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In 2023,World Health Organization(WHO)announced that the pandemic of COVID-19 is over;while there was an epidemic of multi-pathogenic infections in the respiratory tract by the end of the year in China,indicating that high attention still need to be paid to infectious diseases. In the past one year,some breakthroughs for infectious diseases have been achieved.This article reviews the major events and research progress in the diagnosis,prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in 2023.
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Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-negative bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2022.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of national bloodstream infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System(BRICS)were collected during January 2022 to December 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI). WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results:During the study period,9 035 strains of Gram-negative bacteria were collected from 51 hospitals,of which 7 895(87.4%)were Enterobacteriaceae and 1 140(12.6%)were non-fermenting bacteria. The top 5 bacterial species were Escherichia coli( n=4 510,49.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae( n=2 340,25.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa( n=534,5.9%), Acinetobacter baumannii complex( n=405,4.5%)and Enterobacter cloacae( n=327,3.6%). The ESBLs-producing rates in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus spp. were 47.1%(2 095/4 452),21.0%(427/2 033)and 41.1%(58/141),respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli(CREC)and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)were 1.3%(58/4 510)and 13.1%(307/2 340);62.1%(36/58)and 9.8%(30/307)of CREC and CRKP were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination,respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(CRAB)complex was 59.5%(241/405),while less than 5% of Acinetobacter baumannii complex was resistant to tigecycline and polymyxin B. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa(CRPA)was 18.4%(98/534). There were differences in the composition ratio of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections and the prevalence of main Gram-negative bacteria resistance among different regions,with statistically significant differences in the prevalence of CRKP and CRPA( χ2=20.489 and 20.252, P<0.001). The prevalence of CREC,CRKP,CRPA,CRAB,ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were higher in provinicial hospitals than those in municipal hospitals( χ2=11.953,81.183,10.404,5.915,12.415 and 6.459, P<0.01 or <0.05),while the prevalence of CRPA was higher in economically developed regions(per capita GDP ≥ 92 059 Yuan)than that in economically less-developed regions(per capita GDP <92 059 Yuan)( χ2=6.240, P=0.012). Conclusions:The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections shows an increasing trend,and Escherichia coli is ranked in the top,while the trend of CRKP decreases continuously with time. Decreasing trends are noted in ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Low prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli and high prevalence in CRAB complex have been observed. The composition ratio and antibacterial spectrum of bloodstream infections in different regions of China are slightly different,and the proportion of main drug resistant bacteria in provincial hospitals is higher than those in municipal hospitals.
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Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has been one of the most concerning public health events in recent years,seriously threatening the lives and health of people worldwide.COVID-19 vaccines are the most cost-effective measure to reduce the influence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-COV-2)to the population.Therefore,countries actively develop and vaccinate COVID-19 vaccines,including recombinant protein vaccines,viral vector vaccines,inactivated vaccines,and mRNA vaccines,which occupy the primary market.With the enhancement of variants transmission ability and evasion immunity,the protective effect and durability of COVID-19 vaccines have become the current research hotspots.This paper presents a brief review of the progress of COVID-19 vaccines,intending to provide a reference for the development of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of ceftobiprole, vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin against Staphylococcus aureus (SAU) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) bloodstream infections, which can provide a reference for clinical medication. Methods:A total of 1 777 strains of staphylococci were isolated from blood culture of 51 hospitals within the Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) from January to December in 2021. The dilution method was used to assess the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ceftobiprole, vancomycin, linezolid and daptomycin on staphylococci. Additionally, the probability of target attainment (PTA) and cumulative fraction of response (CFR) of these medications in varied dosage regimens were predicted using Monte Carlo simulation.Results:Ceftobiprole demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA), the MIC 50 and MIC 90 were 0.500 and 1.000 mg/L, respectively, and the MIC range was ≤0.060 to 4.000 mg/L.Meanwhile, the ceftobiprole-resistance rate of SAU was 0.1%(1/1 073), but the resistance rate of CNS was 7.7%(54/704). There was no evidence of staphylococcal resistance to daptomycin or vancomycin. Against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), no resistance to the four drugs was observed. Monte Carlo simulation showed that standard drug regimens of ceftobiprole (500 mg once every eight hours) and daptomycin (6 mg·kg -1·d -1) achieved high PTA and CFR against staphylococcus.The current vancomycin and linezolid standard treatment for staphylococcal bloodstream infections had a low CFR. When vancomycin 1 000 mg once every eight hours was used, the CFRs of MRSA and MSSA were both≥90.0%, while the CFR of CNS was still less than 80.0%. CFR of linezolid against staphylococcus was ≥90.0% under the dosages of 600 mg once every eight hours. Conclusions:Ceftobiprole, vancomycin, linezolid and daptomycin all show strong antibacterial activity against staphylococcus.Ceftobiprole and daptomycin standard treatment represent adequate antibacterial efficacy against staphylococcal bloodstream infections. Furthermore, appropriate increase of the dosages of vancomycin and linezolid based on the MIC value and species of bacteria is necessary.
