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ObjectiveTo explore the effect of Buzhong Yiqitang on the immune imbalance of helper T cell 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cell (Treg) and Notch1 signaling pathway in mice with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). MethodA total of 60 8-week-old NOD.H-2h4 mice were randomly divided into the normal group, model group, western medicine group (selenium yeast tablet, 32.5 mg·kg-1), and low-dose (4.78 g·kg-1·d-1), middle-dose (9.56 g·kg-1·d-1), and high-dose (19 g·kg-1·d-1) Buzhong Yiqitang groups, with 10 mice in each group. The normal group was fed with distilled water, and the other groups were fed with water containing 0.05% sodium iodide for eight weeks. After the animal model of AIT was formed spontaneously, the mice were killed under anesthesia after intragastric administration for eight weeks. Serum anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TGAb), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroid hormone (FT4) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and thyroid tissue changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The mRNA and protein expressions of retinoid-related orphan receptor-γt (RORγt), interleukin (IL)-17, forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), IL-10, Notch1, and hair division-related enhancer 1 (Hes1) in thyroid tissue were detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) and Western blot, respectively. ResultCompared with the normal group, the thyroid structure of the model group was severely damaged, and lymphocytes were infiltrated obviously. The levels of serum TGAb, FT3, and FT4 contents were significantly increased, and TSH content was significantly decreased (P<0.01). The mRNA and protein expression levels of RORγt, IL-17, Notch1, and Hes1 were significantly increased, while those of FoxP3 and IL10 were significantly decreased in the model group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, thyroid structural damage and lymphocyte infiltration were improved in the treatment groups, and serum TGAb, FT3, and FT4 contents were significantly decreased. TSH content was increased, and mRNA and protein expression levels of RORγt, IL-17, Notch1, and Hes1 were decreased. mRNA and protein expression levels of FoxP3 and IL-10 were increased to different degrees (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the middle-dose Buzhong Yiqitang group had the most significant intervention effect. ConclusionBuzhong Yiqitang can alleviate the thyroid structural damage in AIT mice, and its mechanism may be related to improving the abnormal differentiation of Th17/Treg immune cells and inhibiting the activation of the Notch1 signaling pathway.
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ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Buzhong Yiqitang on pyroptosis in autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) mice based on the NOD-like receptor hot protein domain related protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1(Caspase-1)/Gasdermin D (GSDMD) pathway. MethodSixty NOD.H-2h4 mice were divided into normal group, model group, low, medium, and high dose groups (4.10, 8.19, 16.38 g·kg-1)of Buzhong Yiqitang, and selenium yeast tablet group (0.26 mg·kg-1), with 10 mice in each group. Except for the normal group, all other groups were given 0.05% NaI by gavage for eight weeks to establish a model and then received the drug treatment for eight weeks. The serum levels of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes in mouse thyroid tissue. The immunohistochemical method was used to detect the protein expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18. Western blot was used to detect the levels of pyroptosis-related proteins in thyroid tissue. ResultCompared with the normal group, the serum levels of TPO-Ab and TgAb in the model group were significantly increased (P<0.01). Thyroid follicles either increased in a cubic shape or were damaged and atrophied, with a large number of lymphocytes infiltrating around the follicles. Compared with the model group, the levels of TPO-Ab and TgAb in other groups were significantly reduced (P<0.01), and the morphology and structure of follicles were improved. The degree of lymphocyte infiltration was reduced. Among them, the medium dose group of Buzhong Yiqitang had the most significant reduction and improvement effect. Compared with the normal group, the positive products and mRNA expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 proteins in the thyroid tissue of the model group significantly increased (P<0.01), and the protein expression levels of NLRP3, cleaved Caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and GSDMD-N were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the positive products and mRNA expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 proteins in other groups were significantly reduced (P<0.05, P<0.01), with the most significant reduction effect in the medium dose group of Buzhong Yiqitang. The protein expression levels of NLRP3, cleaved Caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and GSDMD-N were significantly reduced (P<0.05, P<0.01). ConclusionBuzhong Yiqitang can improve AIT, and its mechanism may be achieved by regulating the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway to inhibit pyroptosis.
