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Objective:To investigate the effects of marathon exercise on knee cartilage volume and T2 relaxation time (T2 value) based on MRI.Methods:From December 2018 to December 2021, 25 healthy volunteers without long-distance running habits and 32 non-professional marathon runners with long-term long-distance running were recruited to undergo knee MRI 3D water-selective excitation (three dimensional water-selective excitation, 3D-WATS) and T2 mapping imaging were performed, and the cartilage volumes in 5 knee areas and T2 values in 42 subareas were extracted for analysis. To compare the cartilage volume and its ratio to body surface area of knee joint of healthy volunteers and non-professional marathon runners, the T2 value of cartilage in each subregion, and the correlation between marathon exercise intensity and the volume and T2 value of cartilage in different regions.Results:Compared with healthy volunteers, there was no significant difference in cartilage volume or the ratio of body surface area to body volume of non-professional marathon runners ( P>0.05). There were significant differences between healthy volunteers and non-professional marathon runners in cartilage T2 values of the median layer of medial condyle of femur (47.61±5.65 ms and 44.29±6.10 ms) and the deep layer of medial condyle of femur (36.82±9.05 ms and 31.67±7.59 ms), deep precondylar area of medial femur (38.37±4.68 ms and 34.09±4.19 ms), shallow area of medial condylar area of femur (52.17±11.11 ms and 45.51±7.76 ms), middle layer of medial condylar area of femur (49.09±5.08 ms and 45.63±5.04 ms), medial layer of anterior condylar region of lateral femur (45.69±4.68 ms and 42.57±5.77 ms), superficial layer of posterior condylar region of lateral femur (55.42±18.41 ms and 47.99±8.39 ms), deep layer of anterior tibial medial plateau (33.40±7.76 ms and 29.03±5.69 ms), deep layer of posterior tibial medial plateau (31.28±5.02 ms and 27.92±5.99 ms), deep layer of patellofemoral surface (35.65±6.99 ms and 32.30±5.28 ms), respectively ( P<0.05). In non-professional marathon runners, the medial tibial plateau cartilage volume was negatively correlated with step frequency ( r=-0.371, P=0.035), the lateral femoral condylar cartilage volume was negatively correlated with step frequency ( r=-0.365, P=0.043), and the lateral tibial plateau cartilage volume was negatively correlated with step frequency ( r=-0.550, P=0.001). The T2 value of the medial layer cartilage in the anterior tibial medial plateau region was negatively correlated with body weight ( r=-0.277, P=0.039) and body mass index ( r=-0.290, P=0.030). The T2 value of the superficial layer of patellofemoral surface was negatively correlated with the amount of running in 3 months ( r=-0.457, P=0.010). The superficial T2 value in the posterior lateral plateau of the tibia was negatively correlated with stride length ( r=-0.437, P=0.014), and the medial layer cartilage T2 value in the anterior condylar area of the lateral femur was negatively correlated with stride frequency ( r=-0.380, P=0.035). Conclusion:Marathon exercise had little effect on the knee cartilage volume, but had a certain effect on the cartilage T2 value, resulting in changes in cartilage structure. The higher the step frequency, the smaller the cartilage volume. The greater the body weight or body mass index, the greater the amount of running in 3 months, and the greater the stride length, the lower the cartilage T2 value.
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Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) in comparison with traditional posterior lumbar fusion in the treatment of lumbar infectious diseases.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 30 patients with lumbar infectious disease who had been treated at Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from May 2017 to November 2019. There were 18 males and 12 females with an age of (53.3 ± 12.5) years. According to surgical procedures, the patients were divided into group A of 13 cases subjected to XLIF and group B of 17 cases subjected to posterior radical debridement plus lumbar fusion plus internal fixation. The 2 groups were compared in terms of demographic data like age and gender, intraoperative indexes, intervertebral fusion rate, and complications, as well as visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation.Results:There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in the general clinical data before operation, showing comparability ( P>0.05). The operation time in group A was significantly shorter than that in group B [(88.5 ± 13.6) min versus (124.1 ± 15.4) min], and the intraoperative blood loss in group A significantly less than that in group B [(66.9 ± 18.4) mL versus (461.8 ± 150.6) mL] ( P<0.05). The VAS and ODI at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation in both groups were significantly lower than those before operation ( P<0.05). The VAS and ODI at 3 months after surgery in group A [2 (2, 2) points and 15.2% ± 5.0%] were significantly lower than those in group B [3 (2, 3) points and 19.5% ± 6.2%] ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the fusion rate between groups A and B at 12 months after operation (13 versus 16) ( P>0.05). Postoperatively, left thigh numbness and weakness was reported in 1 case in group A while 2 cases of cerebrospinal fluid fistula and 1 case of poor wound healing were observed in group B, showing no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Compared with the traditional posterior lumbar surgery, XLIF demonstrates advantages of less intraoperative blood loss, less tissue damage, shorter operation time, faster postoperative recovery in the treatment of lumbar infectious diseases with no obvious intraspinal abscess or nerve compression.