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Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacterial isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2021.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) were collected during January 2021 to December 2021. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 11 013 bacterial strains were collected from 51 hospitals, of which 2 782 (25.3%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 8 231 (74.7%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (37.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.8%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (6.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.6%), Enterococcus faecium (3.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (2.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.5%) and Klebsiella spp (2.1%). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus were 25.3% and 76.8%, respectively. No glycopeptide- and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci was detected; more than 95.0% of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to ceftobiprole. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci strains were detected. The rates of extended spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolated in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were 49.6%, 25.5% and 39.0%, respectively. The prevalence rates of carbapenem-resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 2.2% and 15.8%, respectively; 7.9% of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. Ceftobiprole demonstrated excellent activity against non-ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Aztreonam/avibactam was highly active against carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii was 60.0%, while polymyxin and tigecycline showed good activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (5.5% and 4.5%). The prevalence of carbapenem-resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 18.9%. Conclusions:The BRICS surveillance results in 2021 shows that the main pathogens of blood stream infection in China are gram-negative bacteria, in which Escherichia coli is the most common. The MRSA incidence shows a further decreasing trend in China and the overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci is low. The prevalence of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is still on a high level, but the trend is downwards.
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Objective:To predict and evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of linezolid, teicoplanin and daptomycin against Staphylococci bloodstream infections with Monte Carlo simulation, and to optimize the clinical administration program. Methods:A total of 1 847 Staphylococci strains isolated from blood samples between January 2018 to December 2019 were collected with the help of the Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of linezolid and daptomycin were detected by broth dilution method, while MIC of teicoplanin were detected by agar dilution method. The dosage regimens of linezolid were 800 mg once daily, 500 mg once every 12 hours, 600 mg once every 12 hours and 600 mg once every eight hours. The dosage regimens of teicoplanin were 400 mg once every 12 hours, 600 mg once every 12 hours, 800 mg once every 12 hours, and 1 000 mg once every 12 hours. The dosage regimens of daptomycin were 4 mg·kg -1·d -1, 6 mg·kg -1·d -1, 8 mg·kg -1·d -1, 10 mg·kg -1·d -1and 12 mg·kg -1·d -1. The probability of target attainment (PTA) and cumulative fraction of response (CFR) of three different dosage regimens were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation. A dosage regimen with CFR≥90.0% was a reasonable choice for empirical antimicrobial therapy. Results:PTA of linezolid against Staphylococci when MIC≤0.500 mg/L at four dosage regimens (800 mg once daily, 500 mg once every 12 hours, 600 mg once every 12 hours and 600 mg once every eight hours) were all over 90.0%. When MIC was 1.000 mg/L, the PTA of linezolid against Staphylococci under the dosages of 500 mg once every 12 hours, 600 mg once every 12 hours and 600 mg once every eight hours were 92.2%, 96.6% and 97.6%, respectively. The CFR of the four dosage regimens of linezolid were 73.9%, 83.7%, 90.8% and 95.3%, respectively. When MIC≤1.000 mg/L, PTA of teicoplanin against Staphylococci were all 100.0% at four dosage regimens (400 mg once every 12 hours, 600 mg once every 12 hours, 800 mg once every 12 hours and 1 000 mg once every 12 hours). When MIC was 2.000 mg/L, the PTA of teicoplanin (800 mg once every 12 hours and 1 000 mg once every 12 hours) against Staphylococci were both 100.0%. The CFR of the four dosage regimens of teicoplanin were 90.8%, 92.8%, 93.5% and 94.6%, respectively. When MIC≤0.500 mg/L, PTA of daptomycin against Staphylococci under the five dosages of 4 mg·kg -1·d -1, 6 mg·kg -1·d -1, 8 mg·kg -1·d -1, 10 mg·kg -1·d -1 and 12 mg·kg -1·d -1 were all over 90.0%. When MIC was 1.000 mg/L, the PTA of daptomycin against Staphylococci under the three dosages of 8 mg·kg -1·d -1, 10 mg·kg -1·d -1 and 12 mg·kg -1·d -1were 96.9%, 100.0% and 100.0%, respectively. The CFR of the five dosage regimens of daptomycin against Staphylococci were 97.4%, 99.2%, 99.9%, 100.0% and 100.0%, respectively. Conclusions:Linezolid (600 mg once every 12 hours), teicoplanin (400 mg once every 12 hours) and daptomycin (4 mg·kg -1·d -1) can achieve satisfactory antibacterial activity for Staphylococci bloodstream infections.