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ObjectiveTo screen out the transcriptomes related to the intervention of Wuzi Yanzongwan on the spermatogenic function of semi-castrated male mice, and to explore its potential mechanism in the intervention of the progress of low spermatogenic function. MethodBalb/c mice were randomly divided into sham-operated group, model group, testosterone propionate group(0.2 mg·kg-1·d-1, intramuscular injection) and Wuzi Yanzongwan group(1.56 g·kg-1·d-1, intragastric administration) according to body weight, with 12 mice in each group. The right testicle and epididymis were extracted from the model group and the drug administration group to construct the semi-castrated model of low spermatogenic function, while the fur and the right scrotum of the sham-operated group were only cut and immediately sterilized and sutured. At the end of the intervention, hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the histopathology of testis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the levels of serum testosterone(T), luteinizing hormone(LH) and follicle stimulating hormone(FSH). The sperm count and motility of epididymis were measured by automatic sperm detector of small animal. Transcriptomic microarray technology was used to detect the mRNA expression level of testicular tissue in each group, the transcriptome of genes related to the regulation of Wuzi Yanzongwan was screened, and three mRNAs were selected for Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(Real-time PCR) to verify the transcriptome data. Through the annotation analysis of Gene Ontology(GO) and the signaling pathway analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG), the related functions of drugs regulating transcriptome were analyzed. ResultCompared with the sham-operated group, the testicular tissue of mice in the model group showed spermatogenic injury, contraction and vacuolization of the seminiferous tubules, reduction of spermatogenic cells at all levels, widening of the interstitial space, obstruction of spermatogonial cell development and other morphological abnormalities, and serum T significantly decreased, LH significantly increased(P<0.01), and FSH elevated but no statistically significant difference, the count and vitality of epididymal sperm significantly decreased(P<0.01). There were 882 differentially expressed mRNAs in the testicular tissues, of which 565 were up-regulated and 317 were down-regulated. Cluster analysis showed that these differentially expressed mRNA could effectively distinguish between the sham-operated group and the model group. Compared with the model group, the damage to testicular tissue in the Wuzi Yanzongwan group was reduced, the structure of the seminiferous tubules was intact, vacuolization was reduced, and the number of spermatogenic cells at all levels was significantly increased and arranged tightly. The serum T significantly increased, LH significantly decreased(P<0.01), and FSH decreased but the difference was not statistically significant. The count and vitality of sperm in the epididymis were significantly increased(P<0.01). Moreover, Wuzi Yanzongwan could regulate 159 mRNA levels in the testes of semi-castrated mice, of which 32 were up-regulated and 127 were down-regulated, and the data of the transcriptome assay was verified to be reliable by Real-time PCR. GO and KEGG analysis showed that the transcriptome functions regulated by Wuzi Yanzongwan were involved in the whole cell cycle process of sperm development such as sex hormone production of interstitial cells in testis, renewal, differentiation, metabolism, apoptosis and signal transduction of spermatogenic cells, and were closely related to the biological behaviors of signaling pathways such as spermatogenic stem cell function, endoplasmic reticulum protein processing and metabolic program. ConclusionWuzi Yanzongwan can effectively improve the low spermatogenic function of semi-castrated male mice, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of testicular transcriptional regulatory network, the synthesis of sex hormones in testicular interstitial cells, the function of spermatogenic stem cells, the whole cell cycle process of spermatogenesis, as well as the expression of endoplasmic reticulum protein processing and metabolic program related genes transcription.
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The chloroplast genome encodes many key proteins involved in photosynthesis and other metabolic processes, and metabolites synthesized in chloroplasts are essential for normal plant growth and development. Root-UVB (ultraviolet radiation B)-sensitive (RUS) family proteins composed of highly conserved DUF647 domain belong to chloroplast proteins. They play an important role in the regulation of various life activities such as plant morphogenesis, material transport and energy metabolism. This article summarizes the recent advances of the RUS family proteins in the growth and development of plants such as embryonic development, photomorphological construction, VB6 homeostasis, auxin transport and anther development, with the aim to facilitate further study of its molecular regulation mechanism in plant growth and development.