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Objective:To investigate the influence of long-term wear of soft contact lenses on corneal transparency.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.The corneal optical density of female myopic patients who planned to undergo corneal refractive surgery in Jinan Mingshui Eye Hospital from January 2018 to December 2020 was examined.The patients were divided into ≥2-<5 years group, ≥5-<10 years group, and ≥10 years group according to the duration of wearing contact lenses.Age- and sex-matched patients without wearing soft contact lenses were enrolled as a control group.There were 50 eyes from 50 cases in each group.The cornea was divided into 0-2, 2-6, 6-10, and 10-12 mm corneal vertex-centered annuli.The cornea over each annulus was divided into a superficial layer (≤120 μm from the outer surface of the cornea), a deep layer (≤60 μm from the inner surface of the cornea) and a central layer (between the superficial and deep layers). Measurements of the right eye were taken for analysis.The corneal optical density of different layers over different corneal ring regions was compared.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jinan Mingshui Eye Hospital (No.2018-005). Written informed consent was obtained from each subject before any medical examination.Results:The corneal optical density tended to decrease as the wearing duration of corneal contact lens extended.The corneal optical density values of control group, ≥2-<5 years group, ≥5-<10 years group, and ≥10 years group were 18.51±1.79, 18.25±2.10, 18.16±1.89 and 17.83±1.65, respectively, showing no significant difference ( F=1.152, P=0.329). There was no significant difference in the corneal optical density of the superficial layer over 0-2, 2-6, and 6-10 mm annuli among the four groups ( F=2.077, 2.080, 2.229; all at P>0.05). There was a significant difference in the corneal optical density of the superficial layer over 10-12 mm annulus among the four groups ( F=5.016, P=0.002), and the corneal optical density of the superficial layer was greater in ≥5-<10 years group than in ≥2-<5 years, and greater in ≥10 years group than in control group, showing statistically significant differences (both at P<0.05). There were significant differences in the corneal optical density of the central layer over 0-2 and 6-10 mm annuli ( F=3.808, 2.813; both at P<0.05), and the corneal optical density of the central layer was lower in ≥10 years group than in control group, showing a statistically significant difference ( P<0.05). There were significant differences in the corneal optical density of the deep layer over 0-2, 2-6, 6-10 and 10-12 mm annuli ( F=5.485, 5.625, 3.398, 2.775; all at P<0.05). The optical density of the deep layer was lower in ≥5-<10 years than in control and ≥2-<5 years groups over 0-2, 2-6, and 10-12 mm annuli, lower in ≥5-<10 years group than in control group over the 6-10 annulus, and lower in ≥10 years group than in control group over 0-2, 2-6, and 6-10 mm annuli, and the differences were statistically significant (all at P<0.05). Conclusions:For women, the long-term wear of soft contact lenses for 5 years does not affect corneal transparency, and long-term wear for more than 5 years can cause a decrease in the transparency of the superficial peripheral cornea.
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Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an inflammatory and cholestatic liver disease caused by autoimmune response targeting the small- and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts. The most specific manifestations of this diseases in clinical practice were positive anti-mitochondrial antibody and selective destruction of small- and medium-sized bile ducts based on liver histology. Since it is difficult to obtain the clinical samples of early-stage PBC, the construction and optimization of mouse models is an important method to investigate the pathogenesis of PBC. An understanding of the modeling principles of PBC animal models and disease features in serology, histology, and cytology not only helps to improve the awareness of PBC, but also helps to design scientific and rational research protocols.
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Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an inflammatory and cholestatic liver disease caused by autoimmune response targeting the small- and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts. The most specific manifestations of this diseases in clinical practice were positive anti-mitochondrial antibody and selective destruction of small- and medium-sized bile ducts based on liver histology. Since it is difficult to obtain the clinical samples of early-stage PBC, the construction and optimization of mouse models is an important method to investigate the pathogenesis of PBC. An understanding of the modeling principles of PBC animal models and disease features in serology, histology, and cytology not only helps to improve the awareness of PBC, but also helps to design scientific and rational research protocols.
