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Hypothyroidism alone can lead to myocardial fibrosis and result in heart failure, but traditional hormone replacement therapy does not improve the fibrotic situation. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), a new gas signaling molecule, possesses antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic capabilities. Whether H 2 S could improve hypothyroidism-induced myocardial fibrosis are not yet studied. In our study, H 2 S could decrease collagen deposition in the myocardial tissue of rats caused by hypothyroidism. Furthermore, in hypothyroidism-induced rats, we found that H 2 S could enhance cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE), not cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), protein expressions. Finally, we noticed that H 2 S could elevate autophagy levels and inhibit the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signal transduction pathway. In conclusion, our experiments not only suggest that H 2 S could alleviate hypothyroidism-induced myocardial fibrosis by activating autophagy and suppressing TGF-β1/ SMAD family member 2 (Smad 2) signal transduction pathway, but also show that it can be used as a complementary treatment to conventional hormone therapy.
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Background@#This study aimed to investigate 1) long-term outcomes of deep brain stimulation (DBS), such as mortality after DBS as well as the causes of death, 2) demographic and socioeconomic factors influencing mortality, and 3) comorbidities affecting mortality after DBS in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). @*Methods@#This study analyzed the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database. Data on patients with PD diagnosis codes from 2002 to 2019 were extracted and analyzed. Data on the causes of death were obtained by linking the causes of death to data from Statistics Korea. The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test was used for survival analysis. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals. Regarding comorbidities such as PD dementia and fracture, which did not satisfy the assumption for the proportional HR, timedependent Cox analysis with the Mantel-Byar method was used. @*Results@#From 2005 to 2017, among 156,875 patients diagnosed with PD in Korea, 1,079 patients underwent DBS surgery, and 251 (23.3%) had died by 2019. The most common cause of death (47.1%) was PD. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, the higher the age at diagnosis and surgery, the higher the mortality rate. The men and medical aid groups had significantly higher mortality rates. PD dementia and fracture were identified as risk factors for mortality. @*Conclusion@#Older age at diagnosis and surgery, being male, the use of medical aid, and the comorbidity of dementia and fractures were associated with a higher risk of mortality after DBS in patients with PD. Neurologists should consider these risk factors in assessing the prognosis of PD patients undergoing DBS.
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Objective:To investigate whether anisodamine can regulate the ratio of helper T helper cells/regulatory T cells (Th17/Treg) and its protective effect on animals after resuscitation.Methods:Twenty-four Beijing white minipigs were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham group), resuscitation and normal saline group (SA group), and resuscitation and anisodamine hydrobromide group (AH group), with 8 pigs in each group. In SA group and AH group, ventricular fibrillation was induced by continuous stimulation with intraventricular electrodes for 8 minutes and then resuscitated to establish ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model. In SA group, after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), only normal saline was intravenously infused, while in AH group, normal saline and anisodamine hydrobromide were given intravenously at the same time point. Hemodynamic indexes, arterial blood gas analysis indexes, interleukins (IL-17, IL-10) levels in venous blood and IL-17/IL-10 ratio were recorded at 6 different time points: baseline, immediately after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours after ROSC. The animals were sacrificed at 6 hours after ROSC, and intestinal lymphatic tissues were taken to observe pathological changes under light microscope. At the same time, the levels of IL-17 and IL-10 in intestinal lymphatic tissue were measured (the ratio of IL-17/IL-10 represents the ratio of Th17/Treg cytokines) to evaluate the immune status of the resuscitated animals. The bacterial translocations of different groups were evaluated by culturing intestinal lymphoid tissue.Results:With the extension of ROSC time, the levels of IL-17 in venous blood and the IL-17/IL-10 ratio in pig blood samples continued to decrease, while the levels of IL-10 continued to increase. From 2 hours after ROSC, the IL-17/IL-10 ratio in AH group was significantly higher than that in SA group continued until at 6 hours after ROSC (0.79±0.05 vs. 0.49±0.08, P < 0.05). Light microscopy showed that the number and size of lymph nodules in the cortex of intestinal lymphatic tissue were less in AH group, compared with SA group. Compared with Sham group, the levels of IL-17 and IL-17/IL-10 ratio also decreased in intestinal lymphatic tissue at 6 hours after ROSC [IL-17 (ng/L): 155.23±0.92, 178.76±7.25 vs. 209.21±19.82, IL-17/IL-10 ratio: 1.43±0.13, 1.92±0.18 vs. 3.30±0.31, all P < 0.05], and IL-10 increased significantly (ng/L: 109.85±11.60, 93.55±81.83 vs. 63.45±0.62, all P < 0.05); IL-17/IL-10 ratio in AH group was significantly higher than that in SA group (1.92±0.18 vs. 1.43±0.13, P < 0.05). Tissue culture indicated the intestinal bacterial translocation after resuscitation, suggesting that the animals had immunosuppression and the increased risk of intestinal secondary infection after resuscitation. Compared with SA group, the risk of bacterial translocation was lower than that in AH group [62.5% (5/8) vs. 87.5% (7/8), P < 0.05]. Conclusions:Anisodamine plays an immunomodulatory role by affecting the balance of Th17/Treg cytokines in resuscitated animals, so as to reduce the risk of intestinal secondary infection and has an organ protective effect.
