Advances in the research of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 inhibitors / 药学学报

From the process of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) invading cells, the combination of gp120 and CD4 is the first step for HIV-1 to invade cells. Interfering with this process can prevent HIV from recognizing target cells and inhibit virus replication. Therefore, HIV-1 gp120 is an important part of the HIV-1 life cycle. Fostesavir, a phosphatate prodrug derived from the gp120 inhibitor BMS-626529 modified by the prodrug strategy, was approved for the treatment of adult patients with multidrug resistant HIV-1 infection by the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency in 2020 and 2021, respectively. In this review, we focus on the research progress of small molecule inhibitors targeting the interaction of gp120-CD4 from the perspective of medicinal chemistry, in order to provide reference for the subsequent research of gp120 inhibitors.

Closed reduction and intramedullary nailing versus open reduction and locking plate fixation in treatment of middle and upper humeral fractures / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To compare closed reduction and intramedullary nailing versus open reduction and locking plate fixation in the treatment of middle and upper humeral fractures.Methods:A retrospective case-control study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 62 patients with middle and upper humeral fracture who had been treated at Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Jinmen and at Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of PLA Central Theater from October 2017 to February 2021. There were 35 males and 27 females, aged from 27 to 86 years. The left side was affected in 24 cases and the right side in 38 cases. All fractures were fresh. According to the AO classification, 16 cases were type A, 32 type B, and 14 type C. Of the patients, 29 were treated with closed reduction and intramedullary nailing (intramedullary nail group) and 33 with open reduction and locking plate fixation (locking plate group). The length of incision, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, fracture healing and complications were recorded and compared between the 2 groups. The pain degree was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) at one week and one month after operation, and the functional recovery of the shoulder was evaluated by Constant-Murley score at one month and 12 months after operation.Results:There was no significant difference in the preoperative general data between the 2 groups, showing comparability ( P>0.05). The intramedullary nail group was followed up for 12 to 29 months and the locking plate group for 15 to 50 months. In the intramedullary nail group, the length of incision [(4.1±0.7) cm], operation time [(58.3±7.7) min], intraoperative blood loss [(52.7±6.5) mL], and hospital stay [(7.3±1.5) d] were significantly less than those in the locking plate group [(21.7±2.3) cm, (95.8±11.7) min, (237.4±14.9) ml, and (12.3±1.7) d] ( P<0.05). The fracture healing time in the intramedullary nail group was (5.0±1.9) months, significantly longer than that in the locking plate group [(3.5±1.7) months] ( P<0.05). The VAS scores at one week and one month after operation in the intramedullary nail group [(2.8±0.3) points and (1.2±0.5) points] were significantly lower than those in the locking plate group [(4.3±0.4) points and (1.6±0.5) points], and the Constant-Murley score at one month after operation in the intramedullary nail group [(63.5±7.4) points] was significantly higher than that in the locking plate group [(54.3±6.9) points] ( P<0.05). However, at 12 months after operation, there was no significant difference in the Constant-Murley score between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). In both groups, the VAS score at one month after operation was significantly lower than that at one week after operation while the Constant-Murley score at 12 months after operation was significantly higher than that at one week after operation ( P<0.05). In the intramedullary nail group, intraoperative distal refracture happened in one case; in the locking plate group, incision infection occurred in one case and postoperative radial nerve injury in another. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the 2 groups [3.4% (1/29) versus 6.1% (2/33)] ( P>0.05). Conclusion:In the treatment of middle and upper humeral fractures, compared with open reduction and locking plate fixation, closed reduction and intramedullary nailing shows advantages of a smaller surgical incision, shorter operation time, less intraoperative blood loss, shorter hospital stay and faster functional recovery.