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Female , Pregnancy , Humans , Ultraviolet Rays , Biological Transport , Chloroplasts/genetics , Embryonic Development , Plant Development/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective To formulate a scientific and standardized follow-up checklist for postoperative patients with cervical cancer,and provide a scientific tool to support the follow-up work.Methods The first draft of the follow-up checklist was constructed through literature review and semi-structured interviews,and the final draft of the follow-up checklist was formed by conducting 2 rounds of correspondence with experts using the Delphi method from October to December 2022,screening experts'opinions and revising and improving the checklist.The convenience sampling method was adopted to select 8 nurses and 15 patients with cervical cancer after surgery from a tertiary A hospital in Liaoning Province from February to March 2023 as the research subjects.The nurses made telephone follow-up visits to the patients with the postoperative follow-up list and evaluated the follow-up list.Results The positive coefficients of the experts in the 2 rounds of correspondence were 88.89%and 100%,respectively;the authoritative coefficients were 0.88 and 0.89,respectively;the Kendal harmony coefficient of the primary,secondary and tertiary indicators were 0.177,0.245 and 0.179 in the first round and 0.170,0.118 and 0.107 in the second round,respectively(P<0.05).The final follow-up checklist for postoperative patients with cervical cancer included 4 primary indicators of physical and daily life support,information support,psychological support,and social support,12 secondary indicators,and 45 tertiary indicators.Both nurses and patients believed that the follow-up list was comprehensive with strong professional and clinical practicability.Conclusion The follow-up checklist is reasonable in structure,comprehensive in content,and reliable,specialized and practical,which can provide a scientific and standardized tool to support post-discharge follow-up of patients with cervical cancer.
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ObjectiveTo explore the antidepressant effect of Sophora flavescens seed extract and its molecular mechanism. MethodA mouse depression model was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide(LPS), and normal group, model group, fluoxetine group(2.5 mg·kg-1), and S. flavescens seed low, medium and high dose groups(200, 400, 800 mg·kg-1) were set up for 7 d of consecutive gavage. Then the antidepressant effect of S. flavescens seed extract was evaluated by using open field test, elevated plus maze test and forced swimming test. Pathological morphological changes in the hippocampal tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. Protein expression levels of G1/S-specific cyclin D1(Cyclin D1), Wnt1, β-catenin and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β(p-GSK-3β) in mouse brain tissues were detected by Western blot. Hippocampal cell apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate(dUTP) nick end labeling(TUNEL). ResultThe results of mouse behavioral experiments showed that compared with the normal group, the speed of movement in the open field and the distance of movement in the central area of the open field, and the time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze were significantly reduced in the model group(P<0.01), while immobility time in the forced swimming test was significantly increased(P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the S. flavescens seed medium and high dose groups had increased speed of movement in the open field test and time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze test(P<0.05, P<0.01), and decreased immobility time in the forced swimming test(P<0.05), the distance of movement in the central area of the open field test increased in the high dose group(P<0.05). HE staining results showed that compared with the normal group, the hippocampal neuron structure of mice in the model group was damaged. Compared with the model group, after treatment of S. flavescens seed extract, the pathological state of the mouse hippocampal neuron structure was alleviated, and the neurons increased, were neatly arranged, and the cytoplasm was clear. Western blot results showed that the protein expression levels of Wnt1 and β-catenin in mouse brain tissue were significantly decreased(P<0.01), while the protein expression levels of Cyclin D1 and p-GSK-3β were significantly increased(P<0.01) after LPS injection. Compared with the model group, protein expression levels of Wnt1 and β-catenin in brain tissue of S. flavescens seed medium and high dose groups were significantly increased(P<0.01), while the protein expression levels of Cyclin D1 and p-GSK-3β were significantly decreased(P<0.01). TUNEL staining results showed that the hippocampal cell apoptosis rate in the model group was significantly increased compared with that of the normal group(P<0.01), while the hippocampal cell apoptosis rate in the S. flavescens seed medium and high dose groups was significantly decreased compared with that of the model group(P<0.01). ConclusionS. flavescens seed extract can effectively improve the severity of depression in LPS-induced depressed mice, and its molecular mechanism is related to the regulation of neuroinflammation and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis mediated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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ObjectiveTo develop a quality control method for the simultaneous determination of multiple active components in Nymphaeae Flos aiming at the problems of the single index for quality control and the relatively low overall quality control level. MethodUltra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)was used to identify and select the index components for quality control with the mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution(A)-acetonitrile(B)for gradient elution (0-2 min, 3%-8%B; 2-4 min, 8%-10%B; 4-13 min, 10%-15%B; 13-19 min, 15%-20%B; 19-26 min, 20%-45%B) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL·min-1, detection wavelength of 350 nm, electrospray ionization(ESI), negative ion scanning mode, ion source temperature of 120 ℃, scanning range of m/z 100-1 200, transmit collision energy of 6 eV for