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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand the dynamics of families with children with myelomeningocele undergoing intrauterine fetal surgery. METHODS: A retrospective cohort pilot study was carried out with 11 mothers of children who had undergone intrauterine myelomeningocele repair. Participants in this study responded to an electronic questionnaire (via Google Forms), developed by the study authors, that consisted of 22 multiple-choice questions, of which 17 were closed-ended and 5 had a standardized format. RESULTS: The mean (± standard deviation) of the mothers' age was 37.6 (± 3.5) years. The median of gestational age at delivery and birthweight were 34.9 (range, 33 to 36.1) weeks and 2,300 (range, 1,950 to 2,763) g, respectively. The majority of mothers were white (81.8%), had university degree (81.8%), were Catholic (63.6%), and were married (100%). The majority of mothers rated their relationship with their husband, family, and friends as excellent (54.5, 72.7, and 54.5%, respectively). All 11 mothers reported that the newborn with myelomeningocele was born <37 weeks gestation and the birthweight most often<2,500 g. Approximately 64% of the mothers reported that their child required adaptations or had special needs, of which walking aids (50%) and bladder control (50%) were the most common ones. CONCLUSION: Telemedicine proved to be a useful tool in the long-term follow-up of children who underwent intrauterine surgery to correct myelomeningocele.
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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Fetal thymus involvement in prematurity has been studied, and this study aimed to evaluate its relationship with short cervix and amniotic fluid sludge in the second trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 79 pregnant women (19+0 to 24+6 weeks) were included, and cervical length and the presence or absence of amniotic fluid sludge were evaluated. In the three-vessel view of the fetal thorax, the thymus was identified, and its perimeter and transverse diameter were measured and transformed to a zeta score based on gestational age. RESULTS: Data from 22 women with short cervix (<25 mm) and 57 patients with normal cervix (≥25 mm) were analyzed. The transverse diameter of the fetal thymus was significantly greater in the short cervix group compared to that of the normal cervix group (z-score 2.708 vs. −0.043, p=0.003). There were no significant differences in the perimeter (z-score −0.039 vs. −0.071, p=0.890) or the transverse diameter (z-score 1.297 vs. −0.004, p=0.091) of the fetal thymus associated with the presence (n=21) or absence of sludge (n=58). CONCLUSION: A short cervix is associated with an increased transverse diameter of the fetal thymus during the second trimester of gestation.
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Introduction: The majority of pregnant women with a short cervix will deliver at term and, thus, may unnecessarily receive advanced monitoring and treatment. It is still necessary to define more accurately which sub-population of women with a short cervix is at elevated risk for early delivery. Objective: To determine if vaginal microbiome composition influenced the rate of spontaneous preterm birth in women with a short cervical length. Methods: In an exploratory, observational prospective study, vaginal secretions were obtained from 591 women at 2124 week gestation. Vaginal microbiome composition was determined by analyzing the V1V3 region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Results: Lactobacillus crispatus was numerically dominant in the vagina in 41.7% of subjects, followed by L. iners in 32% and Gardnerella vaginalis in 12%. In women whose cervix was ≤25mm, the sensitivity to predict an spontaneous preterm birth was 11.8%. However, when L. crispatus was not the dominant vaginal bacterium, this sensitivity increased to 81.8%. Similarly, in women with a cervical length ≤30mm, the sensitivity to predict an spontaneous preterm birth increased from 21.7 to 78.3% when L. crispatus was not the dominant vaginal bacterium.In women with a prior spontaneous preterm birth and a cervix ≤25 or ≤30mm, L. crispatus dominance was also associated with a reduced rate of spontaneous preterm birth in the current pregnancy (p<0.001). Conclusion: In pregnant women with a cervix ≤25mm or ≤30mm, the risk for an spontaneous preterm birth is increased if L. crispatus is not dominant in the vagina.