Clinical analysis of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome caused by Group A Streptococcus infection in children / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of Group A Streptococcal(GAS) toxic shock syndrome (STSS) in children. Methods:The clinical data of 10 STSS children hospitalized in Shenzhen Children′s Hospital from January 2015 to March 2022 were downloaded from the electronic medical record system.The clinical manifestations were analyzed and treatment experience was summarized respectively.Results:There were 5 males and 5 females, with an average age of (5.29±2.87) years.All the patients were healthy in the past.The diagnoses were confirmed by blood culture in 2 cases, pus culture in 5 cases, and blood metagenomics next generation sequencing in 3 cases.The rapid detection of GAS antigen was positive in 7 cases.All cases had fever, and 9 cases of them developed fever after viral infection, including pneumonia in 7 cases, skin and soft tissue infections in 6 cases, necrotizing fasciitis in 3 cases, and purulent meningitis in 1 case.All cases also presented with shock.Six cases had liver function injury, and 4 cases suffered from acute kindey injury.Four cases had infection-related encephalopathy, and 7 cases were afflicted with disseminated intravascular coagulation.Two cases had respiratory failure, and 2 cases had rhabdomyolysis.There were 3 cases with a decreased white blood cell (WBC) count and 7 cases with an increased WBC count on admission.Seven cases were found to have thrombocytopenia, but their platelet levels were all elevated after recovery.C-reactive protein and procalcitonin and the proportion of neutrophils were markedly increased in all cases.All cases suffered from hypoalbuminemia, hyponatremia and hypocalcemia.All the 10 positive strains were sensitive to Penicillin, Ceftriaxone/Cefotaxime and Vancomycin.Eight cases were treated with combined antibiotics after admission.Eight patients received intravenous immunoglobulin.All cases were cured and discharged.Conclusions:The STSS progresses rapidly in children, so pediatricians should pay great attention to the disease.Early identification, diagnosis of infection sources, infusion of antibiotics and surgical treatment are the keys to disease management.

Therapeutic value of endoscopic submucosal dissection in the elderly with early colorectal cancer and precancerous lesion / 中华消化内镜杂志

Clinical data of 210 patients with early colorectal cancer and precancerous lesion treated by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the Digestive Endoscopy Center of the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2015 to March 2018 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups according to the age: the elderly group (≥65 years old, 100 cases) and the non-elderly group (<65 years old, 110 cases). The en bloc resection rate, complete resection rate,and curative resection rate of the elderly group were 92.0% (92/100), 91.0% (91/100) and 89.0% (89/100), respectively. The above indicators of the non-elderly group were 90.9% (100/110) ( P=0.972), 90.0% (99/110) ( P=0.991) and 88.2% (97/110) ( P=1.000), respectively. The incidence of intraoperative perforation in the elderly group was 4.0% (4/100) and in the non-elderly group was 6.4% (7/110) ( P=0.543). Delayed postoperative bleeding rate was 2.0% (2/100) in the elderly group, and 0 (0/110) in the non-elderly group ( P=0.226). ESD is effective and safe in treating early colorectal cancer and precancerous lesion in elderly patients.

Characteristic analysis and efficacy evaluation of bougie dilation and bougie dilation combined with stent implantation for pediatric caustic esophageal stenosis / 中华消化内镜杂志

To investigate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic bougie dilation and stent implantation for pediatric caustic esophageal stenosis. Clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of children with pediatric caustic esophageal stenosis from October 2009 to December 2019 at Department of Gastroenterology, the Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 50 caustic esophageal stenosis cases were enrolled, among whom, 94.0% (47/50) received conservative treatment before sending to our hospital. Thirty-six (72.0%) of them accidently ingested caustic substance of alkali and 22.0% (11/50) of them accidently ingested caustic substance of acid. Forty-six children (92.0%) who ingested caustic agents were younger than 7 years old. The stenosis was more common in the upper esophagus, accounting for 64.0% (32/50). Twenty-seven cases (54.0%) underwent simple bougie dilation and 16 cases (32.0%) underwent bougie dilation combined with stent treatment. All 50 children underwent a total of 1 260 expansions. The numbers of simple dilations and dilations combined with stent implantation were 37.8±26.2, 20.9±12.6 respectively with significant difference ( t=2.453, P=0.021). Among them, 2 cases (4.0%) underwent surgery, 5 cases (10.0%) underwent surgery combined with dilatation and stent implantation. The stenosis diameter widened significantly after treatment (1.1±0.2 cm VS 0.2±0.1 cm, t=23.004, P<0.001), and the Stooler grade of dysphagia improved significantly (grade 3.5±0.5 VS 1.2±0.7, t=19.925, P<0.001). Perforation occurred in only 1 patient, who was cured by conservative treatment with stent implantation. The total effective rate was 100.0% (50/50) and the satisfaction rate was 98.0% (49/50). Endoscopic bougie dilation and bougie dilation combined with stent implantation is safe and effective for pediatric caustic esophageal stenosis. Combination with stent implantation can reduce the number of dilation times.