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Guizhi Shaoyao Zhimu Decoction combined with drugs taken internally or external therapy show the benefits for rheumatoid arthritis patients. It can control the clinical symptoms such as swelling and pain of the joints, reduce inflammatory indicators, and has less adverse reactions. Modern pharmacological researches show that it can regulate a variety of inflammatory signaling pathways to achieve anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, induce apoptosis of synovial cells, resist bone damage, and regulate immunity with multiple treatment targets to rheumatoid arthritis.
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Antimicrobial resistance surveillance is the basis of drug resistance control. It is of great value to understand the development trend of drug resistance, newly emerging resistant bacteria, drug resistance control policy formulation, antimicrobial stewardship, new antibiotics research and development, and related basic researches. High quality surveillance lays a solid foundation to ensure the scientific value of the results; it is necessary to carry out active surveillance to obtain results under the same quality standard with uniform methods, which can make up for the lack of passive survey and guarantee the accurate application of data.
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Objective:To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacteria isolated from blood culture in China.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) were collected during January 2018 to December 2019. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted with agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 14 778 bacterial strains were collected from 50 hospitals, of which 4 117 (27.9%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 10 661(72.1%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (37.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.7%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (8.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.7%), Enterococcus faecium (3.4%), Acinetobacter baumannii(3.4%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.9%), Streptococci(2.8%) and Enterococcus faecalis (2.3%). The the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were 27.4% (394/1 438) and 70.4% (905/1 285), respectively. No glycopeptide-resistant Staphylococcus was detected. More than 95% of S. aureus were sensitive to amikacin, rifampicin and SMZco. The resistance rate of E. faecium to vancomycin was 0.4% (2/504), and no vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis was detected. The ESBLs-producing rates in no carbapenem-resistance E. coli, carbapenem sensitive K. pneumoniae and Proteus were 50.4% (2 731/5 415), 24.6% (493/2001) and 35.2% (31/88), respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae were 1.5% (85/5 500), 20.6% (518/2 519), respectively. 8.3% (27/325) of carbapenem-resistance K. pneumoniae was resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. The resistance rates of A. baumannii to polymyxin and tigecycline were 2.8% (14/501) and 3.4% (17/501) respectively, and that of P. aeruginosa to carbapenem were 18.9% (103/546). Conclusions:The surveillance results from 2018 to 2019 showed that the main pathogens of bloodstream infection in China were gram-negative bacteria, while E. coli was the most common pathogen, and ESBLs-producing strains were in majority; the MRSA incidence is getting lower in China; carbapenem-resistant E. coli keeps at a low level, while carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae is on the rise obviously.
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Objective:To investigate the bacterial composition and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical isolates from bloodstream infections in China.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture were collected during January 2020 to December 2020 in member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS). Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI, USA). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 10 043 bacterial strains were collected from 54 hospitals, of which 2 664 (26.5%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 7 379 (73.5%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (38.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.9%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (7.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.9%), Enterococcus faecium (3.3%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (2.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.4%) and Klebsiella spp (1.8%). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus were 27.6% and 74.4%, respectively. No glycopeptide- and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci were detected. More than 95% of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to rifampicin and SMZco. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci strains were detected. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were 48.4%, 23.6% and 36.1%, respectively. The prevalence rates of carbapenem-resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 2.3% and 16.1%, respectively; 9.6% of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii was 60.0%, while polymyxin and tigecycline showed good activity against Acinetobacter baumannii. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 23.2%. Conclusions:The surveillance results in 2020 showed that the main pathogens of bloodstream infection in China were gram-negative bacteria, while Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen, and ESBL-producing strains declined while carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae kept on high level. The proportion and the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were on the rise slowly. On the other side, the MRSA incidence got lower in China, while the overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci was low.
