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Objective@#To explore the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness, willingness, uptake patterns, barriers and needs among Chinese student men who have sex with men (MSM), so as to provide relevant evidence for targeted interventions with PrEP.@*Methods@#A proportional sampling method was used to conduct a cross sectional survey of MSM aged 16 years and older residing in 21 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in mainland China between October 20 and December 20, 2021, to collect information on demographic and sexual behavioral characteristics, and 923 students of them were selected as the subjects of this study. The chi-square test and Fisher s test were used for univariate analysis, followed by multivariate Logistic regression to analyze the influencing factors of PrEP awareness and uptake.@*Results@#According to the cascade analysis method, the awareness, willingness, uptake and adherence rates of PrEP among the student MSM were obtained as 88.95%, 67.36%, 13.20% and 45.21 %, respectively. HIV testing more than once in the last 3 months, and all of them were aware of the HIV test results of their sexual partners, and those with high frequency of condom use had a higher rate of awareness ( OR =2.32, 1.79, 1.69, P <0.05). Willingness rates were higher for those from the pilot city, using substances, and HIV testing more than once in the last 3 months ( OR =2.13, 1.65, 1.69, P <0.05). Higher rates of uptake were found among those from high risk and pilot areas, presence of commercial sex, substance use, and high literacy ( OR =5.60, 3.54,2.81, 1.92, 4.54, P <0.05). Adherence rates were higher among those who used one pill per day or both ( OR =12.77, 13.26, P <0.05). The barriers and needs faced by student MSM were primarily personal concerns about medication side effects, preventative effects, and confidence in sexual behavioral styles, and the high cost of medication and related service costs.@*Conclusions@#The student MSM population in China is characterized by high awareness, low willingness, low uptake, and low adherence to PrEP. Targeted interventions should be considered and tailored by the departments to facilitate PrEP promotion among student MSM.
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Cyborg technology aimed to repair or enhance various capabilities of human beings and brings infinite possibilities for the future and development of human beings. However, it has generated a series of ethical problems in the aspects of human nature change, responsibility attribution, equality and justice, autonomy and so on. In the face of these severe ethical challenges, it was necessary to further improve the ethical governance mechanisms of Cyborg technology research and development, that is, adhere to the concept of people-oriented development, resort to limited responsible innovation, and strengthen ethical review and supervision.
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Objective:To analyze the ultrasonographic features of lymphadenitis caused by cat-scratch disease (CSD) of the elbow, and to improve the diagnosis and differentiation of CSD by sonologist.Methods:According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we retrospectively collected the patients who visited Changsha Third Hospital from March 2015 to October 2021 due to elbow mass, and divided them into CSD group and non CSD group according to the pathological source. We compared and analyzed the ultrasonic manifestations inside and around the mass in the two groups, and summarized the ultrasonic image characteristics of CSD.Results:In 90 cases of elbow mass, there were 14 cases in CSD group and 76 cases in non CSD group. There were 8 cases of cat scratch history and 2 cases of bite history in CSD group. The incubation period ranged from 4 days to 3 months. There were 4 cases of denied cat scratch and bite history or close contact history. Eight patients were treated with antibiotics, and 6 patients did not receive any treatment. 14 patients with CSD were followed up after 1-3 months. There was statistically significant difference between CSD group and non CSD group in tumor location (χ 2=14.507, P<0.05), the masses in CSD group were all located in the medial elbow; The specificity of internal ultrasound in CSD lymphadenitis was not high, but the ultrasonic changes outside the mass had certain characteristics, such as lymphadenitis and localized superficial phlebitis. There was also a statistical difference between CSD group and non CSD group in the ultrasonic changes outside the mass (χ 2=34.070, P<0.05). Conclusions:CSD lymphadenitis usually occurs in the medial epitrochlear region of the elbow. Ultrasound can be highly suggestive when there is a relevant epidemiological history and typical intra and extra-nodal sonographic changes, thus reducing the unnecessary invasive manipulation of the elbow mass.