Characteristic chromatogram and index components content of substance benchmark of Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction / 中国中药杂志

The methods for determining the characteristic chromatogram and index components content of Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction were established to provide a scientific basis for the quality evaluation of substance benchmarks and preparations. Eighteen batches of Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction were prepared with the decoction pieces of different batches and of the same batch were prepared respectively, and the HPLC characteristic chromatograms of these samples were established. The similarities of the chromatographic fingerprints were analyzed. With liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, 6-gingerol, ginsenoside Rg_1, and ginsenoside Re as index components, the high performance liquid chromatography was established for content determination with no more than 70%-130% of the mass average as the limit. The results showed that there were 19 characteristic peaks corresponding to the characteristic chromatograms of 18 batches of Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction, including 8 peaks representing liquiritin, 1,5-O-dicaffeoylqunic acid, ginsenoside Rg_1, ginsenoside Re, 1-O-acetyl britannilactone, ginsenoside Rb_1, glycyrrhizic acid, and 6-gingerol, and the fingerprint similarity was greater than 0.97. The contents of liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, 6-gingerol, and ginsenosides Rg_1 + Re in the prepared Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction samples were 0.53%-0.86%, 0.61%-1.2%, 0.023%-0.068%, and 0.33%-0.66%, respectively. Except for several batches, most batches of Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction showed stable contents of index components, with no discrete values. The characteristic chromatograms and index components content characterized the information of Inulae Flos, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens in Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction. This study provides a scientific basis for the further research on the key chemical properties of substance benchmark and preparations of Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction.

Quality value transfer of substance benchmarks in Huanglian Decoction / 中国中药杂志

Following the preparation of substance benchmarks in Huanglian Decoction from 18 batches, the method for detecting their characteristic spectra was established to identify the similarity range and peak attribution. The content and transfer rate ranges of the index components coptisine, palmatine, berberine, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, 6-gingerol, and cinnamaldehyde and the extraction amount were combined for analyzing the quality value transfer from the Chinese medicinal pieces to substance benchmarks and clarifying the key quality attributes of substance benchmarks in Huanglian Decoction. The results showed that the substance benchmarks in Huang-lian Decoction of 18 batches exhibited good similarity in characteristic spectra(all greater than 0.98). There were 17 characteristic peaks identified in the substance benchmarks of Huanglian Decoction, including 10 from Coptidis Rhizoma, 3 from Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle(processed with water), 1 from Zingiberis Rhizoma, and 3 from Cinnamomi Ramulus. The contents and average transfer rates of the index components were listed as follows: coptisine 2.20-6.46 mg·g~(-1) and 18.50%±2.93%; palmatine 3.03-8.13 mg·g~(-1) and 26.56%±4.69%; berberine 7.71-22.29 mg·g~(-1) and 17.34%±3.00%; liquiritin 0.88-2.18 mg·g~(-1) and 9.88%±4.88%; glycyrrhizic acid 1.83-4.44 mg·g~(-1) and 8.50%±3.72%; 6-gingerol 0.56-1.43 mg·g~(-1) and 11.36%±2.37%; cinnamaldehyde 1.55-3.48 mg·g~(-1) and 19.02%±4.36%. The extraction amount of the substance benchmarks from the 18 batches was controlled at 10.65%-13.88%. In this paper, the quality value transfer of substance benchmarks in Huanglian Decoction was analyzed based on the characteristic spectra, the index component contents and the extraction amount, which has provided a basis for the subsequent development of Huanglian Decoction and the quality control of its related preparations.