low-energy scanning and 25-50 eV for high-energy scanning. High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was used to establish the quality control method for the simultaneous determination of multi-index components with the mobile phase of 0.2% phosphoric acid aqueous solution(A)-acetonitrile(B) for gradient elution(0-30 min, 12%-15%B; 30-60 min, 15%-22%B; 60-90 min, 22%-40%B)and detection wavelength of 350 nm. The preparation method of the test solution for content determination was refluxing extraction for 60 min with 80 times the amount of 70% methanol. ResultBy comparing the retention time, ultraviolet absorption characteristics, MS and MS/MS spectrometric signals in the samples with the reference substances, 8 active components with high contents, including brevifolincarboxylic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, nicotiflorin, astragalin, quercetin, quercetin-3-methylether and kaempferol, were identified qualitatively from Nymphaeae Flos, which were selected as the index components for quality control. Under the established HPLC conditions, the above 8 components could be well separated(resolution>1.5), and showed good linearity(r=0.999 9)between the concentration ranges of 1.99-99.6, 1.76-176, 1.52-75.8, 3.60-180, 0.964-96.4, 1.18-118, 1.94-96.8, 1.04-104 mg·L-1 and the peak areas, respectively. The detection limits of them were 10-49 μg·L-1, and the limits of quantitation were 34-164 μg·L-1. The average recoveries were 97.12%-103.1% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.1%-2.2%. ConclusionA quality control method for simultaneous determination of the multiple active components in Nymphaeae Flos have been developed, which is simple, accurate and reproducible, and it can provide a scientific basis for the formulation of quality standard of this herb and lay a research foundation for the transformation of Uygur hospital preparations containing Nymphaeae Flos into new drugs.
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ObjectiveTo determine the mechanism of Yitangkang in correcting excessive apoptosis of skeletal muscle cells to improve insulin resistance (IR) by inhibiting the advanced glycation end product (AGE)/receptor for the advanced glycation end product (RAGE) signaling pathway. Method① In vitro experiments. Yitangkang-medicated serum was prepared. C2C12 cells were divided into a blank group, a model group, high-, medium-, and low-dose Yitangkang-medicated serum groups (40, 20, and 10 g·kg-1), and a RAGE inhibitor group. The IR model was induced by palmitic acid in C2C12 cells except for those in the blank group. After the corresponding intervention methods were conducted,the cell viability and glucose consumption level of each group were determined. In addition,the apoptosis rate was determined using flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the important apoptotic proteins [B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), p53, cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-3 (Caspase-3), and cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-9 (Caspase-9)] were determined using Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) and Western blot. ② In vivo experiments. Ninety-six eligible Wistar rats were divided into a blank group, a model group, high-,medium-,and low-dose Yitangkang groups (40, 20, and 10 g·kg-1), and a western medicine group (pioglitazone hydrochloride,1.35 mg·kg-1). The IR model was induced using high-glucose and high-fat feed for diabetes combined with intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) in animals and verified by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC) test. After the model was determined successfully, the rats in each group were given intragastric administration of drugs as required. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to determine the number of positive apoptotic cells in the skeletal muscle tissues of rats in each group,while Real-time polymerase chain reaction(Real-time PCR) and Western blot were performed to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of the important apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bax, p53, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9. Result① In vitro experiments. compared with the blank group, the model groups showed increased apoptosis rate of C2C12 cells and decreased cell viability and glucose consumption (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the Yitangkang-medicated serum groups and the RAGE inhibitor group showed decreased apoptosis rate of C2C12 cells and increased cell viability and glucose consumption (P<0.01). Compared with the blank group, the model group showed decreased expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein in C2C12 cells and increased mRNA and protein expression levels of Bax, p53, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the Yitangkang-medicated serum groups and the RAGE inhibitor group showed increased expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein in C2C12 cells (P<0.01) and decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of Bax, p53, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 (P<0.05, P<0.01). ② In vivo experiments. The number of positive apoptotic cells in the skeletal muscle tissues of rats in the model group significantly increased as compared with that in the blank group (P<0.01). The number of positive apoptotic cells in the skeletal muscle tissues of rats in the Yitangkang groups and the western medicine group decreased as compared with that in the model group (P<0.01). Compared with the blank group, the model group showed decreased expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein in skeletal muscle tissues of rats and increased mRNA and protein expression levels of Bax, p53, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the Yitangkang groups and the western medicine group showed increased expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein in skeletal muscle tissues of rats (P<0.01) and decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of Bax, p53, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 (P<0.05, P<0.01). The medium-dose Yitangkang showed a similar effect as RAGE inhibitor, and the effect was equivalent to that of pioglitazone hydrochloride. ConclusionYitangkang can inhibit skeletal muscle cell apoptosis by inhibiting the AGE/RAGE signaling pathway.