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Objective:To explore the method and effect of training program of clinical teaching ability enhancement for geriatric clinical nurse specialists based on Cone of Learning.Methods:A one-week clinical teaching ability enhancement training program based on Cone of Learning for geriatric clinical nurse specialists was designed and provided for a total of 70 trainees in three sessions, which mainly covered 8 items, including the design and management of training program for clinical nurse, case-based teaching method, clinical application of Workshop method, the implementation and evaluation of nursing teaching rounds, and the making of multi-media courseware. The comprehensive effect evaluation was carried out through the examination of trainees' trial teaching, the self-evaluation of teaching ability, the degree of teaching satisfaction and the feedback of teaching practice in all trainees. SPSS 22.0 was used for t-test. Results:Twenty trainees were rated as excellent with (87.32±3.26) points, and 35 rated as good with (81.75±5.19) points; the self-evaluation of integrative teaching ability scored (1.54±0.66) points before the training and (3.69±0.52) points after the training. The ability was enhanced compared with that before the training ( P < 0.001). The degree of satisfaction of the training program was 97.43% (341/350). After returning to the unit, 64.29% (45/70) of geriatric clinical nurse specialists completed the assignments. Conclusion:The training program for geriatric clinical nurse specialists can effectively improve their clinical teaching ability and is worthy of further promotion and application.
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Objective:To investigate the significance of ventricular intracranial pressure monitoring in the treatment of traumatic multiple intracranial hematoma (TMIH).Methods:The clinical data of 14 TMIH patients treated with ventricular intracranial pressure monitoring from January 2016 to August 2021 in Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were followed up 6 months after injury, and the Glasgow outcome score (GOS) was assessed.Results:All the 14 patients successfully completed ventricular intracranial pressure probe placement. Among them, 8 patients recovered well after continuous monitoring of ventricular intracranial pressure and continuous cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Their ventricular intracranial pressure probe was placed for 5 to 10 (7.3 ± 2.2) d, with no intracranial infection occurred; and their GOS was 5 scores 6-month follow-up after injury. Six cases underwent craniotomy for hematoma removal due to the expansion of intracranial hematoma or aggravation of edema, and decompressive craniectomy was performed during the operation; 6-month follow-up after injury, GOS of 5 scores was in 3 cases, 4 scores in 2 cases, 3 scores in 1 case.Conclusions:The condition of TMIH patients is complex and changeable, and ventricular intracranial pressure monitoring can improve the prognosis of TMIH patients.