Introdução: A maioria das mulheres grávidas com colo do útero curto dará à luz a termo e, portanto, pode receber desnecessariamente monitoramento e tratamento avançados. Permanece a necessidade de definir com mais precisão qual subpopulação de mulheres com colo do útero curto está em risco elevado de parto prematuro. Objetivo: Determinar se a composição do microbioma vaginal influenciou a taxa de parto prematuro espontâneo em mulheres com colo curto. Métodos: Em um estudo prospectivo exploratório observacional, os conteúdos vaginais foram obtidos de 591 mulheres com 2124 semanas de gestação. A composição do microbioma vaginal foi determinada pela análise da região V1V3 do gene de RNA ribossômico bacteriano 16S. Resultados: Lactobacilluscrispatus foi numericamente dominante na vagina em 41,7% dos indivíduos, seguido por L. iners em 32% e Gardnerella vaginalis em 12%. Em mulheres cujo colo do útero era <25 mm, a sensibilidade para prever uma taxa de parto prematuro espontâneo foi de 11,8%. No entanto, quando L. crispatus não era a bactéria vaginal dominante, essa sensibilidade aumentou para 81,8%. Da mesma forma, em mulheres com comprimento cervical <30 mm, a sensibilidade para prever uma taxa de parto prematuro espontâneo aumentou de 21,7 para 78,3% quando L. crispatus não era a bactéria vaginal dominante. Em mulheres com taxa de parto prematuro espontâneo anterior e colo do útero <25 ou <30 mm, a dominância de L. crispatus também foi associada a uma taxa reduzida de taxa de parto prematuro espontâneo na gravidez atual (p<0,001). Conclusão: Em mulheres grávidas com colo do útero <25 ou <30 mm, o risco de parto prematuro espontâneo é aumentado se L. crispatus não for dominante na vagina.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Vagina/microbiology , Microbiota , Lactobacillus crispatus , Obstetric Labor, Premature , Prospective Studies , Cervical Length MeasurementABSTRACT
Abstract Objective We sought to describe the prevalence of microcephaly and to compare the different cutoff points established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health at various times during a Zika virus epidemic. As a secondary aim, we investigated the possible etiology of the microcephaly. Method This retrospective study utilized newborn participants in the Zika Cohort Study Jundiaí. Newborns from the Zika Cohort Study Jundiaí with an accurate gestational age determination and complete anthropometric data were analyzed, and microcephaly was diagnosed according to the INTERGROWTH-21st curve. At delivery, fluids were tested for specific antibodies and for viruses. Brain images were evaluated for microcephaly. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were plotted to define the accuracy of different cutoff points for microcephaly diagnosis. Results Of 462 eligible newborns, 19 (4.1%) were positive for microcephaly. Cutoff points corresponding to the curves of the World Health Organization yielded the best sensitivity and specificity. Three of the microcephaly cases (15.8%) were positive for Zika virus infections; nine (47.4%) had intrauterine growth restriction; one had intrauterine growth restriction and was exposed to Zika virus; three had a genetic syndrome (15.8%); and three had causes that had not been determined (15.8%). Conclusions Microcephaly prevalence was 4.1% in this study. Cutoff values determined by the World Health Organization had the highest sensitivity and specificity in relation to the standard IG curve. The main reason for microcephaly was intrauterine growth restriction. All possible causes of microcephaly must be investigated to allow the best development of an affected baby.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Zika Virus , Zika Virus Infection/complications , Zika Virus Infection/diagnosis , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective Studies , Cohort Studies , Microcephaly/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effect of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in newborn rats submitted to hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) conditions in an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Methods Eight pregnant rats and their 70 cubs were used (5 groups) and exposed to H/R conditions and received NAC at different times. The animals in the H/R groups were placed in a gas chamber (100% CO2) for 10 minutes and then reoxygenated for 10 minutes (100% O2), twice a day for the first three days of life, with a six-hour span between events. On the third day of life, the animals were anesthetized, laparotomized and the intestines were resected. Results The H/R and NAC groups showed changes in the intestinal wall in relation