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Objective To explore the choice of re - pregnancy delivery mode after cesarean section. Methods From January 2015 to December 2017,a retrospective study was performed on 576 pregnant women who received re-pregnancy after cesarean section in National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital and randomly selected 40 cases of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery(VBAC),40 cases of cesarean section after trial of labor after cesarean delivery(TOLAC) and 40 cases of elective repeat cesarean delivery(ERCD) for comparative analysis.The postpartum hemorrhage,neonatal Apgar score, hospitalization time, hospitalization expenses and complication were compared. Results All the 159 pregnant women chose transvaginal trials and 112 had successful vaginal delivery.The success rate of delivery was 70.4%.Compared with the other two groups,the VBAC group had less postpartum hemorrhage [(172.50 ± 59.86) mL,(281.25 ± 192.05 ) mL, ( 260.00 ± 125.68 ) mL],less average hospital stay [(3.9 ± 0.9)d,(5.7 ± 1.5) d, (4.6 ± 0.7) d] and lower medical expenses [(6 491.79 ± 1 104.78), (11 871.96 ± 1 784.30),(10 724.69 ± 1 843.63 )], and the differences were statistically significant ( F =7. 086,26. 243, 123.488;P=0.001,0.000,0.000).The neonatal Apgar score,incidence rates of complications ( incomplete uterine rupture,postpartum hemorrhage,urinary retention,thrombotic disease and neonatal conversion) had no statistically significant differences between the two groups ( all P>0.05).The TOLAC failed to change to the cesarean section group compared with the ERCD group,the average hospitalization cost was more [(11 871.96 ± 1 784.30) CNY, (10 724.69 ± 1 843.63)CNY],the average hospitalization days was longer [(5.7 ± 1.5) d,(4.6 ± 0.7) d],the difference was statistically significant (P=0.000,0.005).The postpartum hemorrhage volume,neonatal Apgar score, complications had no statistically significant differences between the two groups( all P>0.05).Conclusion It is safe and feasible to perform vaginal trials under close monitoring without vaginal trials. It is safe and feasible to perform vaginal trials under strict monitoring.Even if the vaginal trial fails to change to cesarean section,it will not increase the occurrence of serious complications.Infant outcomes are good.
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Objective@#To explore the choice of re-pregnancy delivery mode after cesarean section.@*Methods@#From January 2015 to December 2017, a retrospective study was performed on 576 pregnant women who received re-pregnancy after cesarean section in National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital and randomly selected 40 cases of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery(VBAC), 40 cases of cesarean section after trial of labor after cesarean delivery(TOLAC) and 40 cases of elective repeat cesarean delivery(ERCD) for comparative analysis.The postpartum hemorrhage, neonatal Apgar score, hospitalization time, hospitalization expenses and complication were compared.@*Results@#All the 159 pregnant women chose transvaginal trials and 112 had successful vaginal delivery.The success rate of delivery was 70.4%.Compared with the other two groups, the VBAC group had less postpartum hemorrhage [(172.50±59.86)mL, (281.25±192.05)mL, (260.00±125.68)mL], less average hospital stay [(3.9±0.9)d, (5.7±1.5)d, (4.6±0.7)d] and lower medical expenses [(6 491.79±1 104.78), (11 871.96±1 784.30), (10 724.69±1 843.63)], and the differences were statistically significant (F=7.086, 26.243, 123.488; P=0.001, 0.000, 0.000). The neonatal Apgar score, incidence rates of complications (incomplete uterine rupture, postpartum hemorrhage, urinary retention, thrombotic disease and neonatal conversion) had no statistically significant differences between the two groups (all P>0.05). The TOLAC failed to change to the cesarean section group compared with the ERCD group, the average hospitalization cost was more [(11 871.96±1 784.30)CNY, (10 724.69±1 843.63)CNY], the average hospitalization days was longer [(5.7±1.5)d, (4.6±0.7)d], the difference was statistically significant (P=0.000, 0.005). The postpartum hemorrhage volume, neonatal Apgar score, complications had no statistically significant differences between the two groups(all P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#It is safe and feasible to perform vaginal trials under close monitoring without vaginal trials.It is safe and feasible to perform vaginal trials under strict monitoring.Even if the vaginal trial fails to change to cesarean section, it will not increase the occurrence of serious complications.Infant outcomes are good.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of sub-acute inhalation of 1-bromopropane( 1-BP) on the ultrastructure of cerebral cortex,hippocampus,cerebellum,and brainstem in male rats. METHODS: Specific pathogen free healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group and exposure group with 6 rats in each group. The rats of exposure group received 1-BP vapor at a concentration of 5 000 mg/m3. The rats in the control group were given fresh air in a dynamic inhalation chamber system for 4 weeks(6 hours/day,5 days/week). After the end of the exposure,the cerebral cortex,hippocampus,cerebellum and brainstem of rats were collected and the ultrastructural changes were observed under transmission electron microscope( TEM). RESULTS: After 3 weeks of exposure to 1-BP,the rats in the exposure group began to have unresponsiveness and decreased muscle strength in hind limbs. The body weight of exposure group was lower than that of control group from the 1 st to the 4 th week( P < 0. 05). TEM results showed destroyed structure of the myelin sheath in the region of cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and brainstem, and irregular nucleus, vacuolar degeneration,increased lysosome of endoplasmic reticulum,mitochondrion swelling of neuron cells,karyopyknosis of astrocytes and vacuolation in the neurite of astrocytes located in the blood brain barrier( BBB). CONCLUSION: 1-BP sub-acute inhalation exposure could damage the myelin,neuron,astrocyte and BBB in male rats. The demyelination of nerve fiber and decreased permeability of BBB was particularly noticeable.