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AIM: To analyze the correlation of changes in non-contact intraocular pressure(IOPNCT)and the surgical parameters after femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)for high myopia.MOTHODS:A retrospective analysis, the clinical data of 98 patients(196 eyes)with high myopia were operated SMILE in the optometric center of Gansu Provincial Hospital from January 2018 to July 2019 were analyzed. The change of IOPNCT before and after operation was observed, and recorded the optical zone(OZ), lenticule thickness(LT), cap thickness(CT)and residual stromal thickness(RST)and the correlation with the change value of IOPNCT(△IOPNCT, △IOPNCT=IOPpreoperative-IOP postoperative at 6mo).RESULTS:After operation at 1d, 1wk, 1,3 and 6mo, the group of patients with IOPNCT(10.84±2.14,11.00±2.19,10.65±2.43,10.45±2.04,10.61±1.39mmHg)and the preoperative(16.79±1.65mmHg)comparison have a difference(P<0.001).The optical zone and lenticule thickness were positively correlated with △IOPNCT respectively(r=0.1537, 0.8161, all P<0.05). The cap thickness and residual stromal thickness were negatively correlated with △IOPNCT respectively(r=-0.8362, -0.3351, all P<0.0001). Introduce the above related factors into a multiple linear regression analysis model. The regression coefficients of variables are statistical significane. The regression equation was Y=16.189+0.227X1+0.032X2-0.083X3-0.007X4(Y=△IOPNCT, X1=OZ, X2=LT, X3=CT, X4=RST). The equation was statistically significant(F=195.704, P<0.001), and the regression model coefficient of determination R2=0.901.CONCLUSION:The intraocular pressure changes after SMILE with high myopic were correlated with optical zone, lenticule thickness, cap thickness and residual stromal thickness. The regression equation would provide reference to evaluation the real intraocular pressure after SMILE in clinic.
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Objective:To investigate the modified application of orbicularis oculi muscle-levator aponeurosis composite tissue flap fixation technique (modified Park method) in double-eyelid surgery.Methods:From June 2019 to March 2021, 823 patients included 92 males and 731 females, aged from 18 to 45 years with mean (31.4±7.9) years, in which 142 patients with slightly ptosis were selected to receive the treatment in the Department of Plastic Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital of Nangjing University of TCM. The symmetry of bilateral double eyelids after operation was evaluated by the third party. The marginal reflex distance (MRD1) was measured before and 6 months after operation, and the difference between preoperative and postoperative MRD1 (ΔMRD1) was calculated. And the postoperative complications were counted. The patients were followed up from 6 to 12 months after surgery to evaluate the long-term results.Results:The patients were followed up for 4-22 months (mean 10 months) after operation. And the incisions of all the 823 cases had primary healling. Most patients had smooth upper eyelid crease, upturned lashes and dynamic fold. The skin tended to spread evenly without dimple. The symmetry evaluation by the third party showed that there were 764 patients with symmetry and basic symmetry after operation, the symmetry rate was 92.8%; 59 patients with asymmetry, the asymmetry rate was 7.2%. The data of MRD1 increased significantly 6 months after operation, from (3.25±0.72) mm to (3.64±0.61) mm, and the ΔMRD1 was (0.38±0.76) mm ( t=-20.41, P<0.05). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. The double eyelid line became shallow in 8 cases and disappeared completely in 3 cases. The double eyelid curve of the patients was natural and smooth after the operation. And there was no obvious sunken scar and pretarsal fullness. Conclusions:The " modified Park technique" blepharoplasty can obtain a more firm, symmetrical and natural appearance. And the mild ptosis could be corrected by this method. The anatomical structure can be identified clearly, and the surgical results are highly repeatable. It is worth promoting.
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Objective:To explore the surgical method and therapeutic effect of repairing soft tissue defect of digit-tip with single subcutaneous pedicle V-Y advancing flap combined with skin grafting.Methods:From August 2013 to December 2020, 25 soft tissue defects of digit-tip were repaired by a single subcutaneous pedicle V-Y advancing flap combined with pedicle skin grafting. The area of the defects was 0.8 cm× 0.8 cm to 1.6 cm× 1.4 cm. The flaps were harvested from palm or lateral side of the wound and the area of flap was 0.5 cm×1.0 cm to 0.8 cm×2.5 cm. In order to make the flap transfer to a further distance, the subcutaneous fibre connection of the flap was cut-off during the operation. At the same time, cut off 1 side of subcutaneous pedicle. Finally, the advanced distance of the flap reached 0.5-1.2 cm. After the flap harvested, the medium thickness skin was removed for graft to close the donor site from the wrist striations. After the surgery, follow-up visits were conducted regularly by outpatient clinic, or via telephone or WeChat review or by home visit. Throughout the follow-up, the flap appearance, sensation and recovery of the function of digital joint were observed, together with the patient satisfaction. Results:After the surgery, the postoperative follow-up lasted for 4 months to 8 years. All 25 flaps and skin grafts were survived in first stage wound healing. The flaps and skin grafting areas had excellent texture. The fingerprint had been reconstructed with good appearance. The TPD was 4-9 mm, the functions of digital joint recovered well, and there was no complain about a discomfort at the donor site. According to the evaluation standard of Michigan hand function questionnaire, all 25 patients were very satisfied with the overall appearance and function of the hand. According to Total Angle of Motion (TAM) evaluation standard, finger mobility was excellent in all 25 patients.Conclusion:Subcutaneous V-Y advancing flap combined with skin grafting is an ideal method for repairing soft tissue defect of digit-tip. The surgery characterises a simple flap cutting, less traumatic damage, long advancing distance of flap and good repair effect.
