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In hepatotoxic Albino rats caused by isoniazid and paracetamol, the hydroalcoholic extract of Ficus lyrata and Ficus elastic leaves was evaluated for hepatoprotective activity. The degree of protection was measured by estimating biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate Oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), ALP and the level of total serum bilirubin. In rats that had been toxicated with isoniazid and paracetamol. Hydroalcoholic extract (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg) demonstrated a noteworthy hepatoprotective effect in a dose-dependent manner. The extract's hepatoprotective benefits were on par with those of the prescribed medication silymarin 2.5 mg/kg body weight.
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Eriobotrya japonica Lind. (Family: Rosaceae) named as loquat, is a subtropical fruit, which is well known medicinal plant cultivated in Japan and China. Various parts, like leaves, peels and fruits have been shown to possess various useful health benefits. In Unani medicine, it is vastly utilized in many illnesses, like fevers, nausea, de-arranged sanguinous humour (diseases due to morbidity of blood), indigestion, liver diseases, vomiting, dysentery, wounds, inflammations etc. Loquat plant contains many active constituents, such as glycosides, flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, tannin etc. and nutritional and mineral compounds like, carotenoids, vitamins, starch, amino acids, sugar and others. According to various pharmacological studies it is found that the plant has many biological effects like antitussive, anti-melanogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, kidney protective, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic activity. This review aims to shed light on the therapeutic applications of loquat based on both traditional Unani literature and scientific studies conducted on different parts of the plant.
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Liver disease (LD) is one of the main causes of mortality and modality in worldwide. Around 500 million people worldwide are thought to have chronic hepatitis infections, which cause over a million deaths a year. Treatments for LD must be developed with a new approach to cure or prevent the progression of the disease without any consequences. Currently, this study's purpose is to examine and confirm the methanolic extract of Bergenia Ciliata root’s ability to protect rats from ethanol induced hepatotoxicity. Wistar rats were administered 1 cc of 30% ethyl alcohol in all the groups except the normal control P.O. once a day for 40 days in order to cause hepatoxicity. After confirmation of LD, the methanolic extract of Bergenia ciliata (MEBC) roots and the standard drug silymarin (0.1 g/kg, b.w., orally) were given twice daily for 21 days. Liver weight, body weight, Serum liver enzymes like SGPT, SGOT, serum ALP, total protein, albumin, and antioxidant enzymes were assayed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect, followed by liver histopathology to evaluate the hepatic architecture and all alignments and inflammatory cells. The protective markers of all the rats treated with alcohol showed a substantial increase, and the rats administered MEBC showed a remarkable recovery towards an almost normal level. These findings suggest that MEBC protected the structural integrity of the hepatocellular membrane and ethanol-damaged liver cells cellular architecture, which was supported by histological analysis. The present study demonstrates that the methanolic extract Bergenia Ciliata roots possess hepatoprotective property.
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Background: Rifampicin and Isoniazid are two main medicinal drugs used as regimen in the treatment of Tuberculosis. These drugs induce hepatotoxicity. Liv-52, a polyherbal formulation has been shown to have clinical use in the treatment of liver disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the histopathological and biochemical effects of Liv-52 on INH and RIF induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Adult albino rats weighing 150g to 250g were used. A total of 24 rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 served as negative control. Hepatotoxicity was achieved by administering 50 mg/kg/day of RIF and INH each as positive control. Hepatoprotective effect was determined by administering Liv-52 concurrently with positive control. Low dose Liv-52 and high dose Liv-52 was administered at (155 mg/kg/day and 207 mg/kg/day) respectively, concurrently with RIF and INH at (50 mg/kg) each orally daily. After 21 days, the albino rats were sacrificed humanely, liver harvested and blood samples taken for estimation of liver serum biomarkers. The livers were processed and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin for histological examination. Significance levels of (p?0.05). Results: The three selected liver biochemical parameters (ALT, AST and ALP) significantly increased in positive control group relative to negative control. The hepatoprotective groups (especially the HD Liv-52 group) showed significant reduction in the biochemical parameters. The liver histopathological results confirmed the above findings. Conclusion: High dose Liv-52 significantly prevents hepatotoxicity induced by antitubercular therapy by inhibiting rise liver biochemical parameters and also ameliorating the deranged liver histomorphological features.