to the number, height and width of the villi when compared to the control group (p<0.0001), but with better preservation of structures in the NAC group. There were no differences between groups regarding the number (%) of mitoses. Conclusion The administration of NAC decreased the lesions in the intestinal wall of rats submitted to H/R, therefore suggesting that this drug can be used to prevent the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Acetylcysteine/pharmacology , Protective Agents/pharmacology , Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/prevention & control , Ileum/drug effects , Ileum/pathology , Hypoxia/pathology , Reference Values , Time Factors , Reproducibility of Results , Treatment Outcome , Rats, Wistar , Disease Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Abstract Purpose To determine cervical biometry in pregnant women between 18 and 24 weeks of gestation and the ideal mode of measurement of cervical length in cases of curved and straight cervical morphology. Methods The uterine cervices of 752 low-risk pregnant women were assessed using transvaginal ultrasound in a prospective cross-sectional study. In women with straight uterine cervices, cervical biometry was performed in a continuous manner. In women with curved uterine cervices, the biometry was performed using both the continuous and segmented techniques (in segments joining the cervical os). Polynomial regression models were created to assess the correlation between the cervical length and gestational age. The paired Student t-test was used to comparemeasuring techniques. Results The cervical biometry results did not vary significantly with the gestational age and were best represented by linear regression (R2 = 0.0075 with the continuous technique, and R2 = 0.0017 with the segmented technique). Up to the 21st week of gestation, there was a predominance of curved uterine cervix morphology (58.9%), whereas the straight morphology predominated after this gestational age (54.2%). There was a significant difference between the continuous and the segmented measuring methods in all the assessed gestational ages (p < 0.001). Conclusion Cervical biometry in pregnant women between 18 and 24 weeks was represented by a linear regression, independently of the measuring mode. The ideal measuring technique was the transvaginal ultrasound performed at a gestational age 21 weeks.
Resumo Objetivo Determinar a biometria cervical em gestantes entre a 18ª e 24ª semanas, e ainda a forma ideal de mensuração do comprimento do colo uterino em casos de morfologias curva e reta. Métodos Foram realizadas avaliações ultrassonográficas via vaginal dos colos uterinos de 752 gestantes de baixo risco em um estudo prospectivo transversal. Nos colos uterinos retos a biometria cervical foi feita de forma contínua, enquanto nos colos uterinos curvos, a biometria foi realizada de duas formas, contínua e fracionada (em segmentos unindo os orifícios do colo). Para avaliar a correlação entre o comprimento do colo uterino e a idade gestacional, foram criados modelos de regressão polinomial. Para se comparar a técnicas de medida do colo uterino, utilizou-se o teste t-Student pareado. Resultados A biometria do colo uterino não variou de forma significativa com a idade gestacional, sendo melhor representada por uma regressão linear (R2 = 0,0075 na forma contínua, e R2 = 0,0017 na forma fracionada, respectivamente). Observamos que até a 21ª semana houve predominância de colos curvos (58,9%), porém após esta idade gestacional a morfologia retilínea predominou (54,2%). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a forma de mensuração contínua e fracionada em todas as idades gestacionais avaliadas (p < 0,001). Conclusão A expressão da biometria cervical em gestantes entre 18 e 24 semanas é praticamente uma reta, independente da forma de mensuração. A forma ideal de medida é por ultrassonografia transvaginal realizada em idade gestacional 21 semanas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Cervical Length Measurement , Cervix Uteri/anatomy & histology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Abstract From the discovery of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in 1947 in Uganda (Africa), until its arrival in South America, it was not known that it would affect human reproductive life so severely. Today, damagetothe central nervous system is known to be multiple, and microcephaly is considered the tip of the iceberg. Microcephaly actually represents the epilogue of this infection's devastating process on the central nervous system of embryos and fetuses. As a result of central nervous system aggression by the ZIKV, this