Quality value transmitting of substance benchmarks of Zhuru Decoction / 中国中药杂志

A total of 18 batches of Zhuru Decoction samples were prepared. Chromatographic fingerprints were established for Zhuru Decoction and single decoction pieces, the content of which was then determined. The extraction rate ranges, content, and transfer rate ranges of puerarin, liquiritin, and glycyrrhizic acid, together with the common peaks and the similarity range of the fingerprints, were determined to clarify key quality attributes of Zhuru Decoction. The 18 batches of Zhuru Decoction samples had 25 common peaks and the fingerprint similarity higher than 0.95. Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens had 21, 3, and 1 characteristic peaks, respectively. The 18 batches of samples showed the extraction rates within the range of 18.45%-25.29%. Puerarin had the content of 2.20%-3.07% and the transfer rate of 38.5%-45.9%; liquiritin had the content of 0.24%-0.85% and the transfer rate of 15.9%-37.5%; glycyrrhizic acid had the content of 0.39%-1.87% and the transfer rate of 16.2%-32.8%. In this paper, the quality value transmitting of substance benchmarks of Zhuru Decoction was analyzed based on chromatographic fingerprints, extraction rate, and the content of index components. A scientific and stable method was preliminarily established, which provided a scientific basis for the quality control and formulation development of Zhuru Decoction.

Advances in population pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of caspofungin / 中国药房

Caspofungin is the firs t echinocandin antifungal drug approved for serious fungal infections caused by Candida or Aspergillus. Currently ，caspofungin has been recommended as the first-line treatment for invasive Candida and the second-line treatment for invasive Aspergillus，for its safety and tolerability. However ，there are still probability of pharmacokinetic variability and the risk of low exposure in different populations. Herein the population pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics studies of caspofungin in children and adults were reviewed. The results indicate that the body surface area was the main factor affecting the distribution and clearance of caspofungin in pediatric patients. In adults ，the two-compartment model fits the caspofungin behavior best in vivo with the primary covariates of body weight and albumin level. The efficacy of caspofungin might be related to pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics parameters ，such as the ratio of area under blood concentration time curve to minimum inhibitory concentration （AUC/MIC），the ratio of peak concentration to minimum effective concentration （cmax/MEC）.

Application of oral fluid in SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and antibody detection / 中华预防医学杂志

This study aimed to explore the application value of new biological specimen oral fluid in SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and antibody detection. Oral fluid and paired respiratory and blood specimens from 7 confirmed cases of two COVID-19 cluster epidemic were collected in Beijing from October to November 2021. SARS-CoV-2 virus and IgG antibody were detected by real time PCR kits and serum antibody detection reagents, and SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in oral fluids was detected by a new established method of magnetic particle chemiluminescence. The results showed that the nucleic acid amplification test of SARS-CoV-2 on nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs and oral fluid specimens from 3 confirmed cases of COVID-19 was positive, among which the Ct value for ORF1a/b and N gene of oral fluid samples in 2 cases was close to that of throat swab, and the Ct value of oral fluid sample for 1 case was higher than that of throat swab. The complete genome sequence of one oral fluid specimen was obtained, which belonged to the VOC/Delta variant strain. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies of the paired oral fluid and serum were all positive, and the S/CO values of oral fluid were all lower than those of serum. The series of oral fluid results showed that SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody level increased from 11 to 32 days after the onset of the disease.

Research advances of music therapy and its application in the field of burn treatment / 中华烧伤杂志

Different from other trauma, the scar and pigmentation formed after healing of burn wound not only hinder beauty but also easily lead to a series of sequential psychological problems, such as depression and anxiety. Music therapy, as a supplementary treatment, is widely used in many fields including medical and health care and psychological regulation. However, affected by factors such as medical resources, the awareness and acceptance of music therapy among burn treatment workers in China are still low. Based on the clinical characteristics of burns, this paper matches the applicability of music therapy with it, summarizes the supplementary application of music therapy in the field of burn treatment, expounds this natural science with both science and aesthetics, and puts forward feasible suggestions for its future development.