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Background: Metformin and vildagliptin both are anti-diabetic agent and they play an important role in diabetic patients as they reduce blood glucose levels. Studies revealed that both metformin and vildagliptin has the ability to promote beta cell neogenesis and regeneration. So, our study was planned to explore the hepatoprotective potential of metformin and vildagliptin in Wistar albino rats exposed to isoniazid (INH) induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Wistar albino rats weighing 150-180 g were obtained from Mass Biotech, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu. The animals were divided into 6 groups (n=6) and further treated orally against INH-induced hepatotoxicity except normal control group. group 1: normal control, group 2: INH, group 3: metformin+INH, group 4: vildagliptin+INH, group 5: metformin amd vildagliptin+INH, group 6: silymarin. Results: In the present study, INH was administered for 21 days to induce liver damage to rats except normal group. Each group was treated with metformin, vildagliptin, (metformin+vildagliptin) combination and silymarin half an hour before INH challenge. On the 22nd day the blood samples were collected to estimate the AST and ALT levels. Immediately after blood collection the animals were sacrificed, the livers were removed and kept in 10% formalin for histopathological examination. Conclusions: The study found that metformin, vildagliptin, and their combination showed hepatoprotective activity against INH-induced hepatotoxicity. The combination of metformin+vildagliptin was the most effective. Metformin reduces oxidative stress, while vildagliptin balances pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant levels, contributing to their hepatoprotective effects. This suggests their potential usefulness in drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Background: In recent years, ellagic acid has emerged as a focal point in pharmacological research, showcasing promising developments and potential therapeutic applications as a competitive inhibitor of Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 for the treatment of cancer, as a shielding impact that stimulates sirtuin 6 (SIRT 6), against nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin, as adjuvant treatment in sickle cell anemia, as antiaging and to avoid mild cognitive impairment. Purpose: This review provides a concise overview of the latest advancements in ellagic acid research, highlighting novel pharmacological findings and emerging trends. Methodology: A comprehensive search of relevant literature was conducted to gather information on the pharmacological properties and therapeutic applications of ellagic acid. Studies investigating its antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects, molecular interactions, and therapeutic implications were included in the analysis. Results: The review summarizes the multifaceted pharmacological landscape of ellagic acid, encompassing its antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and potential therapeutic applications. It sheds light on its evolving role in modern medicine and underscores its significance as a promising avenue for future pharmaceutical exploration. Conclusion: The recent strides in ellagic acid development highlight its potential as a valuable therapeutic agent in various health conditions. Further research into its molecular interactions and clinical applications is warranted to fully harness its therapeutic potential and improve patient outcomes.
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The current study investigates the in-vivo hepatoprotective effectiveness of Bougainvillea glabra stem extract against alcohol and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in animal models. The alterations in liver enzymes including serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin are studied in rats given B. glabra extract with paracetamol or alcohol to produce hepatotoxicity. The levels of glutathione and lipid peroxidation were also examined, and the outcomes were contrasted with silymarin as the reference. The acute toxicity studies presented the plant extract under category 5 of GHS system, which further motivated the studies for hepatoprotective activity. The induction of hepatotoxicity was confirmed with the elevated levels of serum and tissue biochemical by the administration of paracetamol and alcohol. Under paracetamol as a hepatotoxin, the animals with 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o demonstrated near figures for SGPT and SGOT of the group treated with silymarin with significance. The results were still more appreciative under alcohol as a hepatotoxin. In both cases, the group with 400 mg/kg p.o gave a promising result with the reduced inflammatory cells under histopathological studies.