infection brings the possibility of arthrogryposis, dysphagia, deafness and visual impairment. All of these changes of varying severity directly or indirectly compromise the future life of these children, and are already considered a congenital syndrome linked to the ZIKV. Diagnosis is one of the main difficulties in the approach of this infection. Considering the clinical part, it has manifestations common to infections by the dengue virus and the chikungunya fever, varying only in subjective intensities. The most frequent clinical variables are rash, febrile state, non-purulent conjunctivitis and arthralgia, among others. In terms of laboratory resources, there are also limitations to the subsidiary diagnosis. Molecular biology tests are based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)with reverse transcriptase (RT) action, since the ZIKV is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. The RT-PCR shows serum or plasma positivity for a short period of time, no more than five days after the onset of the signs and symptoms. The ZIKVurine test is positive for a longer period, up to 14 days. There are still no reliable techniques for the serological diagnosis of this infection. If there are no complications (meningoencephalitis or Guillain-Barré syndrome), further examination is unnecessary to assess systemic impairment. However, evidence is needed to rule out other infections that also cause rashes, such as dengue, chikungunya, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, rubella, and herpes. There is no specific antiviral therapy against ZIKV, and the therapeutic approach to infected pregnant women is limited to the use of antipyretics and analgesics. Anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided until the diagnosis of dengue is discarded. There is no need to modify the schedule of prenatal visits for pregnant women infected by ZIKV, but it is necessary to guarantee three ultrasound examinations during pregnancy for low-risk pregnancies, and monthly for pregnant women with confirmed ZIKV infection. Vaginal delivery and natural breastfeeding are advised.
Resumo Desde a descoberta do vírus Zika (VZIK) em 1947 em Uganda, na África, até sua chegada na América do Sul, não se tinha notícia de que ele seria capaz de comprometer a vida reprodutiva emhumanos de forma tão severa.Hoje, sabe-se que os danos sobre o sistema nervoso central são múltiplos, e a microcefalia é considerada a ponta do iceberg, visto que na realidade ela representa o epílogo de um processo devastador desta infecção sobre o sistema nervoso central do embrião e do feto. Em decorrência da agressão do sistema nervoso central pelo VZIK, esta infecção pode provocar artrogripose, disfagia, surdez e comprometimento visual. Todas estas alterações, de gravidade variável, direta ou indiretamente comprometem a vida futura dessas crianças, já sendo considerada uma síndrome congênita ligada aoVZIK. Uma das principais dificuldades na abordagemdessa infecção é relativa ao diagnóstico. Considerando a parte clínica, observa-se que ela apresenta manifestações comuns às infecções pelos vírus da dengue e da febre chikungunya, variando apenasemsuas intensidades subjetivas. As variáveis clínicas mais frequentes são o exantema, febrícula, conjuntivite não purulenta e artralgia. No tocante aos recursos laboratoriais, também existem limitações ao diagnóstico subsidiário. As provas de biologia molecular se fundamentam na reação em cadeia da polimerase (RCP) com ação da transcriptase reversa (TT), visto que o VZIK é umvírus ácido ribonucleico (ARN). ATRRCP apresenta positividade sérica ou plasmática por um período curto de tempo, não ultrapassando cinco dias após início dos sinais e sintomas. Esta pesquisa do VZIK na urina fica positiva por período mais prolongado, chegando a 14 dias. Ainda não existem técnicas seguras para diagnóstico sorológico dessa infecção. Não havendo complicações (meningoencefalite ou síndrome de Guillain-Barré), dificilmente são necessários mais exames complementares para avaliar o comprometimento sistêmico.No entanto, são necessáriasprovaspara descartar as outras infecções que causam exantema, como dengue, chikungunya, sífilis, toxoplasmose, citomegalovírus, rubéola e herpes. Sabe-se que não existe terapia antiviral específica contra o VZIK, e a abordagem terapêutica de gestantes portadoras da infecção limita-se ao uso de antitérmicos e analgésicos. Orienta-se evitar anti-inflamatórios até que o diagnóstico de dengue seja descartado. Sobre a condução do pré-natal, não há necessidade de modificar o cronograma de consultas pré-natais para gestantes que foram infectadas pelo VZIK, mas é necessária a garantia de três exames ecográficos durante a gravidez para gestantes de baixo risco, emensais para a gestante cominfecção confirmada pelo VZIK. Avia de parto é vaginal, e está liberado o aleitamento natural.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/therapy , Zika Virus Infection/diagnosis , Zika Virus Infection/therapy , Zika Virus Infection/transmission , Microcephaly/virology , Prenatal Care , Microcephaly/diagnosis , Microcephaly/embryology , Microcephaly/therapyABSTRACT