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ObjectiveBased on the protective effect of Dengzhan Shengmai capsules （DZSM） on chronic cerebral hypoperfusion （CCH）， network pharmacology was employed to investigate the molecular mechanism. MethodCCH model was established by right common carotid artery ligation. The mice were divided into sham operation group， model group， ginaton group （48 mg·kg-1）， DZSM low- and high-dose groups （0.040 5， 0.162 g·kg-1）. The efficacy was evaluated by the Morris water maze test and open-field test. The underlying mechanism of DZSM for CCH was analyzed by network pharmacology and verified by molecular biology experiments. PubChem， GeneCards， Metascape and other databases were used for targets collection and enrichment analysis. Besides， the association of ingredients targets of DZSM with disease targets of CCH， core target network and chemical components-core targets-pathways network were constructed by STRING 11.0 and Cytoscape 3.7.1. ResultThe escape latency of CCH mice significantly shortened on the 3rd to 5th day after DZSM low-dose treatment， the crossing times， time spent in the target quadrant， movement distance and distance in the central region of CCH mice significantly increased after DZSM low-dose and high-dose treatment. The results of network pharmacology indicated that DZSM might play a key role by regulating inflammatory response， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt） signaling pathway， cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction， tumor necrosis factor （TNF） signaling pathway， blood circulation， angiogenesis， extracellular matrix and other related biological processes and pathways， and acting as targets such as interleukin-6 （IL-6）， TNF， insulin-like growth factor 1 （IGF1）， vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGFA）， epidermal growth factor （EGF）. The results of biological experiments showed that DZSM could reduce the expression of IL-6 in brain tissue of CCH mice. ConclusionDZSM provides a protective effect during CCH， and its multi-component， multi-pathway， multi-target mechanism is also revealed， which provides a basis for further study of the mechanism.
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With the development of omics technology， the construction of disease networks has been widely used in the study of complex diseases. It has been widely used to construct disease networks using systems biology technology to study complex diseases. The mechanism exploration model of disease molecular network which uses the method of constructing disease networks， simulates the occurrence of diseases， explores the core development mechanism of complex diseases， and then predicts biomarkers and exploits the mechanism of drug action provided many new thoughts for the prevention and treatment of complex diseases. Nowadays， the research on the mechanism of myocardial infarction caused by myocardial ischemia and heart failure after myocardial infarction is still very important. However， the research of the molecular network of myocardial infarction and heart failure diseases is usually limited to a few targets and pathways， so it is not able to comprehensively and systematically explain the disease process. Furthermore， authors outlined the typical biological process of "myocardial infarction-heart failure" and related targets from the pathophysiological level， and summarized the existing methods of constructing dynamic networks for heart diseases and other diseases. Based on the dynamic molecular network construction methods of cardiac diseases and other diseases， this paper discusses the construction of the dynamic molecular network of myocardial infarction and heart failure， in order to understand the evolution of myocardial infarction and heart failure more accurately and explore the importance of the dynamic molecular network of the disease process for the study of disease mechanism.