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Objective:To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacteria isolated from blood culture in China.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) were collected during January 2016 to December 2017. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2019. WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 8 154 bacterial strains were collected from 33 hospitals, of which 2 325 (28.5%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 5 829 (71.5%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (34.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.3%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (7.4%), Acinetobacter baumannii (4.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.9%), Enterococcus faecium (3.8%), Streptococci (2.9%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.7%) and Enterococcus faecalis (2.5%). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS) accounted for 34.2%(315/922) and 77.7%(470/605), respectively. No vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus was detected. The resistance rate of Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin was 0.6%(2/312), and no vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium was detected. The ESBLs-producing rates in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus were 55.7%(1 576/2 831), 29.9%(386/1 289) and 38.5%(15/39), respectively. The incidences of carbapenem-resistance in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae were 1.2%(33/2 831), 17.5%(226/1 289), respectively. The resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii to polymyxin and tigecycline were 14.8%(55/372) and 5.9%(22/372) respectively, and those of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to polymyxin and carbapenem were 1.3%(4/315) and 18.7%(59/315), respectively. Conclusion:The surveillance results from 2016 to 2017 showed that the main pathogens of blood stream infection in China were gram-negative bacteria, while Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen; the MRSA incidence was lower than other surveillance data in the same period in China; carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli was at a low level during this surveillance, while carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is on the rise.
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In December 2019, COVID-19 broke out in Wuhan, China. The disease is highly contagious and quickly spreads at home and abroad, causing great concern. However, there are no definite effective antiviral drugs in clinic. Given the urgency of the COVID-19 outbreak, based on the diagnosis and treatment recommendation and previous researches, this review describes the optional antiviral drugs such as remdesivir, oseltamivir, Arbidol, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, and interferon-α to provide a reference for the infection therapy.
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In December 2019, the endemic of COVID-19 broke out in Wuhan, China. The disease is highly contagious and quickly spreads at home and abroad, causing great concern. However, there are no definite effective antiviral drugs in clinical use. Given the urgency of the COVID-19 outbreak, based on the diagnosis and treatment recommendation and relavant researches, this article describes the optional antiviral drugs such as remdesivir, oseltamivir, arbidol, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, and interferon-α to provide a reference for treatment of COVID-19.
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Objective:To compare the antibacterial activity of domestic and branded tigecycline with in vitro pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) model. Methods:The in vitro PK automatic simulation system PASS400 was used to simulate different doses of tigecycline administration regimen (100 mg, 1 time/d; 50 mg, 12 h/d; 100 mg, 12 h/d), and to observe domestic and imported tigecycline time sterilization curve and related pharmacodynamic parameters of the drug against the standard strain of Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC BAA-1706) and the clinical strain of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB-16703). The GraphPad Prism 7 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Results:Under the condition of simulating different doses of PK, domestic and original tigecycline had similar antibacterial effects, but both showed weak antibacterial effects. The time sterilization curves of the two were almost overlapped, and the maximum sterilization amount was less than 2 log. Within 24 h, the bacteria all recovered to the growth plateau. In the comparison of PD parameters, the original and domestic tigecycline (100 mg, 1 time/12 h) had the maximum bactericidal doses of (-1.101±0.147) lg CFU/mL and (-1.105±0.208) lg CFU/mL for Escherichia coli ATCC25922; the maximum bactericidal capacity for Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC BAA-1706 was (-1.999±0.187) lg CFU/mL and (-1.865±0.066) lg CFU/mL; the maximum bactericidal capacity for Acinetobacter baumannii AB-16703 was (-0.240±0.209) lg CFU/mL and (-0.230±0.187) lg CFU/mL. Under different dosage regimens, the maximum sterilization amount against the three bacteria, the time required for the bacteria to regenerate to the initial amount, the 24 h bacterial reduction, and the difference between the area of the sterilization and recovery growth curve and the blank control curve were all not statistical significant between the two drugs ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Tigecycline cannot show good antibacterial activity under the conditions of simulating human drug metabolism in vitro. The original branded tigecycline and domestic tigecycline have similar in vitro PK/PD effects.