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Objective:To investigate the topological alterations of brain functional networks in patients with chronic methamphetamine (MA) dependence.Methods:Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to map the brain networks of 46 patients with MA-dependence (MA group) and 46 healthy controls (control group). Statistical methods were used to compare the differences of brain functional connection and topological parameters between the two groups, and the correlations between these topological parameters with significant inter-group differences and clinical measurements were analyzed.Results:(1) Brain functional connection: as compared with the control group, the MA group had significantly enhanced functional connectivity in the subnetworks consisting of several brain regions, including the inferior parietal lobule, posterior central gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, ventromedial occipital cortex, orbital gyrus, anterior central gyrus, fusiform gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and thalamus; as compared with the control group, the MA group had significantly attenuated functional connectivity in the subnetworks consisting of several brain regions, the orbit frontal cortex, precentral gyrus, paracenter lobule, inferior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, postcentral gyrus, medioventral occipital cortex, lateral occipital cortex and amygdala. (2) Network topology attributes: the brain functional networks in all subjects from the MA group and control group held worldlet; but attribute of worldlet in the MA group was significantly reduced as compared with that in the control group ( P<0.05); moreover, the MA group had significantly decreased clustering coefficient, local efficiency, and modularity as compared with the control group ( P<0.05). In terms of regional topological attributes, such as betweenness centrality, the MA group presented evident reduction in the left superior frontal gyrus, right orbit frontal cortex, right middle temporal gyrus and right/left lateral occipital cortex as compared with the control group with significant differences ( P<0.05). (3)Correlation analysis: the betweenness centrality of right middle temporal gyrus exhibited a positive correlation with the age of patients using MA for the first time ( r=0.327, P=0.028); a positive correlation was found between the modularity and activating factor scores in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) in MA group ( r=0.315, P=0.035). Conclusions:Part of the global/local topological attributes of the brain functional network of patients with MA addiction are damaged. The younger the patients are when they take MA for the first time, the lower the betweenness centrality of the right middle temporal gyrus; the more the local attributes are damaged; and furthermore, the deeper the network modularity, the severer the active symptoms in the psychotic symptoms.
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Objective:Evaluate the main factors affecting the quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Methods:The System retrieval from the establishment of the library to March 19, 2019 in the Chinese journal full-text database, China Biomedical Literature Database, Weipu Journal Full Text Database, Wanfang database, PubMed, Webscien database on the study of factors affecting the quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, using RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software, used the inclusion of the literature Meta analysis.Results:According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 17 documents were included, with a total sample size of 11266 cases. The combined effect of the effect sage factors of quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and 95% CI were gender 0.31 (0.20-0.42), age 0.22 (0.08-0.36), age of onset 0.07 (0.01 - 0.12), and whether it was an only child 0.62 (0.33 - 0.91), household annual income - 0.45 (-0.66 -- 0.24), blood sugar control 0.66 (0.50 - 0.82), number of insulin injections per day -0.22 (-0.39 --0.04), HbA1c0.39 (0.33 - 0.46). Conclusion:Gender, age, age of onset, household annual income, blood sugar control, number of insulin injections per day, HbA1c were the main factors affecting the quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. To provide reference for hospitals, families, communities, schools to take a variety of practical measures.
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Objective:To investigate differences in stratum corneum components between sensitive skin and normal skin by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and to evaluate the value of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in the study of pathogenesis of sensitive skin.Methods:From December 2018 to February 2019, 148 volunteers were recruited, who had lived in Shanghai for ≥ 6 years. Through questionnaire survey, lactic acid sting test and capsaicin test, the subjects were divided into normal skin group and sensitive skin group; meanwhile, total sting score and total burning score of the subjects were recorded in the lactic acid sting test and capsaicin test respectively. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was performed to detect stratum corneum components, including natural moisturizing factor (NMF), stratum corneum lipids, free fatty acids (FFA) and β-sheet/α-helix (β/α) ratio; moreover, other non-invasive techniques were used to measure skin physiological parameters, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration (SCH) levels, stratum corneum lipids, skin pH, current perception thresholds of 3 peripheral sensory nerve fibers, and superficial skin blood flow perfusion. Spearman correlation coefficients between stratum corneum components and the total sting score as well as total burning pain score were analyzed, so were Pearson correlation coefficients between the stratum corneum components and skin physiological parameters.Results:A total of 73 volunteers completed all tests, including 15 males and 19 females aged 41.8 ± 8.9 years in the sensitive skin group, and 19 males and 20 females aged 42.8 ± 9.4 years in the normal skin group. Compared with the normal skin group, the sensitive skin group showed significantly decreased levels of stratum corneum NMF (30.90 ± 7.38 vs. 37.01 ± 8.77, t = 3.193, P < 0.01) and FFA (14.90 ± 6.75 vs. 20.45 ± 11.76, t = 2.422, P < 0.05), but significantly increased β/α ratio (3.17 ± 1.03 vs. 2.67 ± 0.56, t = -2.595, P < 0.05) ; there was no significant difference in stratum corneum lipid content between the two groups ( t = 1.458, P > 0.05). As far as the skin physiological parameters were concerned, the sensitive skin group showed significantly increased TEWL ( t = -3.496, P < 0.001), but significantly decreased current perception thresholds at a frequency of 5 Hz and epidermal density (both P < 0.05) compared with the normal skin group; no significant difference in stratum corneum lipid content was observed between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that NMF, FFA and β/α ratio were significantly correlated with TEWL ( r = -0.405, -0.562, 0.503, respectively, all P < 0.01) and total sting score ( rs = -0.401, -0.285, 0.316, respectively, P < 0.01 or 0.05) ; meanwhile, epidermal density was also significantly correlated with NMF ( r = 0.402, P < 0.01) and β/α ratio ( r = -0.369, P < 0.05). However, none of NMF, FFA and β/α ratio was correlated with stratum corneum lipid content, current perception thresholds of the 3 sensory nerve fibers, superficial skin blood flow perfusion or epidermal thickness (all P > 0.05) . Conclusions:NMF, FFA and β/α ratio in the stratum corneum significantly differed between the sensitive skin and normal skin, and were significantly correlated with some physiological parameters related to stratum corneum barrier function. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy is an effective method for evaluating barrier function of sensitive skin.