Progress in the Role of Mechanical Stimulus in Cardiac Development / 中国医学科学院学报

Mechanical stimulus is critical to cardiovascular development during embryogenesis period.The mechanoreceptors of endocardial cells and cardiac myocytes may sense mechanical signals and initiate signal transduction that induce gene expression at a cellular level,and then translate molecular-level events into tissue-level deformations,thus guiding embryo development.This review summarizes the regulatory roles of mechanical signals in the early cardiac development including the formation of heart tube,looping,valve and septal morphogenesis,ventricular development and maturation.Further,we discuss the potential mechanical transduction mechanisms of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1-vascular endothelial-cadherin-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 complex,primary cilia,ion channels,and other mechanical sensors that affect some cardiac malformations.

One case of diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms with suspected autoimmune pancreatitis / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Because of low incidence, atypical clinical symptom, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNENs) and autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) alway have suspected diagnosis and misdiagnosis. This paper aims to improve the diagnosis and treatment of two diseases by a case of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with suspected autoimmune pancreatitis.

Evaluation of Accessibility of Road Traffic Sidewalks Using the Codes for Accessibility Design in the Mega-city: a Case of Shanghai / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To evaluate the accessibility construction status of road traffic sidewalks in Shanghai. Methods:From July to September, 2019, 46 road traffic sidewalks in Shanghai were selected using a convenience sampling, and evaluation tools were designed based on the Codes for Accessibility Design (GB 50763-2012) and Standards for Design on Accessibility of Buildings and Facilities (DGJ08-103-2003). After field check and experience for the sidewalks, the compliance rates of evaluation dimensions and evaluation contents of sidewalks were analyzed using the descriptive analysis. The weights of each dimension were calculated using the principal component analysis to construct the sidewalk comprehensive barrier score model, and to compare the sidewalk comprehensive barrier scores in different areas of Shanghai. From September to November 2019, in-depth interviews were conducted with eleven persons with disabilities to understand the sidewalk barriers for them. Results:The overall compliance rate of sidewalk accessibility was 4.35%. Among the evaluated contents, 93.5% sidewalks had a curb ramp, 91.3% had a height difference between the ramp and the carriageway, 26.1% were not paved with tactile ground surface indicators; 71.7% tactile ground surface indicators were blocked by poles, etc., and 84.8% were occupied by obstacles. The warning indicator was the greatest weight among the evaluated dimensions. The barrier of sidewalks was high (36.7%) and medium (20.0%) in the central area, which was higher than that in the sub-central area (both 6.3%) (P < 0.05). There were many obstacles during the experience of sidewalks using, resulting in less using of the barrier-free facilities. Conclusion:Most of the sidewalks in Shanghai do not meet the standards of the Codes for Accessibility Design. It is urgent to construct and maintain the barrier-free facilities.

Feasibility of Preheating at 41 ℃ to Correct Red Blood Cell Parameters in the Presence of High-titer Cold Agglutinins / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To explore the feasibility of preheating in 41 ℃ water bath for 30 minutes to correct the red blood cell parameters in the specimens containing high-titer cold agglutinins(CAs). Methods Two specimens containing high-titer CAs were selected during work,and the parameters of complete blood count at room temperature or after preheating in 37 ℃ or 41 ℃ water bath were compared.The smears were stained,and the distribution of red blood cells was observed with a microscope.Further,74 specimens without CAs were collected for complete blood count,and then the test results at room temperature and after preheating at 41 ℃ were compared. Results At room temperature,the specimens containing high-titer CAs showed significantly reduced red blood cell count(RBC)and hematocrit(HCT),abnormally increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH)and mean cell hemoglobin concentration(MCHC),abnormal percents of hemoglobin(HGB)and RBC,and aggregation of a large number of red blood cells.After being preheated at 37 ℃ for a certain time,the specimens demonstrated obviously improved parameters while still aggregation of a small number of red blood cells.After being preheated at 41 ℃ for 30 minutes,the specimens showed significantly increased RBC,normal HCT,MCH,and MCHC,and evenly distributed red blood cells.The 74 specimens without CAs showed the comparability was ≥80% between room temperature and preheating at 41 ℃ for 30 minutes or 60 minutes. Conclusion We can preheat the specimens containing high-titer CAs in a water bath at 41 ℃ to obtain accurate red blood cell parameters.