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Objective:To explore the influencing factors of the long-term quality of life(QOL).Methods:According to the standard of diagnosis of primary lung cancer, a total of 74 patients with primary lung cancer were included in the study, who were first diagnosed by pathology and /or cytology and /or clinic from 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2016 in Tangshan Third Hospital, Heibei Province, and whose data were analyzed retrospectively.The Chinese version of FACT-L (4.0) QOL questionnaire was used to evaluate the QOL in 74 patients with primary lung cancer who survived more than three years.Multivariate regression statistical method was used to analyze the main influencing factors.Results:All patients with long-term survival lung cancer were treated by operation, their average QOL score was ( 126.62±13.29). Age, type of medical insurance and clinical stage had significant influence on QOL ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total QOL scores between<50-year-old group(138.18±13.92) and ≥50-<60-year-old group(138.18±13.92, 137.04±12.82)(all P>0.05), but they were higher than that in ≥60-year-old group (115.28 ±13.11) (all P<0.05). The QOL of residents′ medical insurance patients (117.92 ±13.13) was lower than that of employees′ medical insurance patients (142.69±13.07) ( t=10.849, P=0.002). The QOL scores of stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ (140.34 ±12.88, 133.31±12.07) had no significant difference, but which were higher than that of stage III (96.84 ±13.46) ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Patients with long-term survival lung cancer after surgery could maintain a better QOL by early detection, timely surgery and constantly improving the medical security system to reduce the financial burden of patients.
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The guideline for diagnosis and treatment of adult community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (2007 edition) jointly formulated by the Infectious Diseases Society of America ( IDSA) and the American Thoracic Society ( ATS) has a great impact on the clinical management for CAP in China.In October 2019, the two societies revised and updated the guide again.Compared with the 2007 guideline, the new guideline is more concise ; some contents were deleted and some contents have been updated.The main updated points are obvious changes in the compiling mode , the reduced recommendation intensity for macrolides in CAP treatment ,and more emphasizing the relevance of diagnosis and treatment activities to the clinical practice.
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Objective To analyze the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture in China.Methods Clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from participating hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistance Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) during January 2014 to December 2015 were collected.Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted with agar dilution or broth dilution methods as recommended by US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)2018.The data were analyzed with Whonet 5.6 software.Results During the study period,4 801 clinical bacterial isolates were collected from 26 hospitals,of which 1 798 (37.5%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 3 003 (62.5%) were gram-negative bacteria.The top 10 isolates were Escherichia coli (33.8%),coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (19.0%),Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.9%),Staphylococcus aureus (10.1%),Acinetobacter baumannii (4.0%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.8%),Streptococcus (3.0%),Enterobacter sulcus (2.9%),Enterococcus faecium (2.8%) and Enterococcus faecalis (1.8%).Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillinresistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS) accounted for 33.9% (165/487) and 56.9% (520/913) of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus respectively.No vancomycinresistant Staphylococcus was detected.The resistance rate of Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin was 0.7% (1/135),and no vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecaliss was detected.The positive rates of extendedspectrum β-1actamases(ESBLs)-producing Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus were 56.9% (923/1 621),30.1% (172/572) and 29.2% (7/24),respectively.The positive rates of carbapenemresistant Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Enterobacter,Salmonella and Citrobacter were 1.2% (20/1 621),7.2% (41/572),4.3% (6/141),1.5% (1/67) and 2.9% (1/34),respectively.The resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii to polymyxin and tegacycline were 2.6% (5/190) and 8.9% (17/190)respectively,and that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to polymyxin and fosfomycin were 1.1% (2/183)and 0.6% (1/183),respectively.Conclusions The surveillance results from 2014 to 2015 show that the main pathogens of blood stream infection in China are Gram-negative bacteria,while Escherichia coli is the most common pathogen,the detection rate of MRSA is lower than other surveillance data in the same period in China;carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli are at a low level as shown in this surveillance.
