31 patients with suspected CA, 15 were clinically diagnosed as CA (5 patients with transthyretin-related CA (ATTR-CA) and 10 patients with light chain CA (AL-CA)) and 16 were diagnosed as non-CA. All 5 patients with ATTR-CA had positive dual-phase scintigraphy and SPECT/CT imaging results. Three out of 10 patients with AL-CA had positive early-phase scintigraphy whereas negative delay-phase scintigraphy and SPECT/CT imaging results. Sixteen patients who were clinically diagnosed as non-CA had negative dual-phase scintigraphy and SPECT/CT imaging results. The sensitivity (5/5), specificity (10/10), positive predictive value (5/5), negative predictive value (10/10) and accuracy (15/15) of delay-phase scintigraphy and SPECT/CT imaging were the same. Among 31 patients, 16 patients carried transthyretin-related (TTR) gene mutation, and 4 of them who clinically diagnosed as variant ATTR (ATTRv) had positive image findings while 12 of them who not clinically diagnosed as CA had negative image findings. There were significant differences in H/CL between ATTR-CA group and AL-CA group in early-phase (2.11±0.24 vs 1.31±0.07) and delay-phase (2.02±0.19 vs 1.30±0.05; F values: 75.41 and 87.15, Bonferroni test, both P<0.01). Conclusions:99Tc m-PYP delay-phase scintigraphy and SPECT/CT have high diagnostic efficiencies in ATTR-CA, helping to determine the pathological classification of CA; while early-phase scintigraphy has false positive results. Moreover, 99Tc m-PYP imaging is helpful to detect CA in patients with TTR gene mutation.

Sample preparation and analysis of proficiency test containing Staphylococcus aureus with drug matrix / 上海预防医学

Objective To prepare samples of proficiency testing （PT） containing live Staphylococcus aureus with drug matrix in microbial PT program of drug testing， and to evaluate the laboratory capability of microbiology tests in China. Methods Two kinds of PT samples containing living bacteria with drug matrix were prepared and evaluated. The results of laboratories participated in PT program and their response to the survey questionnaire were collected and analyzed. Results The homogeneity and stability of the PT samples complied with the requirements of CNAS-CL03： 2010. Samples could be stored stably for at least 6 months at -20 ℃. Among 63 laboratories participating in PT program， 53 laboratories （84.1%） achieved satisfactory results. The satisfaction rate was 94.1% （16/17） in 17 government laboratories （27.0% of total 63 laboratories）， 81.4% （35/43） in 43 pharmaceutical quality control laboratories （68.3% of total 63 laboratories）， and 66.7% （2/3） in 3 non-government laboratories （4.8% of total 63 laboratories）， respectively. Conclusion The government laboratories performed better than pharmaceutical quality control laboratories in microbiology tests of drug， and the testing abilities of some pharmaceutical laboratories needs to be improved. The preparation and application of microbial samples in drug matrix could provide evaluation tools for drug testing laboratories in microbiology.

Sample preparation and analysis of proficiency test containing Staphylococcus aureus with drug matrix / 上海预防医学

Objective To prepare samples of proficiency testing （PT） containing live Staphylococcus aureus with drug matrix in microbial PT program of drug testing， and to evaluate the laboratory capability of microbiology tests in China. Methods Two kinds of PT samples containing living bacteria with drug matrix were prepared and evaluated. The results of laboratories participated in PT program and their response to the survey questionnaire were collected and analyzed. Results The homogeneity and stability of the PT samples complied with the requirements of CNAS-CL03： 2010. Samples could be stored stably for at least 6 months at -20 ℃. Among 63 laboratories participating in PT program， 53 laboratories （84.1%） achieved satisfactory results. The satisfaction rate was 94.1% （16/17） in 17 government laboratories （27.0% of total 63 laboratories）， 81.4% （35/43） in 43 pharmaceutical quality control laboratories （68.3% of total 63 laboratories）， and 66.7% （2/3） in 3 non-government laboratories （4.8% of total 63 laboratories）， respectively. Conclusion The government laboratories performed better than pharmaceutical quality control laboratories in microbiology tests of drug， and the testing abilities of some pharmaceutical laboratories needs to be improved. The preparation and application of microbial samples in drug matrix could provide evaluation tools for drug testing laboratories in microbiology.