Impact of edaravone on serum CXC chemokine ligand-13 levels and perioperative neurocognitive disorders in elderly patients with hip replacement / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are a series of severe complications in the perioperative and anesthetic periods with a decline in memory, execution ability, and information processing speed as the primary clinical manifestation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of edaravone (EDA) on PND and peripheral blood C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) levels in elderly patients with hip replacement.@*METHODS@#A total of 160 elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty in Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital of Southern Medical University (from March 2016 to March 2018) were randomly and double-blindly categorized into an EDA group and a control group (CON). Group EDA was administered intravenously EDA 30 min before surgery, and group CON was administered intravenously saline. The cognitive function of the two groups was evaluated 1-day before the operation and at 1 and 12 months after surgery, and the incidence of post-operative delirium was tested on days 1, 3, and 7 after surgery using the Chinese version of the confusion assessment method. Serum CXCL13 and interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations were measured before anesthesia, during surgery (30 min after skin incision), and on days 1, 3, and 7 after surgery. The continuous variables in accordance with normal distribution were tested using the Student's t test, the continuous variables without normal distribution using the Mann-Whitney U test, and categorical variables by the χ2 test or Fisher exact test.@*RESULTS@#The incidence of post-operative delirium within 7 days after surgery was significantly higher in group CON than that in group EDA (31.3% vs. 15.0%, t = -5.6, P < 0.001). The modified telephone interview for cognitive status and activities of daily life scores were significantly higher in the group EDA than those in the group CON at 1 month (39.63 ± 4.35 vs. 33.63 ± 5.81, t = -2.13, P < 0.05 and 74.3 ± 12.6 vs. 61.2 ± 13.1, t = -1.69, P < 0.05) and 12 months (40.13 ± 5.93 vs. 34.13 ± 5.36, t = -3.37, P < 0.05 and 79.6 ± 11.7 vs. 65.6 ± 16.6, t = -2.08, P < 0.05) after surgery; and the incidence of neurocognitive dysfunction was significantly lower in the group EDA than that in the group CON (P < 0.05). Serum CXCL13 and IL-6 concentrations were significantly lower in the group EDA than those in the group CON during and after surgery (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#EDA can significantly reduce the serum concentrations of CXCL13 and IL-6 and improve the PND of patients.

Effect of Gancao Fuzi Decoction on osteoarthritis and proteomics of articular cartilage in rats / 中国中药杂志

The rat osteoarthritis model was replicated by injection of sodium iodoacetate into the knee joint cavity, and the effects of Gancao Fuzi Decoction on rat osteoarthritis and the proteome of articular cartilage were investigated. Sixty SD rats weighing 230-250 g were randomly divided into normal group, model group, glucosamine sulfate group, and Gancao Fuzi Decoction high, medium and low dose groups. Osteoarthritis model was induced by intra-articular injection of sodium iodoacetate(3 mg on each leg) in all groups except the normal group. After modeling, each administration group was given intragastric administration for 1 month. During the administration period, joint pain test and joint width measurement were performed every week to observe the autonomous behavior of rats. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method was used to detect the contents of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3), and matrix metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor(TIMP-1) in rat joint lavage fluid. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe bone and joint morphology. Nano-LC-LTQ-Orbitrap system was used to detect arti-cular cartilage proteins. The results showed that, compared with the model group, Gancao Fuzi Decoction could significantly improve joint pain and joint swelling in osteoarthritis rats, significantly reduce the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP-3 in the joint cavity la-vage fluid, increase the content of TIMP-1, and relieve inflammatory diseases such as enlarged joint space, rough cartilage edge, different thickness of cartilage layer, and disordered arrangement of chondrocytes. After comparing the proteins between the groups, 273 differential proteins were screened out. KEGG analysis found that the above differential proteins involved 43 signaling pathways such as systemic lupus erythematosus, among which 11 signaling pathways were related to osteoarthritis. The above results indicated that Gancao Fuzi Decoction had a preventive effect on osteoarthritis, and its mechanism of action may be accomplished by regulating the protein expression of osteoarthritis-related signal pathways.

Efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis: a Meta-analysis / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study was performed to review the efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis systematically.@*METHODS@#We searched seven databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang Data, and VIP, to obtain randomized controlled trials related to the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis by curcumin. Each database was searched from inception to 30 June 2019. RevMan 5.3 software was used for the meta-analysis.@*RESULTS@#Six randomized controlled trials involving 350 patients were included in this study. Meta-analysis showed that curcumin can increase the maximal mouth opening and improve burning sensation compared with placebo treatment. Curcumin was not as effective as the controls in achieving maximal mouth opening after 1 month of treatment. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the treatments from 2 months to 6 months. Curcumin significantly improved burning sensation compared with the controls after 3 months of treatment. No statistically significant diffe-rence in burning sensation was observed between the curcumin and control groups after 1, 2, and 6 months of treatment.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The current evidence shows that curcumin is an effective treatment for improving maximal mouth opening and burning sensation in patients with oral submucous fibrosis. Given the limited number and low quality of the included studies, however, more high-quality studies are needed to verify these findings.

Content Determination of 6 Kinds of Monosaccharide in Astragalus membranaceus with Different Growth Years by Pre-column Derivatization-HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To analyze and compare th e contents of 6 kinds of monosaccharide in Astragalus membranaceus from different growth years . METHODS ：2-4 years old A. membranaceus from three areas were extracted with water extraction and alcohol precipitation ，Sevage deproteinization to obtain A. membranaceus polysaccharide. The samples were firstly hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid （TFA）and then derivatized by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone（PMP）. HPLC analysis was adopted to determine the contents of 6 kinds of monosaccharide as mannose ，rhamnose，galacturonic acid ，glucose，galactose，arabinose. The determination was performed on Symmetry C 18 column with phosphate buffer solution （pH 6.8）-acetonitrile（84∶16，V/V）as mobile phase at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 245 nm，and column temperature was 35 ℃. The sample size was 20 µL. RESULTS ：The contents of mannose ，rhamnose，galacturonic acid ，glucose，galactose and arabinose were 0.50-0.94， 0.76-1.60，3.35-7.86，87.33-275.77，1.95-8.96，2.35-14.04 mg/g，respectively. Total contents of monosaccharide from 2，3，4 years old A. membranaceus were 98.26-139.92，173.81-295.71，122.37-182.41 mg/g，respectively. There was significant difference in the contents of glucose between 3 old years A. membranaceus and 2，4 old years A. membranaceus （162.71-275.77 mg/g vs. 87.33-107.70，111.54-167.26 mg/g，P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：Above 6 monosaccharides are detected in 2，3，4 years old A. membranaceus，among which the content of glucose is the highest. The content of glucose in 3 years old A. membranaceus is higher than that in 2 and 4 years old A. membranaceus .