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Objective To investigate the effect of the use of audio and video feedback on the rehabilitation of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods 60 AS patients were divided into two parts (32 in the experimental group and 28 in the control group) by random number table method, and two groups of patients were treated with the same drug treatment. Patients in the control group were instructed by oral instruction, in the experimental group, the use of audio and video feedback teaching guide patients family exercise, compared with the two groups of patients with four months of follow-up, family exercise compliance, joint function and quality of life, and other indicators. Results Four months after the intervention, the experimental group patients family exercise compliance was better than 84%(27/32), higher than the control group of 36% (10/28), the difference was statistically significant (χ2=9.238, P < 0.01). Patients in the experimental group in four months after the intervention, the health questionnaire to investigate the physiological function, role limitation due to physical problems, body pain, general health, vitality, social function, role limitation due to emotional problems, mental health eight dimension scores respectively were (72.7±8.4), (81.5±9.5), (57.2±8.4), (65.5±8.4), (62.9±7.2), (78.4±7.4), (67.3±6.2), (77.2±7.6) points while in the control group were (60.8±9.1), (72.1±9.6), (50.3±9.4), (60.8±7.0), (58.2±9.1), (74.4±8.7), (60.2±7.2), (74.3±7.4) points, the difference between the two groups had statistical significance (t=1.493-5.266, P < 0.05 or 0.01). Four months after the intervention, the scores of Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) of patients with AS in the experimental group were (1.1± 0.8), (1.7±0.2), (1.8±1.3), (1.6±1.0), (3.1±2.1), (1.0±0.6), (1.9±1.6), (3.8±2.5), (2.6±1.7), (2.7±1.6) points, while (3.8±1.6), (2.8±1.5),(2.6±1.5)、(2.8±1.2),(4.4±2.2),(2.2±1.0),(3.3±1.6),(6.5±2.5),(5.6±2.6), (4.3 ± 1.5)control group, the two groups the difference was statistically significant (t=0.282-8.427, P<0.05). Conclusions Application of audio and video feedback teaching in patients with AS rehabilitation guidance, help patients to master the family training methods, improve the joint function of patients, improve the quality of life.
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Aim To evaluate the potency of anti-D. acutus venom IgY neutralizing the main activities of D. acutus venom.Methods After mixing the different a-mounts of IgY with snake venom and incubating togeth-er,the main activities of snake venom were assayed by biochemical methods.Results The in vitro assays in-dicated that anti-D.acutus venom IgY obviously neu-tralized the activities of PLA2 ,5′-nucleotidase,hyalu-ronidase,metalloprotease and serine proteinase (fi-brinogenase)in D.acutus venom.Mouse experiments showed that the ED50 value of IgY for mouse was 1 131.09 μg.Conclusion Anti-D.acutus venom IgY antibodies have good effects in neutralizing D.acutus venom without the toxicities themselves.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the influencing factors of protocol deviation in drug clinical trial implementation,and pro-vide reference for improving the quality of drug clinical trial. METHODS:Quality verification was conducted for the drug clinical trial projects in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University during 2010-2016,and protocol deviations in each year were retrospectively studied,classified and analyzed. Category,frequency,international and domestic pilot projects and the differences of protocol deviation after full-time research nurse participating in trail management were explored,and the measures were put forward. RESULTS:27 drug clinical trials were implemented in our hospital during 2010-2016,including 949 cases,176 cases with protocol deviation,accounting for 18.55％. Deviation protocol in drug clinical trial was decreased year by year for 7 years. The categories were mainly incompleteness of observation/records (30.11％),checking omission/broaden the window(28.41％),adverse drug events and improper combined medication (14.20％) and omission in drug management (11.93％). The proportion of protocol deviation with full-time research nurse participated was lower than the projects without full-time research nurse(11.11％ vs. 28.67％,P<0.01),and proportion of deviation protocol in international multi-center project was lower than the domestic projects(6.60％ vs. 28.84％,P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:It is suggested to pointedly strengthen the weak links of drug clinical trial. For example,clinical trial institutions should establish the clinical trial data retention system,electronic data should be timely backed up in a different places,etc. Besides,clinical trial institutions should equip professional full-time research nurses as much as possible,learn the rigorous scientific experimental design,standard operational procedures and the authenticity of data pro-cessing from the international multi-center clinical trial projects to effectively reduce the incidence of deviation protocol and im-prove the quality of drug clinical trials.
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Objective To explore the classification , age , ratio of gender , to provide clinical basis for prevention and treatment of pediatric eye diseases. Methods Clinical data of 0-14 year old patients with eye diseases from January 1993 to December 2014 were collected and analysized. Results The total rate of boy and girl is 2.14:1. Boys with ocular trauma were much more than girls , and the ratio of boy and girl is 3.7:1. The peak occurrence age of ocular trauma was 8 to 11 year old , 0-7 year old children with eye diseases mainly contained congenital diseases such as congenital cataract and congenital ptosis. Children between 7 to 14 year old were more liability to intermittent exotropia and accommodative esotropia. Retinopathy of prematurity was the most common eyeground disease. The most popular tumor were major in corneal dermoid and retinal glioblastoma, potential age was 1-6 year old. Conclusion Pediatric eye diseases should be paid more attention. Ocular examination were needed to be done periodically , primary diseases should be treated early , occurrence should be prevented depending on different ages , to protect the ocular function of children.