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A case of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia type 1 (FHH1) was reported detailing the course of diagnosis and treatment. The main clinical manifestations of the patient were recurrent pancreatitis with moderate hypercalcemia and low urinary calcium. The C→T heterozygous missense mutation at nucleotide 2 393 with conversion of codon Pro798 to Leu (p.P155L) in CaSR gene was identified. Serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels of the patient were decreased significantly after treatment with cinacalcet.
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The cultivation and production of cucumber are seriously affected by downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Downy mildew damages leaves, stems and inflorescences, and then reduces the yield and quality of cucumber. This review summarized the research advances in cucumber downy mildew, including pathogen detection and defense pathways, regulatory factors, mining of pathogens-resistant candidate genes, proteomic and genomic analysis, and development of QTL remarks. This review may facilitate clarifying the resistance mechanisms of cucumber to downy mildew.
Subject(s)
Cucumis sativus/genetics , Oomycetes/genetics , Peronospora , Plant Diseases/genetics , ProteomicsABSTRACT
Anthocyanins are widely distributed water-soluble pigments that not only give the fruit colorful appearances, but also are important sources of natural edible pigments. In recent years, the interest on anthocyanins of solanaceous vegetables is increasing. This paper summarized the structure of anthocyanins and its biosynthetic pathway, the structural genes and regulatory genes involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in solanaceous vegetables, as well as the environmental factors affecting the biosynthesis. This review may help clarify the synthesis and regulation mechanism of anthocyanins in solanaceous vegetables and make better use of anthocyanins for quality breeding of fruit colors.
Subject(s)
Anthocyanins/metabolism , Fruit/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Plant Breeding , Vegetables/geneticsABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo determine the influence of Buzhong Yiqitang on miRNA expression in thyroid tissues of mice with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). MethodThirty female 8-week-old NOD.H-2h4 mice were randomly assigned into normal control group, model group, and Buzhong Yiqitang group (BG), 10 in each group. Mice were subjected to a diet containing 0.05% sodium iodide for 8 weeks to build the AIT mouse model. After 8 weeks of administration (ig), samples were collected. A thyroid biopsy was performed on each group of mice, and differential miRNAs in thyroid tissues from each group of mice were analyzed based on experimental validation and bioinformatics. ResultCompared with the conditions of normal control group, thyroid lymphocytes had significant inflammatory infiltration, and there was an increase in serum TgAb level and interleukin(IL)-6 and IL-17 expression and a decrease in IL-1β expression in mice of the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01). In addition, 154 differentially expressed miRNAs were found. Compared with the conditions of model group, the degree of thyroid tissue inflammation was alleviated, and serum TgAb level, and IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 expression of mice treated with the Buzhong Yiqitang were reduced (P<0.05, P<0.01). Additionally, 112 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in the BG group. Validation using real-time polymerase chain reaction(Real-time PCR) showed the same trend for miR-326-3p, miR-128-3p, miR-223-5p, miR-141-3p, miR-871-3p, and miR-204-3p as that obtained from miRNA sequencing. In particular, gene ontology(GO) functions were enriched for regulation of T cell activation, oxidative stress, and miRNA binding. Pathways identified by Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)database tended to be enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) signaling pathways. Based on miRNA prediction differences, three key genes were identified: SMAD3, JAK2, and STAT3. ConclusionBushong Yiqitang might treat autoimmune thyroiditis by regulating 6 miRNAs.
