ABSTRACT
Cancer is a severe threat to human life and health.The over-activation of oncogenes is the main reason for poor treatment and prognosis of cancer patients.Most of these over-activated oncogenes are protein tyrosine kinase(PTK).Among many PTKs,non-receptor tyrosine kinase(NRTK)is an important signaling molecule that regulates cell proliferation and migration as the primary driver of intracellular signaling pathway transduction.Targeting NRTK has become the focus and difficulty in developing anti-tumor drugs.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),with its characteristics of multi-channel,multi-link,multi-target,and low toxicity,plays a significant advantage in treating adjuvant tumors.So far,it has been found various traditional TCM monomers can inhibit NRTK from playing an anti-tumor role.This review summarized the part of Src,Jak,Abl,Fak families,the prominent members of NRTK in tumor progression,as well as the TCM monomers acting on these members.We aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the anti-tumor therapy targeting NRTK and a reference for the search for TCM monomer inhibitors of NRTK.
ABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease often characterized by cognitive impairment in clinical practice. The main pathogenesis includes β amyloid protein (Aβ) excessive deposition, neuroinflammatory response, Tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and other factors, and currently only a few chemical drugs have been approved for clinical treatment of AD. The mechanism of action is relatively single, so it is imperative to find new treatment strategies. Traditional Chinese medicine theory believes that the loss of nourishment in the brain and marrow, as well as the loss of vital energy, is the internal mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of AD, which runs through the entire treatment process. The pathogenesis of AD is closely related to the inflammasome signaling pathway of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3). Activating the NLRP3 signaling pathway increases neuroinflammatory response, intervenes in microglial polarization, and regulates Aβ sedimentation, cellular autophagy, brain homeostasis, etc. This article takes the NLRP3 signaling pathway as the starting point to sort out and summarize the upstream and downstream targets under the AD mechanism in the past five years, as well as the research on the NLRP3 signal pathway targets with the participation of the relevant traditional Chinese medicine compounds, such as Danggui Shaoyaosan, modified Shuyu Wan, Qingxin Kaiqiao prescription, Kaixin San, Jiedu Yizhi prescription, and modified Buwang San, traditional Chinese medicine monomer extracts, such as silibinin, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, liquiritigenin, salidroside, baicalin, cinnamaldehyde, betaine, acacetin, and Hericium erinaceus, and acupuncture and moxibustion. It also reviews the latest achievements in the prevention and treatment of AD. This study provides ideas and directions for in-depth research on the prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction related diseases with traditional Chinese medicine.
ABSTRACT
Embryo implantation is one of the most critical steps in the reproductive process. The failure of embryo implantation to continue development is one of the important reasons leading to infertility. The success of embryo implantation depends on the high receptivity of endometrium and the embryo with implantation ability. Autophagy is a process in which cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusions are absorbed by double-membrane vesicles and transported to lysosomes for degradation and recycling, which is a way to maintain the homeostasis. A large amount of evidence have shown that autophagy plays an important role in all aspects of embryo implantation. Based on this, this paper explored the relationship between autophagy and endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation ability. According to the latest research progress, this paper combed 5 mechanisms (promotion of decidualization of endometrial stromal cells, promotion of apoptosis, regulation of hormone levels, coordination of inflammation, and promotion of ovulation) of 14 kinds of Chinese medicine monomers, including emodin, catalpol, paeoniflorin, resveratrol, folic acid, zearalenone, curcumin, wogonin, quercetin, chrysin, berberine, apigenin, phisetine, and kaempferol, in regulating different links of autophagy intervention in embryo implantation. This paper is expected to provide references and ideas for future Chinese medicine monomers to improve the success rate of embryo implantation.