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Objective To investigate reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) features of irritant cutaneous reactions to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in healthy persons aged from 18 to 60 years,to analyze effects of age and gender on cutaneous reactions,and to estimate the value of RCM in objective evaluation of cutaneous reactions.Methods An occlusive patch test was performed on the back of 120 healthy testees with 0.1％ and 0.5％ SLS solution (0.1％ and 0.5％ SLS groups) and distilled water (negative control group) for 48 hours.At different time points after the patch removal,clinical evaluation and RCM were performed.Results RCM imaging in the 0.1％ and 0.5％ SLS groups showed parakeratosis,indistinct structure of the stratum corneum,spongiosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the epidermis,and telangiectasia in the papillary dermis.The incidence of RCM features reached the peak until 24 hours after the removal of 0.1％ and 0.5％ SLS patches,and the incidence of telangiectasia in the dermis was up to 66.7％ and 95.0％ in the 0.1％ and 0.5％ SLS groups respectively.At 24 hours after the removal of 0.5％ SLS patch,the incidence of spongiosis was significantly lower in the males than in the females (68.9％ [42/61] vs.84.7％ [50/59],x2 =4.24,P ＜ 0.05).However,the incidence of spongiosis was significantly higher in testees aged 18-40 years than in those aged 41-60 years at 24 hours after the removal of 0.1％ SLS patch (53.3％[32/60] vs.35.0％[21/60],x2 =4.09,P ＜ 0.05).For the other RCM features,there were no significant differences in their incidence between different genders or age groups after the removal of 0.1％ and 0.5％ SLS patches (all P ＞ 0.05).Clinical evaluation showed that after the removal of 0.1％ and 0.5％ SLS patches,no significant difference in the incidence of irritant cutaneous reactions was observed between the males and the females or between the testees aged 18-40 years and those aged 41-60 years (all P ＞ 0.05).There were good correlations between the clinical evaluation results and RCM features.At 24 hours after the removal of 0.1％ SLS patch,the correlation coefficient between spongiosis and clinical evaluation results was up to 0.77,so was that between telangiectasia in the dermis and clinical evaluation results (both P ＜ 0.001).However,at 0.5 hour after the removal of SLS patches,clinical evaluation showed that the positive reaction rates were 2.5％ (3/120) and 12.5％ (15/120) in the 0.1％ and 0.5％ SLS groups respectively.In the meantime,there were 17.5 ％ (21 / 120) and 51.7％ (62/120) of testees manifesting more than 2 RCM features in the 0.1％ and 0.5％ SLS groups respectively,which were more similar to the clinical evaluation results at 24 hours after the removal of SLS patches (34.2％ [41/120] and 85.0％ [102/120] in the 0.1％ and 0.5％ SLS groups respectively) compared with the clinical evaluation results at 0.5 hour after the removal of SLS patches.Conclusions Neither gender nor age affects irritant cutaneous reactions to 0.1％ and 0.5％ SLS.Compared with clinical evaluation,RCM can evaluate cutaneous reactions more objectively and accurately in the early stage of irritant reactions.
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Ciclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressive macrolide antibiotics, is widely applied to prevent rejections after organ transplants. CsA is mainly transported by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) 3A.Genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A and MDR1 probably influence the expressions and bioactivity of CYP3A and P-gp,and may affect the pharmacokinetics of CsA.This issue summarizes the correlation between genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A and MDR1 and the pharmacokinetics of CsA to guide the rational and individualized medication.