Mechanism of nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in influenza A (H1N1) virus infected-alveolar epithelial cells / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To investigate the molecule mechanism of nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in influenza A (H1N1) virus infected-alveolar epithelial cells.Methods:Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549 cells) were cultured in vitro, and cells in logarithmic growth phase were selected for experiments. ① Experiment 1: the A549 cell model with H1N1 virus infection was established by using H1N1 virus infected cells with multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1.0 for 24 hours (H1N1 virus infection group), and the blank control group was set up. Importin 4 and Importin 7 protein expressions were detected by Western Blot to investigate whether HIF-1α nuclear translocation depended on Importin 4 or Importin 7. ② Experiment 2: the A549 cells were infected with H1N1 virus under different MOI (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0) for 24 hours. Then the A549 cells were infected with H1N1 virus (MOI 1.0) for different time (0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 hours). The septin 9 isoform 1 (SEPT9_i1) mRNA expression was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to investigate the effect of different MOI and infection time on the expression of SEPT9_i1. ③ Experiment 3: a cell model with SEPT9_i1 silencing was established by transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) for 24 hours (siRNA-SEPT9_i1 group), and the blank control group and blank vector control group (siControl group) were set up. Then the cells in the three groups were infected with H1N1 virus (MOI 1.0) for 24 hours after 24-hour transfection, and the SEPT9_i1 mRNA expression was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR to investigate the interference efficiency of siRNA-SEPT9_i1. ④ Experiment 4: the cells were divided into siControl group and siRNA-SEPT9_i1 group. The transfection methods of two groups was as the same as experiment 3, and then the cells were infected with H1N1 virus (MOI 1.0) after 24-hour transfection. The distribution of HIF-1α was detected by immunofluorescence at 24 hours after infection. The M gene expression of virus was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 hours after infection. The effects of SEPT9_i1 on HIF-1α translocation and virus replication were explored. ⑤ Experiment 5: the cells were divided into blank control group (complete medium), SP600125 group [100 μmol/L c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway inhibitor SP600125 for 2 hours], H1N1 virus infection group (H1N1 virus of MOI 1.0 for 24 hours), H1N1 virus+SP600125 group (pretreated with 100 μmol/L SP600125 for 2 hours before 24-hour H1N1 virus infection). Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect the expressions of SEPT_i1 mRNA and viral M gene to investigate the effect of JNK signaling pathway on SEPT9_i1 expression and virus replication. Results:① Experiment 1: compared with the blank control group, the protein expressions of Importin 4 and Importin 7 in the H1N1 virus infection group had no significant changes [Importin 4 protein (Importin 4/GAPDH): 1.08±0.03 vs. 1.05±0.03, Importin 7 protein (Importin 7/GAPDH): 0.87±0.11 vs. 0.78±0.03, both P > 0.05]. These indicated that the HIF-1α nuclear translocation in A549 cells might not be independent of Importin 4 and Importin 7 during H1N1 virus infection. ② Experiment 2: the SEPT9_i1 mRNA expression in A549 cells was increased with the increase in MOI and infection time of H1N1 virus, and peaked at MOI 2.0 or 18 hours after infection, and the differences were statistically significant as compared with MOI 0 or 0 hour after infection (2 -ΔΔCT: 1.39±0.05 vs. 1.00±0.00 at MOI 2.0, 1.47±0.04 vs. 1.00±0.00 at 18 hours, both P < 0.01). This indicated that the SEPT9_i1 expression in A549 cells was related to the MOI and the infection time during H1N1 virus infection. ③ Experiment 3: compared with the blank control group, the SEPT9_i1 mRNA expression in A549 cells was significantly decreased in the siRNA-SEPT9_i1 group (2 -ΔΔCT: 0.38±0.11 vs. 1.00±0.00, P < 0.01), and there was no significant difference between the siControl group and blank control group (2 -ΔΔCT: 1.03±0.16 vs. 1.00±0.00, P > 0.05). This indicated that SEPT9_i1 silence could inhibit the expression of SEPT9_i1 mRNA in H1N1 virus-infected A549 cells. ④ Experiment 4: HIF-1α nuclear translocation in the H1N1 virus-infected A549 cells in the siRNA-SEPT9_i1 group was significantly reduced as compared with the siControl group. The virus M gene expression after H1N1 virus infection in the siControl group was gradually increased, and peaked at 48 hours. The expression of virus M gene in A549 cells in the siRNA-SEPT9_i1 group was significantly down-regulated, and showed a statistically significant difference at 48 hours as compared with the siControl group (2 -ΔΔCT: 3.47±0.66 vs. 8.17±0.38, P < 0.05). This indicated that HIF-1α nuclear translocation and virus replication in H1N1 virus-infected A549 cells were inhibited after silencing SEPT9_i1. ⑤ Experiment 5: the expressions of SEPT9_i1 mRNA and virus M gene in A549 cells in the H1N1 virus infection group were significantly higher than those in the blank control group. However, the expressions of SEPT9_i1 mRNA and viral M gene in A549 cells in the H1N1 virus+SP600125 group were significantly lower than those in the H1N1 virus infection group (2 -ΔΔCT: SEPT9_i1 mRNA was 0.12±0.10 vs. 1.53±0.14, viral M gene was 2.13±0.10 vs. 4.66±0.14, both P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in above indicators between the SP600125 group and the blank control group. This indicated that the JNK signaling pathway could regulate the expression of SEPT9_i1 in A549 cells during H1N1 virus infection, and the JNK signaling pathway inhibition could down-regulate the expression of SEPT9_i1 and inhibit virus replication. Conclusion:The H1N1 virus regulates the expression of SEPT9_i1 by activating the JNK signaling pathway, thus increase HIF-1α transport efficiency and H1N1 replication.