ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the relationship between urine pH and metabolic syndrome [MetS] and its components, while controlling for covariates
Subjects and Methods: This crosssectional study was conducted on 5,430 Japanese subjects [4,691 without MetS; 739 with MetS] undergoing health assessments. Partial correlation analysis and analysis of covariance were used for controlling confounding parameters [age, gender, levels of serum uric acid and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and smoking and drinking status]. Using multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusted odds ratios [ORs] and 95% confidence intervals [CIs] for MetS incidence were calculated across urine pH categories. Path analysis was used to determine the relationship between MetS and urine pH
Results: Subjects with MetS had significantly lower urine pH [5.9 +/- 0.7] than those without MetS [6.0 +/- 0.7] [ p < 0.001]. Partial correlation analysis showed that systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and triglyceride and fasting plasma glucose levels were negatively correlated with urine pH, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was positively correlated with urine pH. Analysis of covariance indicated that urine pH decreased with an increasing number of metabolic abnormalities. Adjusted ORs [95% CI] for the presence of MetS in subjects with urine pH 5.5-6.0 and pH <5.5 were 1.34 [1.04-1.73] and 1.52 [1.09-2.13], respectively [reference: subjects with a urine pH >6.0]
Conclusion: The MetS and its components were independently associated with lower urine pH
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Increased triglycerides (TGs) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are established as diabetic risks for nondiabetic subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among TG, HDL-C, TG/HDL-C ratio, and early-phase insulin secretion in normoglycemic and prediabetic subjects. METHODS: We evaluated 663 Japanese subjects who underwent the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. On the basis of these results, the subjects were divided into four groups: those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n=341), isolated impaired fasting glucose (i-IFG; n=211), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (i-IGT; n=71), and combined IFG and IGT (IFG+IGT; n=40). Insulin secretion was estimated by the insulinogenic index (IGI) (Deltainsulin/Deltaglucose [30 to 0 minutes]) and disposition index (DI) (IGI/homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance). RESULTS: In prediabetic subjects (i-IFG, i-IGT, and IFG+IGT), linear regression analyses revealed that IGI and DI were positively correlated with HDL-C levels. Moreover, in subjects with i-IGT and (IFG+IGT), but not with i-IFG, the indices of insulin secretion were negatively correlated with the log-transformed TG and TG/HDL-C ratio. In both the subjects with i-IGT, multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that DI was positively correlated with HDL-C and negatively with log-transformed TG and TG/HDL-C ratio. On the other hand, in subjects with NGT, there was no association between insulin secretion and lipid profiles. CONCLUSION: These results revealed that serum TG and HDL-C levels have different impacts on early-phase insulin secretion on the basis of their glucose tolerance status.