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Objective To analyze the changes of serum markers of liver function and liver fibrosis in patients with fatty liver,and to explore the relationship between them,so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of fatty liver into hepatic fibrosis. Methods From January 1st,2015 to December 31st, 2015,one thousand three hundred and forty-six healthy cases were selected,and 361 cases of fatty liver were diagnosed by ultrasound. Liver function index of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. Hyaluronic acid (HA),laminin (LN),serum type Ⅲprocollagen peptide ( PC Ⅲ) and type Ⅳ collagen ( C-Ⅳ) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The correlation between liver function and serum liver fibrosis indexes was analyzed by Pearson parameter analysis. Results The liver function index ALT,AST((69. 04±18. 72) U/L,(59. 78±15. 65)U/L) in fatty liver group were higher than those in the non-fatty liver group((25. 71±10. 25) U/L,(23. 68±8. 23) U/L),the differences were statistically significant ( t=279. 283,388. 461,P<0. 05) . Four serum fibrosis index HA,LN, PCⅢ,C-Ⅳ in the fatty liver group were (112. 64±21. 63) μg/L,(125. 85±27. 52) μg/L,(127. 28±29. 37) μg/L,(79. 38±18. 52) μg/L,respectively,which were higher than those in the non-fatty liver group ( (53. 98 ±16. 84) μg/L,(86. 31±20. 46) μg/L,(53. 31±18. 23) μg/L,(57. 26±15. 86 ) μg/L),the differences were statistically significant ( t=727. 724,170. 432,941. 357,71. 169,P<0. 001) . The correlation analysis of liver function and serum liver fibrosis indexes showed that ALT and AST were positively correlated with the fibrosis indexes HA,LN,PCⅢ( correlation coefficient r=0. 230,0. 119,0. 370;0. 363,0. 361,0. 509,P<0. 001),and which had no significant correlation with C-Ⅳ(P>0. 05). Conclusion Liver function and serum liver fibrosis index can be used as the important basis for monitoring and diagnosis on the progression of fatty liver disease.
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Objective To analyze the prevalence of fatty liver in male patients and to explore the risk factors of the disease,so as to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of fatty liver in male patients.Methods A total of one thousand seven hundred and eight male patients with physical examination in 2016 in Tangshan Third Hospital were selected, and 488 cases of fatty liver were diagnosed by ultrasonography.The prevalence of fatty liver in male patients with different characteristics was analyzed,the difference of blood biochemical indexes between fatty liver and non fatty liver groups was compared,and the non-conditional logistic regression model was used to explore the risk factors affecting the prevalence of fatty liver in males.Results The prevalence rate of fatty liver in males was 28.6%(488/1708).The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the individual characteristics(age,BMI,smoking,drinking)and biochemical indexes(FPG,TC,TG,HDL-C,LDL-C)had significant effects on the prevalence of fatty liver in male patients(P<0.05).The prevalence rate of fatty liver increased with age(χ2=77.321,P<0.05),the prevalence rates of<40 years old,≥40 years-<50 years,≥50 years-<60 years,above 60 years were 14.9%(68/488),25.0%(80/488),32.7%(132/488),39.4%(208/488)respectively.Overweight,obesity,smoking and drinking increased the risk of fatty liver disease,and the OR values were 3.173,4.175,2.401 and 3.249 respectively.The biochemical indexes FPG,TC,TG,LDL-C in the fatty liver group((7.61 ± 2.85)mmol/L, (6.55±1.52)mmol/L,(1.97±0.68)mmol/L,(3.18±0.93)mmol/L)were higher than those in the non fatty liver group((5.17 ±1.37)mmol/L,(5.49 ± 1.46)mmol/L,(1.47 ± 0.71)mmol/L,(2.86 ± 0.81)mmol/L),the differences were statistically significant(t=580.648,220.727,176.356,33.596,P<0.05),HDL-C was lower than that in non fatty liver group((1.18 ± 0.38)mmol/L vs.(1.29 ± 0.41)mmol/L,t =42.261,P<0.05).Conclusion The prevalence of male fatty liver was higher.Age,obesity,smoking,alcohol consumption, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism disorder were closely related to the occurrence of fatty liver in male.
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Objective Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections is becoming a major challenge to clinicians, which resulted in extremely high mortality owing to the limited antibiotics option.It is urgently to explore strategies to manage such bacterial infections.So far,the research is mainly focused on the research and development of new drugs,as well as the re-evaluation of classic antimicrobial drugs and the combined treatment regimens.Tigecycline is available in our country,but the clinical effect is still doubtful.Polymyxin has a good effect on drug sensitivity test in vitro,but the clinical dosing has not been established.Carbapenems combining with other drugs as optimizing treatment program is also being explored.Carbapenemase-inhibitor combination has not yet listed on Chinese market.In the mean time,it is urgent to prevent and to control carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacterial infection.