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Through consulting the ancient herbal medicine， prescription books and medical books， combined with modern relevant literature， standards and other information， this paper made a textual research on the name， origin， producing areas， harvesting and processing methods of Astragali Radix according to different historical development periods， providing a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing Astragali Radix. According to the textual research， the original name of Astragali Radix is Huangqi， and "Qi" originally refers to the medicinal material Zhimu. Some people began to mistake it for Huangqi in the Ming dynasty， and then gradually used Astragali Radix as a medicinal material. The mainstream basis of Astragali Radix can be determined as the dried roots of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus or A. membranaceus. In different historical periods， A. floridus， A. chrysopterus， A. emestii and other plants of Astragalus or even non-Astragalus were used as local Astragali Radix. The earliest production areas of Astragali Radix were Sichuan， Shaanxi， and Gansu， and then gradually expanded to the northeast. Since the Song dynasty， Mianqi in Shanxi province has been regarded as the genuine variety. In the Qing dynasty， besides Shanxi province， Inner Mongolia was also regarded as a genuine place. In the Republic of China， Huangqi produced in northeast China was praised highly. It is mainly produced in Shanxi， Inner Mongolia， Gansu， northeast and other provinces. The main commodity is cultivated products， and the quality of wild imitation cultivation in Datong and Xinzhou is better than other places. There are many processing methods of Huangqi recorded in the materia medica and prescription books， most of which are raw products， and honey processing is the mainstream of processed products. Based on the current situation of resource cultivation and production， 11 famous classical formulas in The Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas （The First Batch） containing Huangqi suggested that all use A. membranaceus var. mongholicus， especially those from Datong and Xinzhou in Shanxi Province. In addition to honey processing of Qingxin Lianziyin， it is suggested to use raw products for other formulas.
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Through consulting the ancient and modern literature， this paper makes a textual research on the name， origin， producing area， harvesting and processing of Poria， so as to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing this medicinal material. The description of Poria and the characteristics of the attached figures in the Chinese herbal literature of the past dynasties are consistent with Poria cocos. The medicinal parts are dried sclerotia or P. cocos peel. Poria was originally produced in Taishan， Shandong province. In the Tang dynasty， along with the change of pine forest resources， producing area of Poria was transferred to Huashan area in Shaanxi province. In the Ming dynasty， the authentic producing area was transferred to Yunnan， and has continued to now. In ancient times， the processing methods of Poria were steaming， boiling， slicing， mashing and other subsequent processing after peeling. It is suggested that Poria in famous classical formulas should be sliced according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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Through consulting the ancient and modern literature， this paper makes a textual research on the name， origin， producing area， harvesting and processing methods of Asini Corii Colla， so as to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing the medicinal material. Before the Tang dynasty， cow leather was the main source of Asini Corii Colla， and donkey was rare as an introduced species. From the end of Tang dynasty to Song dynasty， due to the development of doctors' understanding of the properties and effects of medicines， with the increase of the number of donkeys and the limitation of the use of cow leather， the source of Asini Corii Colla changed from cow leather to donkey skin. During the Ming and Qing dynasties， the theory of medicine property was further developed， and all doctors basically agreed that black donkey skin and E-well water were two essential factors for making genuine Asini Corii Colla. Therefore， it is suggested that Asini Corii Colla should take Equus asinus as the authentic origin in the development of the famous classical formulas， attach importance to the quality of water source， take Liaocheng in Shandong province as the authentic producing area， and the processing should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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Based on the ancient literature of all dynasties， this article makes a systematic textual research on the name， origin， producing area， quality， harvesting and processing of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex used in the famous classical formulas， and clarifies its information of each link in different historical periods， so as to provide a reference and basis for the development and utilization of the related formulas. The results showed that the main varieties of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex were Magnolia officinalis or M. officinalis var. biloba. The main production areas are Hubei， Sichuan， Chongqing and other places， forming the famous authentic medicine. The processing methods of the past dynasties are mainly cleansing and processing with ginger. In the formulas clearly marked with ginger processing， ginger-processed products is suggested to choose. If not clearly marked， raw or ginger-processed products can be used as needed.