Fetal development is studied since the advent of two-dimensional ultrasonography. However, a detailed assessment of structures and surfaces improved with three-dimensional ultrasonography. Currently, it is possible to identify embryonic components and fetal parts with greater detail, at all pregnancy trimesters, using the HD live software, where the images gain realistic features by means of appropriate control of lighting and shadowing effects. In the present study, the authors utilized this resource to follow-up, by means of images, the development of a normal pregnancy along all trimesters.
O desenvolvimento fetal é estudado desde o advento da ultrassonografia bidimensional. Entretanto, a avaliação pormenorizada de estruturas e superfícies ganhou maior qualidade com a ultrassonografia tridimensional. Atualmente, é possível identificar componentes embrionários e partes do feto com maior riqueza de detalhes, em todos os trimestres da gestação, utilizando o software HD live, no qual a imagem ganha características realísticas mediante controle adequado de luz e sombreamento. Neste estudo utilizamos este recurso, por meio de imagens, para acompanhar a evolução de uma gestação normal em todos os seus trimestres.
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Objetivo: Determinar intervalos de referência para o volume da cisterna magna fetal por meio do método bidimensional (2D) usando o modo multiplanar da ultrassonografia tridimensional. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal com 224 gestantes normais entre a 17ª e 29ª semanas. O volume foi obtido automaticamente pela multiplicação dos três maiores eixos nos planos axial e sagital pela constante 0,52. Regressão polinomial foi realizada para obter correlação entre o volume 2D da cisterna magna e a idade gestacional, sendo os ajustes realizados pelo coeficiente de determinação (R2). Confiabilidade e concordância foram obtidas pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e limites de concordância. Resultados: A média do volume da cisterna magna 2D variou de 0,71 ± 0,19 cm3 para 4,18 ± 0,75 cm3 entre a 17ª e 29ª semanas, respectivamente. Observou-se boa correlação do volume da cisterna magna fetal 2D e a idade gestacional (R2 = 0,67). Observou-se excelente confiabilidade e concordância intraobservador com CCI = 0,89 e limites de concordância 95% (-52,0; 51,8), respectivamente. Observou-se baixa confiabilidade e concordância interobservador com CCI = 0,64 e limites de concordância 95% (-110,1; 84,6), respectivamente. Conclusão: Intervalos de referência para o volume 2D da cisterna magna fetal usando o modo multiplanar da ultrassonografia tridimensional foram determinados e apresentaram excelente confiabilidade e concordância intraobservador. .
Objective: To establish reference intervals for the fetal cisterna magna volume by means of two-dimensional (2D) method using the multiplanar mode of three-dimensional ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study with 224 healthy pregnant women between the 17th and 29th gestational weeks. The volume was automatically obtained by multiplying the three major axes in axial and sagittal planes by the constant 0.52. Polynomial regression was utilized to establish the correlation between fetal cisterna magna volume and gestational age, with adjustments by coefficient of determination (R2). Reliability and agreement were obtained by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and limits of agreement, respectively. Results: Mean fetal cisterna volume with the 2D method ranged from 0.71 ± 0.19 cm3 to 4.18 ± 0.75 cm3 at the 17th and 29th weeks, respectively. The authors observed a good correlation between fetal cisterna magna volume and gestational age (R2 = 0.67), excellent intraobserver reliability and agreement with ICC = 0.89 and limits of agreement 95% (-52.0; 51.8), respectively, and low interobserver reliability and agreement with ICC = 0.64 and limits of agreement 95% (-110.1; 84.6), respectively. Conclusion: Reference intervals for fetal cisterna magna volume by means of 2D method using the multiplanar mode of three-dimensional ultrasonography were established and presented excellent intraobserver reliability and agreement. .