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Objective:Using 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24h-UNa) as the surrogate measure of sodium intake, to evaluate the joint association of 24h-UNa and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) levels with the risk of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods:This retrospective study included 670 hospitalized T2DM cases in the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2018 to October 2021. Patients were divided into the albuminuria-positive group or negative-group according to the level of 24-hour urinary albumin excretion (24h-UAE); They were also divided into the high-sodium group or low-sodium group according to the level of 24h-UNa; Patients were divided into the low-VD group or high-VD group according to the level of 25-OHD. Combining 24h-UNa and 25-OHD, the patients were further divided into four groups: high-VD low-sodium group ( n=85), high-VD high-sodium group ( n=122), low-VD low-sodium group ( n=248), and low-VD high-sodium group ( n=215). The effect of 24h-UNa and 25-OHD association on albuminuria was analyzed by binary regression. Results:There were significant differences in 24h-UAE level among the four groups ( P<0.01), the level of 24h-UAE in the low-VD high-sodium group was significantly higher than that in low-VD low-sodium group, high-VD low-sodium group, and high-VD high-sodium group [39.00(13.00, 319.00)mg/24 h vs 22.00(10.00, 99.00)mg/24 h, 22.00(9.00, 72.50)mg/24 h, 22.45(9.69, 72.75)mg/24 h; P=0.047, P=0.019, P=0.030]. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between 24h-UNa and 24h-UAE in the low-VD group ( P=0.017), but not in the high-VD group ( P=0.411). Binary regression analyses showed that both 24h-UNa ( P=0.017) and 25-OHD( P=0.023) were independent risk factors for positive albuminuria in patients with T2DM. The risk of positive albuminuria in the low-VD high-sodium group was 1.789 times higher than that in the high-VD low-sodium group ( P=0.037). Conclusion:24h-UAE in T2DM patients was affected by the combination of 24h-UNa and 25-OHD. A low level of 25-OHD increased the risk of albuminuria in high sodium intake T2DM patients.
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Flowering is a critical transitional stage during plant growth and development, and is closely related to seed production and crop yield. The flowering transition is regulated by complex genetic networks, whereas many flowering-related genes generate multiple transcripts through alternative splicing to regulate flowering time. This paper summarizes the molecular mechanisms of alternative splicing in regulating plant flowering from several perspectives, future research directions are also envisioned.
Subject(s)
Alternative Splicing/genetics , Arabidopsis/metabolism , Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics , Flowers/geneticsABSTRACT
To explore the function of a heat shock transcription factor gene (HSFB1) and its promoter in Amorphophallus, a 1 365 bp DNA sequence was obtained by homologous cloning from Amorphophallus albus. The gene expression level of AaHSFB1 determined by qRT-PCR indicated that AaHSFB1 gene is more sensitive to heat stress. The expression level of AaHSFB1 in roots increased followed by a decrease upon heat treatment, and the highest expression level was observed after heat treatment for 1 h. The expression level of AaHSFB1 in leaves reached the highest after heat treatment for 12 h. The expression level in bulbs did not change greatly during the heat treatment. Subcellular localization analysis showed that AaHSFB1 protein was localized in the nucleus. A 1 509 bp DNA sequence which contains the AaHSFB1 promoter was obtained by FPNI-PCR method. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the promoter contained heat stress response elements HSE and a plurality of cis-acting elements related to plant development and stress response. A prAaHSFB1::GUS fusion expression vector was constructed to further analyze the function of AaHSFB1 promoter. The expression vector was transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated method, and GUS staining analysis on transgenic plants after heat treatment was performed. The results showed that AaHSFB1 promoter had very high activity in the leaves. Therefore, we speculate that AaHSFB1 may play an important role in the stress resistance of A. albus, especially when encountering heat stress.