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This paper made a systematic textual research on the historical evolution and changes of the name， origin， producing area， harvesting and processing methods of Jujubae Fructus used in famous classical formulas by referring to the ancient literature， so as to provide a basis for the sampling and research of the formulas containing the medicinal materials. According to textual research， there are many names of Jujubae Fructus， most of which are named by characters or producing areas， which are called Dazao. Ziziphus jujuba has always been the mainstream variety in all dynasties， and Z. jujuba var. inemmis has also been used. Considering that the differences between the two are not obvious， we can use Z. jujuba and Z. jujuba var. inemmis as the origins of Dazao. The germplasm resources of Jujubae Fructus are rich， which are distributed all over the country. Qingzhou （now Shandong）， Jinzhou （now Shanxi） Jiangzhou （now Shanxi）， Puzhou （now Shanxi） have been recorded as authentic producing areas of Jujubae Fructus in the past dynasties， especially in Shandong. At the beginning of the 21st century， the planting of Jujubae Fructus in Xinjiang gradually developed， and now has a high market recognition， becoming an emerging production area of high-quality samples. Harvest period of Jujubae Fructus is mostly August in the past dynasties， and this is basically the same as today. The main processing method is simple cleansing and drying. Through textual research， it is suggested that Jujubae Fructus in famous classical formulas should be mainly from Shandong， Shanxi and other traditional high-quality producing areas， the processing method should follow the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia for simple cleansing and drying.
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Through the combing of ancient books of Chinese herbal medicine in the past dynasties， a textual research of Coptidis Rhizoma involved the name， origin， medicinal parts， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods in famous classical formulas was conducted in this paper. After textual research， the mainstream varieties of Coptidis Rhizoma in the Ranunculaceae family before Tang and Song dynasties were Coptis chinensis and C. chinensis var. brevisepala， after the Ming and Qing dynasties， C. deltoidea， C. teeta and C. omeiensis were gradually praised. In ancient times， the authentic producing area of Coptidis Rhizoma has the characteristics of gradually moving to the west. The eastern Coptidis Rhizoma was highly praised in the early stage， while in the later stage， western Coptidis Rhizoma like chicken feet was highly praised. In the early stage， western Coptidis Rhizoma probably originated from C. chinensis and its genus， while Coptidis Rhizoma like chicken feet was cultivated， and no wild species has been found so far. As Coptidis Rhizoma has mixed use of multiple origins in ancient books of past dynasties， based on the current shortage of market resources in C. teeta and C. deltoidea， there are also endangered and protected plants of C. chinensis var. brevisepala and C. omeiensis， combined with the mainstream medicines and resources of past generations， it is recommended to choose C. chinensis as the base of the formulas. In ancient times， there were many processing methods for Coptidis Rhizoma， such as frying and wine-， ginger-， honey-processed. In the process of developing famous classical formulas， the appropriate processing specifications of Coptidis Rhizoma should be selected based on the original source records and the requirements of the medicinal material.
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Based on various ancient documents such as materia medica， prescription books， classics and history， combined with relevant research materials in modern times， this paper made a textual research on the name， origin， geoherbalism， harvesting time， processing methods of Chuanxiong Rhizoma， which provides a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing this herb. According to the textual research， the original name of Chuanxiong is Xiongqiong （芎䓖）， which was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing ， there are many aliases and trade names in the past dynasties. Since the Song dynasty， doctors all take Xiongqiong produced in Sichuan as the best medicine， so they take Chuanxiong as the rectification of name. In the early stage， the origin of Chuanxiong Rhizoma was relatively complicated， and the main origin was Ligusticum chuanxiong， which was a cultivated and domesticated species of Ligusticum. However， wild related plants of Ligusticum are still used as medicine. After the Ming dynasty， new cultivated varieties appeared in various places， such as Jiangxi L. sinense cv. Fuxiong， which gradually turned to self-production and self-marketing after the Republic of China. After several changes in the authentic producing area of Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Tianshui in Gansu province was highly praised in the Tang dynasty， and Dujiangyan in Sichuan province was the best place in the Song dynasty and later dynasties. Chuanxiong Rhizoma has been widely used in the past dynasties as raw products， and it has also been processed with excipients. For example， wine-processed products can enhance the effect of promoting blood circulation， promoting Qi circulation and relieving pain. There are other processing methods such as stir-frying and vinegar processing. Chuanxiong Rhizoma in the famous classical formulas can be selected according to this research conclusion.