ABSTRACT
Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated catabolic process that captures and degrades dysfunctional organelles and useless proteins during cellular stress process, which plays a dual role in cervical cancer. In the early stage of cervical cancer, autophagy inhibits the occurrence and development of cervical cancer by prohibiting the accumulation of oncogenic p62 protein. In the advanced stage of cervical cancer, inhibition of autophagy of cancer cells enhances the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, thus inhibiting their proliferation. In recent years, the research on Chinese medicine monomers regulating autophagy in the treatment of cervical cancer has attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad. Chinese medicine monomers regulate the autophagy of cervical cancer cells through multiple pathways and multiple targets, so as to increase the apoptosis rate and reduce the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, this paper reviewed the mechanism of Chinese medicine monomers in inhibiting cervical cancer through autophagy, expecting to find new breakthroughs in the discovery and development of preventive and therapeutic drugs for cervical cancer. By reviewing the literature, it was found that in the early stage of cervical cancer, Chinese medicine monomers activated autophagy to promote apoptosis of cancer cells, and the main mechanism was to increase lysosomal membrane permeability and chemotherapeutic sensitivity and activate intact autophagy flow. In the advanced stage of cervical cancer, inhibition of autophagy reduced the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs by inhibiting the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. The treatment of cervical cancer by Chinese medicine monomers regulating autophagy has achieved certain effect, but there are few clinical experimental studies and lack of reliable clinical theoretical basis. Therefore, it is essential to carry out more clinical experimental studies on Chinese medicine monomers regulating autophagy to treat cervical cancer, thus finding more reliable theoretical basis for the treatment of tumors.
ABSTRACT
Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated catabolic process that captures and degrades dysfunctional organelles and useless proteins during cellular stress process, which plays a dual role in cervical cancer. In the early stage of cervical cancer, autophagy inhibits the occurrence and development of cervical cancer by prohibiting the accumulation of oncogenic p62 protein. In the advanced stage of cervical cancer, inhibition of autophagy of cancer cells enhances the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, thus inhibiting their proliferation. In recent years, the research on Chinese medicine monomers regulating autophagy in the treatment of cervical cancer has attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad. Chinese medicine monomers regulate the autophagy of cervical cancer cells through multiple pathways and multiple targets, so as to increase the apoptosis rate and reduce the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, this paper reviewed the mechanism of Chinese medicine monomers in inhibiting cervical cancer through autophagy, expecting to find new breakthroughs in the discovery and development of preventive and therapeutic drugs for cervical cancer. By reviewing the literature, it was found that in the early stage of cervical cancer, Chinese medicine monomers activated autophagy to promote apoptosis of cancer cells, and the main mechanism was to increase lysosomal membrane permeability and chemotherapeutic sensitivity and activate intact autophagy flow. In the advanced stage of cervical cancer, inhibition of autophagy reduced the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs by inhibiting the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. The treatment of cervical cancer by Chinese medicine monomers regulating autophagy has achieved certain effect, but there are few clinical experimental studies and lack of reliable clinical theoretical basis. Therefore, it is essential to carry out more clinical experimental studies on Chinese medicine monomers regulating autophagy to treat cervical cancer, thus finding more reliable theoretical basis for the treatment of tumors.
ABSTRACT
Paclitaxel is the first-line chemotherapy drug for a variety of cancers. However, the paclitaxel resistance greatly reduced the efficacy in the later treatment stage, which seriously increased the mortality and recurrence rate of cancer and limited the clinical application of paclitaxel. At present, Chinese medicine compound prescription, proprietary Chinese medicine, and Chinese medicine injection are widely used as the adjuvant chemotherapy drugs for the treatment of cancer in clinic. Chinese medicine has shown unique advantages in improving the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs and the prognosis of chemotherapy, and reducing the toxic and side effects. However, the specific mechanism and effective monomer composition of Chinese medicine for reversing the resistance of chemotherapy drugs are unclear, and the application of Chinese medicine in different types of cancer is also limited, which are worthy of further exploration. This review summarized the composition of Chinese medicine monomer with synergistic antitumor effect combined with paclitaxel in recent years. The specific mechanism and pharmacological activities of Chinese medicine monomer reversing paclitaxel resistance were classified. This review found that through acting on the membrane transport protein, Chinese medicine monomer promoted the accumulation of paclitaxel in tumor cells, inhibited the expressions of protein and metabolic enzyme related to multidrug resistance and the metabolism of paclitaxel, and regulated the levels of apoptosis genes and factors and apoptosis-related pathways to promote the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on cell proliferation. Chinese medicine monomer also significantly improved paclitaxel chemotherapy sensitivity by regulating the expression levels of micro ribonucleic acid (microRNA) and long non-coding ribonucleic acid RNA (lncRNA), inhibiting the characteristics of tumor stem cells and tumor metabolic reprogramming, improving tumor microenvironment, and triggering tumor cell death autophagy and oxidative stress response. This review provides a theoretical basis for clarifying the specific anti-tumor mechanism of Chinese medicine monomer combined with paclitaxel, which is of great significance for the development of new Chinese medicine and the clinical research of the drugs combined with paclitaxel, and has certain value for the application of Chinese medicine combined with other chemotherapy drugs.