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Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a genetic syndrome characterized by macroglossia, omphalocele, fetal gigantism and neonatal hypoglycemia. The authors report a case of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome diagnosed in a 32-year-old primigravida in whom two-dimensional ultrasonography revealed the presence of abdominal wall cyst, macroglossia and polycystic kidneys. Three-dimensional ultrasonography in rendering mode was of great importance to confirm the previous two-dimensional ultrasonography findings.
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OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do comprimento cabeça-nádega e do índice de massa corporal na avaliação ultrassonográfica do coração fetal, pelas vias abdominal e vaginal, no primeiro trimestre de gestação. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal com 57 gestantes normais entre 12 a 14 semanas (CCN < 84 mm). Foram avaliados os seguintes planos cardíacos, pelas vias abdominal e vaginal: quatro câmaras, via de saída do ventrículo direito, via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo e arco aórtico. Utilizou-se o modo B, Doppler colorido e ultrassonografia de quarta dimensão (spatio-temporal image correlation). Para avaliar a influência do comprimento cabeça-nádega e índice de massa corporal na avaliação dos planos cardíacos fetal, utilizou-se o teste t não-pareado. RESULTADOS: Não se observou diferenças estaticamente significativas nas taxas de sucesso e insucesso entre as vias abdominal e vaginal em relação ao índice de massa corporal, contudo, observou-se maior taxa de insucesso na avaliação vaginal utilizando o modo B associado ao Doppler colorido (P<0,01). CONCLUSÃO: O índice de massa corporal e o comprimento cabeça-nádega não tiveram interferência na avaliação cardíaca fetal no primeiro trimestre de gestação.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the crown-rump length and body mass index on sonographic evaluation of the fetal heart using abdominal and vaginal routes in the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 57 pregnant women between 12-14 weeks (CRL< 84 mm). We evaluated the following fetal cardiac plans using the abdominal and vaginal routes: four-chamber view, right ventricle outflow tract, left ventricle outflow tract and aortic arch. We used the B-mode, color Doppler and four-dimensional ultrasonography (spatio-temporal image correlation). To evaluate the influence of crown-rump length and body mass index in the assessment of fetal cardiac planes, we used the t test unpaired. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of success and failure between abdominal and vaginal routes in relation to body mass index, however, there was a higher failure rate in vaginal assessment using B mode associated with color Doppler (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The crown-rump length and body mass index had no interference in fetal cardiac assessment in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Body Mass Index , Crown-Rump Length , Fetal Heart/anatomy & histology , Pregnancy Trimester, First , Cross-Sectional Studies , Fetal Heart , Gestational Age , Prospective Studies , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color , Ultrasonography, Prenatal/methodsABSTRACT
Durante as últimas décadas, o desenvolvimento da ultrassonografia em tempo real tem possibilitado a visibilização direta do feto no útero, bem como a avaliação de sua atividade. Com o advento da ultrassonografia tridimensional (3D) no final dos anos 1980, iniciou-se uma nova era no diagnóstico por imagem em Obstetrícia, ampliando-se sobremaneira a possibilidade do estudo fetal. Recentemente, uma técnica que permitiu que a imagem 3D fosse transformada em um modo em tempo real foi introduzida e tem sido chamada de ultrassonografia em quarta dimensão (4D), a qual permite o monitoramento contínuo da face fetal e de outras áreas da superfície do feto, como, por exemplo, suas extremidades. Alguns estudos já se ocuparam em avaliar esta nova metodologia na observação do comportamento fetal durante diferentes estágios da gestação, na tentativa de melhor entender as relações entre a maturação do sistema nervoso central do feto e suas implicações em seu padrão de comportamento. No presente artigo, os autores realizam uma revisão sobre o uso atual da ultrassonografia 4D na avaliação do comportamento fetal, discorrendo sobre as perspectivas da técnica em espelhar, por meio da observação de padrões de movimentos e expressões faciais, o desenvolvimento neurológico do feto, destacando as potenciais aplicabilidades dessa tecnologia como nova área de pesquisa em medicina fetal.