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Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world. It is often marketed for its physical and cognitive performance benefits. Unlike many other psychoactive substances, it is legal and unregulated in nearly all parts of the world. The ingestion of potentially toxic amounts of caffeine in the forms of energy drinks, over-the-counter supplements, addiction or use of anhydrous caffeine products places individuals at risk for accidental overdose. An overdose of this drug is not without its attendant consequences on the liver and the Kidney. This study therefore aimed at evaluating the possible hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of Citrullus vulgaris seed extracts on caffeine induced toxicity. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. They were induced with caffeine (100 mg/kg) and treated with graded doses (100, 300 and 500 mg/ kg bwt.) of aqueous seeds extract of C. vulgaris for 21 days. The plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined and the concentrations of total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, creatinine and urea were estimated. Electrolytes (sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium ion) were also estimated. Plasma lipid profiling (total cholesterol, triacylglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), Low density lipoprotein (LDL) was carried out and the liver and kidney of the rats were examined for histopathological changes. The results showed that administration of aqueous seeds extract of Citrullus vulgaris restored the levels of the plasma enzymes, blood proteins, urea and creatinine as well as the levels of electrolytes close to normal control levels which were significantly altered by caffeine intoxication, Photomicrographs sections of the liver and kidney showed that the aqueous seeds extract of Citrullus vulgaris was able to repair damage to organs caused by caffeine-intoxication. The study concluded that the aqueous seeds extract of C. vulgaris possesses ameliorative potential against hepatic and renal damage that arises from caffeine-intoxication.
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Cucurbita pepo is widely utilized as a vegetable and is reported to possess hepatoprotective activity. However, its hepatoprotective molecular mechanisms are not yet elucidated. The current study utilized multiple in silico approaches to identify the mechanisms of active biomolecules of C. pepo. Additionally, the C. pepo effect on Isoniazid (INH) induced liver cirrhosis was evaluated in experimental animals. First, in silico studies, viz., genes pathways and network analysis, hub gene molecular docking and dynamics were employed. Secondly, C. pepo steroid fraction was subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and thirdly, hepatoprotective activity of both hydroalcoholic extract and steroid fraction was evaluated in INH-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Out of 135 compounds, 18 (mainly phytosteroids) were identified to modulate 4 main pathways in liver disease. Among the predicted targets, NRIH3 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase were identified as a hub genes. Schottenol and Alpha-Spinasterol formed stable contacts with NRIH3 throughout 30 ns molecular dynamics simulation. INH (50 mg/kg/day) treatment elevated aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, serum bilirubin, total bilirubin, total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein levels in blood serum and 500 mg/kg/day extract and 50 mg/ kg/day of steroidal fraction reversed liver biomarkers altered by INH in rats. In silico combined with experimental study identified the possible molecular mechanisms of C. pepo for the management of liver cirrhosis.
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Background: Gardenia ternifolia (GT) is a plant of the Rubiaceae family, with a wide range of ethno- pharmacological properties. However, its hepatoprotective effects were poorly investigated. This work aimed at assessing the hepatoprotective activity of GT leaf aqueous extracts against chronic ethanol-induced damage in vivo. Materials and methods: Male Wistar albino rats were given orally 10 % ethanol (10 mL/kg) and different doses of GT extracts (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) or distilled water (negative control) simultaneously and daily for 28 days. Normal controls were fed with a normal diet while positive controls received, in addition to ethanol, silymarin (50 mg/kg). After treatment, animals were sacrificed, blood and liver samples were collected, various biochemical parameters were quantified and the histological sections were performed. Moreover, a qualitative phytochemical analysis of this extract was carried out. Results: GT administration significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (10.35 ± 2.13 U/L and 9.07 ± 2.13 U/ L vs 24.43 ± 4.28 UI/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (14.25 ± 3.02 and 18.32 ± 2.13 UI/L vs 34.61 ± 3.23 UI/L) activities at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively in comparison with the negative control. Likewise, serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by GT extract, especially at the dose of 200 mg/kg compared to the ethanol-treated group. Histological examination showed that the extract protected the liver by reducing hepatic cytolysis, and leukocyte infiltration. Different secondary metabolites including condensed tannins, phenolic acids, and saponins were found in the GT extract but none of these compounds corresponded to epicatechin, coumarin and naringenin. Conclusion: These results show that GT extract may be a potential therapeutic agent against alcoholic liver disease