Establishment of fingerprint ，chemometric analysis and multi-component content determination of Zhuang medi- cine Jinmu granules / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish the fingerprint of Zhuang medicine Jinmu granules and carry out chemometric analysis ， and determine the contents of three components . METHODS High performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was adopted. Using rutin as the reference ，HPLC fingerprints of 10 batches of Jinmu granules were drawn and similarity evaluation was performed by Similarity Evaluation of Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine （2012 edition）；the common peak was determined by comparing with mixed control ；SPSS 21.0 software was used for cluster analysis ，and SIMCA 14.1 software was used for principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The differential components affecting the quality of Jinmu granules were screened by taking the variable importance in projection （VIP）value ＞1 as the standard ；the HPLC method was used to determine the contents of astilbin ，polydatin and berberine hydrochloride in Jinmu granules. RESULTS There were 22 common peaks in 10 batches of Jinmu granules ，and the similarities were 0.962-0.997；five common peaks were identified ，namely gallic acid （peak 2），polydatin（peak 9），rutin（peak 11），astilbin（peak 13）and kaempferol （peak 20）. The results of cluster analysis showed that 10 batches of Jinmu granules could be clustered into 3 categories：S1 and S 3-S4 were grouped into one category ；S5-S6 and S 9 were grouped into one category ；S2，S7-S8 and S 10 were grouped into one category. The results of principal component analysis showed that the parameter of model interpretation was 0.951 and that of prediction ability was 0.723. The classification results were basically consistent with cluster analysis. The classifica tion results of orthogonal partial least squares- com discriminant analysis were also ba sically consistent with clus- ter analysis. The common peaks with VIP value ＞1 in the order were peak 7＞peak 11（rutin）＞peak 17＞peak 13（astilbin）＞ peak 3＞peak 8＞peak 6＞peak 16 respectively. The linear ranges of astilbin ，polydatin and berberine hydrochloride were 0.012 6- 1.225 0，0.010 8-1.052 5 and 0.020 0-1.562 5 mg/mL，respectively（all R 2＝0.999 9）. RSDs of precision ，stability（24 h）and repeatability tests were all less than 3％. The average recoveries were 99.48％（RSD＝2.67％，n＝9），98.57％（RSD＝1.77％，n＝ 9）and 100.84％（RSD＝2.49％，n＝9）. The contents were 1.221 0-7.011 6，2.251 1-4.462 9，1.252 4-3.328 7 mg/g，respectively. CONCLUSIONS Established fingerprint and the method of content determination are accurate ，stable and simple. Combined with chemometric analysis ，it can be used for the quality control and evaluation of Zhuang medicine Jinmu granules.

Effect of Yangxue Rougan pills on the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in a rat model of liver fibrosis induced by multiple factors / 临床肝胆病杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of Yangxue Rougan pills on a rat model of liver fibrosis induced by multiple factors and the mechanism of action of Yangxue Rougan pills in the treatment of liver fibrosis. Methods A total of 50 male rats were randomly divided into blank control group, multi-factor model group, Fuzheng Huayu capsule group, and high-, middle-, and low-dose Yangxue Rougan pill groups. The rats in the blank control group were given normal water and feed, and those in the other groups were given modified high-fat low-protein diet and 5% alcohol, as well as subcutaneous injection of olive oil solution containing 40% carbon tetrachloride and intraperitoneal injection of pig serum 0.5 mL per rat, twice a week for 12 consecutive weeks. Since week 7, the rats in the high-, middle-, and low-dose Yangxue Rougan pill groups were given Yangxue Rougan pills at a dose of 9.5, 4.75, and 2.38 g/kg, respectively, those in the Fuzheng Huayu capsule group were given Fuzheng Huayu capsules at a dose of 0.75 g/kg, and those in the blank control group and the multi-factor model group were given an equal volume of distilled water by gavage every day for 6 consecutive weeks. The rats were treated at week 12. HE staining and Masson staining were used to observe the degree of liver fibrosis in rats, and PCR and Western blot were used to measure the expression of TGF-β1, Smad3, and Smad7 in the liver. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, and the Dunnett's t -test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results Compared with the blank control group, the multi-factor model group had a severely damaged lobular structure and a significantly higher degree of liver fibrosis, with the formation of pseudolobules with different sizes; compared with the multi-factor model group, the Yangxue Rougan pill groups had a significant improvement in the degree of liver fibrosis, with the most significant therapeutic effect in the high- and middle-dose Yangxue Rougan pill groups. Compared with the blank control group, the multi-factor model group had significant increases in the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad3 and a significant reduction in the expression of Smad7 in liver tissue (all P < 0.05); compared with the multi-factor model group, the Yangxue Rougan pill groups had a significant reduction in the expression of TGF-β1 and a significant increase in the expression of Smad7 (all P < 0.05); compared with the multi-factor model group, the high- and middle-dose Yangxue Rougan pill groups had a significant reduction in the expression of Smad3 (both P < 0.05). Conclusion Yangxue Rougan pills can significantly inhibit liver fibrosis in rats by downregulating the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad3 and upregulating the expression of Smad7, and therefore, the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway is one of the mechanisms of action of Yangxue Rougan pills in improving liver fibrosis.

Research advances on mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives in the treatment of acne scars / 中华烧伤杂志

Acne is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that often occurs on the face, and acne scars are often secondary to the healing process of acne, which often leads to impaired appearance and psychological disorders of patients. The current treatment for acne scars is extremely difficult. With the development of regenerative medicine, stem cell transplantation has become a new treatment for acne scars. In recent years, it has been reported that stem cells and their derivatives can effectively antagonize the formation of acne scars. Therefore, this paper briefly reviews the basic and clinical researches on the treatment of acne scars with various mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives, aiming to provide theoretical basis and reference for the stem cell therapy of acne scars.