In the last decades, the development of real-time ultrasonography has allowed the direct view of the fetus in the uterus, as well as assessing its activity. The advent of threedimensional ultrasonography (3D) at the end of the 80s initiated a new era in diagnostic imaging for Obstetrics, dramatically increasing the possibility of studying the fetus. Recently, a new technique allowing the 3D image to be transformed into real-time was introduced: the four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography. It allows the continuous monitoring of fetal face and other surface areas, such as the extremities. Some studies have already assessed this new methodology for fetal behavior observation during different stages of pregnancy, trying to understand better the relationship between fetal central nervous system maturation and the implications for its behavior. In this article, the authors review the current use of 4D ultrasonography in the assessment of fetal behavior, and discuss the possibilities of the technique to show the neurological development of the fetus, by means of watching movement and facial expressions. They also highlight the potential applicability of this new method in this new research area of fetal medicine.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Fetal Movement/physiology , Ultrasonography, Prenatal/methods , Central Nervous System/embryology , Facial ExpressionABSTRACT
Objective To compare neuromotor development between patients who did and those who did not undergo intrauterine myelomeningocele repair. Methods Children with myelomeningocele aged between 3.5 and 6 years who did undergo intrauterine repair (Group A, n=6) or not (Group B; n=7) were assessed for neuromotor development at both anatomical and functional levels, need for orthoses, and cognitive function. Results Intrauterine myelomeningocele repair significantly improved motor function. The functional level was higher than the anatomical level by 2 or more spinal segments in all children in Group A and 2 children in Group B, with a significant statistical difference between groups (p<0.05). Five children in Group A and one in Group B were community ambulators. Conclusion Despite the small sample, it was observed that an improvement of motor function and decreased need for postnatal shunting in the 6 children who had undergone intrauterine myelomeningocele repair. .
Objetivo Comparar o desenvolvimento neuromotor de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia fetal intrauterina da mielomeningocele ao de pacientes não submetidos ao procedimento. Métodos Foram avaliados: o desenvolvimento neuromotor (descrevendo o nível anatômico e motor funcional), o tipo de marcha, a necessidade de órteses e o nível cognitivo de crianças com mielomeningocele entre 3,5 e 6 anos de idade, submetidas (Grupo A; n=6) ou não submetidas (Grupo B; n=7) à cirurgia fetal intra-uterina. Resultados A função motora apre-sentou melhora significante, com nível funcional mais elevado em dois ou mais segmentos em relação ao nível anatômico em todas as crianças do Grupo A e em duas crianças do Grupo B, com diferença estatística entre os grupos (p<0.05). Cinco crianças do Grupo A e uma do grupo B eram deambuladoras comunitárias. Conclusão Apesar da pequena amostragem, nos 6 casos de cirurgia prenatal observouse melhora da função motora e menor necessidade de shunts pós-natais. .