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By consulting the ancient herbal and medical books， combined with modern literature， the name， origin， geoherbalism， harvesting and processing changes of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias in famous classical formulas were sorted out. According to the research， ancient doctors only approved three kinds of bamboo medicinal materials， namely， Jinzhu （䈽竹）， Kuzhu （苦竹） and Danzhu （淡竹）， and took bamboo leaves， made Bambusae Caulis in Taenias and Zhuli （竹沥） for medicine. Bamboo medicinal materials with different origins have different properties， tastes and effects， after clinical optimization， it is gradually considered that Danzhu is the best source of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias and Zhuli. According to the morphological description of the original plants and the attached drawings， it is considered that the Danzhu in ancient Chinese materia medica should be Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis， which has been included in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia as one of the genuine sources of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias. Therefore， It is suggested that P. nigra var. henonis can be added as the source of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias in famous classical formulas， and the medicinal part is the dry middle layer of its stem. Ginger-processed can increase the anti emetic effect of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias， and the three formulas involving Bambusae Caulis in Taenias from The Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas （The First Batch） all contain ginger， and the processing method of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias is not marked in the original formula， so it is suggested to use raw products in the three formulas of Jupi Zhurutang， Wendantang and Zhurutang.
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In this study， name， origin， producing areas， harvesting time and processing methods of ancient Alismatis Rhizoma were systematically researched by consulting the literature of ancient herbs， medical and prescription books， so as to provide a basis for the development of famous classical formula containing this herb. According to textual research， the main base of ancient Alismatis Rhizoma was Alisma plantago-aquatica and A. orientale. A. canaliculatum and A. gramineum and other genera were sometimes used as the source of Alismatis Rhizoma， there was a confusion of medicinal varieties. The earliest producing area of Alismatis Rhizoma was in today's Henan province， and later Hanzhong， Shaanxi province， became the high-quality producing area of Alismatis Rhizoma. Since the Ming dynasty， its production area expanded to Fujian. In the Qing dynasty， Jian'ou in Fujian was the authentic production area of Alismatis Rhizoma. In the period of the Republic of China， Sichuan and Jiangxi were added to the production areas of Alismatis Rhizoma. Based on the research results， it is suggested that the dried tubers of A. orientale from Fujian and Jiangxi or A. plantago-aquatica from Sichuan should be used in the famous classical formulas. In ancient times， Alismatis Rhizoma was processed by wine， but most of the standards and specifications in modern times are no longer included the processing specifications of Alismatis Rhizoma with wine. Although salt-processed Alismatis Rhizoma is commonly used in modern times， it didn't become one of the main processing methods until the Qing dynasty. According to the relevant national documents， it is suggested that Alismatis Rhizoma without clear processing requirements in famous classical formulas should be used as raw products， and the formulas with processing requirements should be selected as processed products such as salt and wine according to the meaning of the formulas.
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Through consulting the ancient herbal and medical books， combined with the field investigation， the name， origin， collection and processing of Dendrobium medicinal materials were researched， which provided a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing this kind of herbs. Due to the wide distribution of D. officinale， the Dendrobium species represented by D. officinale and D. huoshanense， which are short， fleshy and rich in mucus， should be the most mainstream of Dendrobium medicinal materials in previous dynasties. Compared with Shihu， Muhu with loose texture， long and hollow is born on trees. According to the characteristic description， it should be D. nobile， D. fimbriatum and so on， of which D. nobile was the mainstream. The Chinese meaning of Jinchai was confused in the past dynasties， so it was not suitable to be treated as a plant name. The production areas of Dendrobium medicinal materials in the past dynasties have changed with the discovery of varieties， artificial cultivation and other factors. Lu'an， Anhui province， was the earliest recorded in the Han and Wei dynasties. Since the Tang and Song dynasties， it had been extended to Guangdong and Guangxi， and it was considered that "Dendrobii Caulis in Guangnan was the best". In the Ming dynasty， Sichuan and Zhejiang products were highly praised， and in the Qing dynasty， Huoshan products were highly praised. Dendrobium medicinal materials had been used as medicine by stems in all dynasties. The medicinal materials were divided into fresh products and dry products. The fresh products can be used immediately after removing the sediment from the roots. The dry products need further processing， most of them used wine as auxiliary materials for steaming， simmer to paste or decoction into medicine. D. officinale and D. huoshanense have special processing specifications since the middle of Qing dynasty， that is， "Fengdou". According to the research results， in Ganluyin， the effect of Dendrobium medicinal materials is mainly heat clearing， and D. nobile with bitter taste can be selected. The main effect of Dendrobium medicinal materials in Dihuang Yinzi is tonic， D. officinale or D. huoshanense can be selected.