Subject(s)
Amorphophallus/metabolism , Arabidopsis/genetics , Cloning, Molecular , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Plants, Genetically Modified/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective:To study whether the excitability of facial nerve motor nucleus is increased in patients with facial spasm to further study the mechanism of facial spasm.Methods:Thirty patients with HFS underwent MVD in our hospital from April 2018 and March 2019 were chosen in our study. The amplitude and threshold voltage of facial nerve motor evoked potential (FNMEP) of the affected side and healthy side were monitored and compared by using monopulse stimulation and multi-pulse stimulation. The changes of FNMEP amplitude in patients before and after sevoflurane inhalation were monitored.Results:Stable facial motor evoked potential could be stimulated by monopulse in 26 patients (89.7%) on the affected side, while only 5 patients (17.2%) on the healthy side, showing statistical difference between the two sides ( P<0.05); there was no significant difference in FNMEP amplitude between the affected side and the healthy side ([207.2±62.1] μV vs. [180.2±55.0] μV, P>0.05); the average threshold voltage of neuromotor evoked potential on the affected side was (140.3±26.8) V, which was significantly lower than that in the healthy side ([177.0±23.2] V, P<0.05). The amplitude of FNMEP on the affected side was (207.2±62.1) μV, (133.0±36.5) μV, and (70.4±40.2) μV, respectively, before sevoflurane inhalation, and at 0.5 fold of minimun alveolar concentration (MAC) and 1.0 fold of MAC concentrations, with significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusion:In patients with hemifacial spasm, there is increased excitability of facial nerve motor nucleus on the affected side, which to a certain extent supports the central theory of hemifacial spasm pathogenesis.
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The research on relation between cancer and adaptive immunity is developing in depth. One of its signs is to optimize the key molecules and their pathways for regulating adaptive immunity through high-throughput molecular bioinformatics analysis. Based on the fact that cancer is an uncontrolled inflammation, adaptive immune-related cells are the main members driving the development of controllable inflammation to non-controllable inflammation, and the research on its molecular regulatory mechanism is a hot topic nowadays. Based on the in-depth sequencing database and bioinformatics analysis of the non-controllable growth (malignant transformation) of these adaptive immune-related cells, the research progress of Toll-like receptors and chemokines is summarized as follows.
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Lysine acetylation is one of the major post-translational modifications and plays critical roles in regulating gene expression and protein function. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are responsible for the removal of acetyl groups from the lysines of both histone and non-histone proteins. The RPD3 family is the most widely studied HDACs. This article summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of Arabidopsis RPD3 family in several growth and development processes, which provide a reference for studying the mechanisms of RPD3 family members in regulating plant development. Moreover, this review may provide ideas and clues for exploring the functions of other members of HDACs family.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis/metabolism , Histone Deacetylases/metabolism , Histones , Plant Development/geneticsABSTRACT
WRKY transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcription factors in higher plants and involved in regulating multiple and complex growth and development processes in plants. WRKY12 is a typical member of WRKY family. This article summarizes recent research progresses on the regulatory mechanism of WRKY12 in multiple growth and development processes, and analyzes the functional differences between WRKY12 and WRKY13. It provides a useful reference for further studying the molecular mechanism of WRKY12 in plant complex developments. It also provides clearer research ideas and reference strategies for exploring the self-regulation of other WRKY member and the mutual regulatory relationships between different WRKY family genes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Phylogeny , Plant Development/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Plants/metabolism , Stress, Physiological , Transcription Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
Based on observing the cytological characteristics of the flower buds of the functional male sterile line (S13) and the fertile line (F142) in eggplant, it was found that the disintegration period of the annular cell clusters in S13 anther was 2 days later than that of F142, and the cells of stomiun tissue and tapetum in F142 disintegrated on the blooming day, while it did not happen in S13. The comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that there were 1 436 differential expression genes (DEGs) (651 up-regulated and 785 down-regulated) in anthers of F142 and S13 at 8, 5 days before flowering and flowering day. The significance analysis of GO enrichment indicated that there were more unigene clusters involved in single cell biological process, metabolism process and cell process, and more catalytic activity and binding function were involved in molecular functions. Through KEGG annotation we found that the common DEGs were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, metabolic pathway, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, biosynthesis of amino acids, carbon metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction. The fifteen genes co-expression modules were identified from 16 465 selected genes by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), three of which (Plum2, Royalblue and Bisque4 modules) were highly related to S13 during flower development. KEGG enrichment showed that the specific modules could be enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, polysaccharide biosynthesis and metabolism, fatty acid degradation and the mutual transformation of pentose and glucuronic acid. These genes might play important roles during flower development of S13. It provided a reference for further study on the mechanism of anther dehiscence in eggplant.