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Cognition Disorders/prevention & control , Developmental Disabilities/prevention & control , Fetoscopy , Fetal Diseases/surgery , Meningomyelocele/surgery , Motor Skills Disorders/prevention & control , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Cognition Disorders/rehabilitation , Disability Evaluation , Disabled Children , Developmental Disabilities/etiology , Developmental Disabilities/rehabilitation , Meningomyelocele/complications , Motor Skills Disorders/etiology , Motor Skills Disorders/rehabilitation , Prenatal Diagnosis , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate changes to the pelvic floor of primiparous women with different delivery modes, using three-dimensional ultrasound. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study on 35 primiparae divided into groups according to the delivery mode: elective cesarean delivery (n=10), vaginal delivery (n=16), and forceps delivery (n=9). Three-dimensional ultrasound on the pelvic floor was performed on the second postpartum day with the patient in a resting position. A convex volumetric transducer (RAB4-8L) was used, in contact with the large labia, with the patient in the gynecological position. Biometric measurements of the urogenital hiatus were taken in the axial plane on images in the rendering mode, in order to assess the area, anteroposterior and transverse diameters, average thickness, and avulsion of the levator ani muscle. Differences between groups were evaluated by determining the mean differences and their respective 95% confidence intervals. The proportions of levator ani muscle avulsion were compared between elective cesarean section and vaginal birth using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The mean areas of the urogenital hiatus in the cases of vaginal and forceps deliveries were 17.0 and 20.1 cm², respectively, versus 12.4 cm² in the Control Group (elective cesarean). Avulsion of the levator ani muscle was observed in women who underwent vaginal delivery (3/25), however there was no statistically significant difference between cesarean section and vaginal delivery groups (p=0.5). CONCLUSION: Transperineal three-dimensional ultrasound was useful for assessing the pelvic floor of primiparous women, by allowing pelvic morphological changes to be differentiated according to the delivery mode.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar as mudanças no assoalho pélvico de mulheres primíparas em diversos tipos de partos por meio da ultrassonografia tridimensional. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal prospectivo com 35 primigestas, divididas em grupos com relação ao tipo de parto: cesariana eletiva (n=10), parto vaginal (n=16) e fórceps (n=9). A ultrassonografia tridimensional do assoalho pélvico foi realizada no segundo dia pós-parto com a paciente em repouso. Utilizou-se transdutor convexo volumétrico (RAB4-8L) em contato com os grandes lábios vaginais, estando a paciente em posição ginecológica. Medidas biométricas do hiato urogenital foram tomadas no plano axial da imagem renderizada para avaliar a área, os diâmetros anteroposterior e transverso, a espessura média e a avulsão do músculo elevador do ânus. Diferenças entre os grupos foram avaliadas pela determinação da média das diferenças com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. As proporções de avulsão do músculo elevador do ânus foram comparadas entre a cesárea eletiva e o parto vaginal pelo teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: As áreas médias do hiato urogenital dos partos vaginais e fórceps foram 17,0 e 20,1 cm², respectivamente, contra 12,4 cm² do Grupo Controle (cesárea eletiva). Avulsão do músculo elevador do ânus foi observado em mulheres submetidas ao parto vaginal (3/25); no entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos cesárea e parto vaginal (p=0,5). CONCLUSÃO: A ultrassonografia tridimensional por via perineal foi útil na avaliação do assoalho pélvico de mulheres primíparas, diferenciando alterações pélvicas de acordo com o tipo de parto.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Young Adult , Delivery, Obstetric/methods , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Pelvic Floor/anatomy & histology , Pelvic Floor , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Parity , Postpartum Period , Prospective Studies , Referral and ConsultationABSTRACT
Rânula congênita uma rara malformação cística visualizada na cavidade oral. É um pseudocisto habitualmente localizado no espaço sublingual entre o músculo milo-hioideo e a mucosa da língua. Relata-se um caso de gestante de 24 anos, G3P2, com idade gestacional de 29 semanas, encaminhada por conta de polidrâmnio e grande massa de cavidade oral de natureza cística.
A congenital ranula is a rare cystic malformation seen in the oral cavity. This pseudocyst is normally located in the sublingual space between the mylohyoid muscle and the lingual mucosa. A 24-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, at 29 weeks' gestation was referred to our institution because of polihydramnios and large oral mass.