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Polysaccharides, predominantly extracted from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs such as Lycium barbarum, Angelica sinensis, Astragalus membranaceus, Dendrobium officinale, Ganoderma lucidum, and Poria cocos, represent principal bioactive constituents extensively utilized in Chinese medicine. These compounds have demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory capabilities, especially anti-liver injury activities, while exhibiting minimal adverse effects. This review summarized recent studies to elucidate the hepatoprotective efficacy and underlying molecular mechanisms of these herbal polysaccharides. It underscored the role of these polysaccharides in regulating hepatic function, enhancing immunological responses, and improving antioxidant capacities, thus contributing to the attenuation of hepatocyte apoptosis and liver protection. Analyses of molecular pathways in these studies revealed the intricate and indispensable functions of traditional Chinese herbal polysaccharides in liver injury management. Therefore, this review provides a thorough examination of the hepatoprotective attributes and molecular mechanisms of these medicinal polysaccharides, thereby offering valuable insights for the advancement of polysaccharide-based therapeutic research and their potential clinical applications in liver disease treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Liver Diseases/drug therapy , Antioxidants , Polysaccharides/therapeutic use , Medicine, Chinese TraditionalABSTRACT
The study was designed to investigate the effect of Coconut Oil on the levels of some liver and hematological parameters in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rabbits. Also the antioxidant capacity of Coconut Oil for various concentrations was assessed on the basis of percent scavenging of (DPPH) free radical. Experimental animals were divided into five groups, eight rabbits in each group. These were: group A (Normal control), group B (Toxic control), group C (Standard control), group D (Treated with Coconut Oil 50 mL/kg body weight after CCl4 intoxication), group E (Treated with Coconut Oil 200 mL/kg body weight after CCl4 intoxication). The effects observed were compared with a standard hepatoprotective drug silymarine (50 mL/kg body weight). The Coconut Oil (200 mL/kg body weight) significantly (P<0.05) reduced the elevated serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) when compared to a toxic control rabbits. The results of extract treated rabbits were similar to silymarine administered rabbits group. Treatment with Coconut Oil root and silymarine caused no significant changes in RBC, Platelets, (Hb), (MCH) concentration and (HCT) values. However, significant (P<0.05) increase was observed in the total WBC count. The present study suggested that Coconut Oil can be used as an herbal alternative (need further exploration i.e to detect its bioactive compound and its efficacy) for hepatoprotective activit.
O estudo foi desenhado para investigar o efeito do óleo de coco nos níveis de alguns parâmetros hepáticos e hematológicos em coelhos intoxicados com tetracloreto de carbono. Também a capacidade antioxidante do óleo de coco para várias concentrações foi avaliada com base na porcentagem de eliminação de radicais livres (DPPH). Os animais experimentais foram divididos em cinco grupos, oito coelhos em cada grupo. Estes foram: grupo A (controle normal), grupo B (controle tóxico), grupo C (controle padrão), grupo D (tratado com óleo de coco 50 mL/kg de peso corporal após intoxicação por CCl4), grupo E (tratado com óleo de coco 200 mL/kg de peso corporal após intoxicação por CCl4). Os efeitos observados foram comparados com um fármaco hepatoprotetor padrão silimarina (50 mL/kg de peso corporal). O óleo de coco (200 mL/kg de peso corporal) reduziu significativamente (P<0,05) os níveis séricos elevados de alanina transaminase (ALT), aspartato transaminase (AST) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP), quando comparado a um coelho controle tóxico. Os resultados dos coelhos tratados com extrato foram semelhantes aos do grupo de coelhos administrados com silimarina. O tratamento com raiz de óleo de coco e silimarina não causou alterações significativas nos valores de RBC, Plaquetas, (Hb), (MCH) e (HCT). No entanto, observou-se aumento significativo (P<0,05) na contagem total de leucócitos. O presente estudo sugeriu que o óleo de coco pode ser usado como uma alternativa fitoterápica (precisa de mais exploração, ou seja, para detectar seu composto bioativo e sua eficácia) para atividade hepatoprotetora.
Subject(s)
Rabbits , Carbon Tetrachloride , Palm Oil , Biomarkers/blood , LiverABSTRACT
Abstract The study was designed to investigate the effect of Coconut Oil on the levels of some liver and hematological parameters in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rabbits. Also the antioxidant capacity of Coconut Oil for various concentrations was assessed on the basis of percent scavenging of (DPPH) free radical. Experimental animals were divided into five groups, eight rabbits in each group. These were: group A (Normal control), group B (Toxic control), group C (Standard control), group D (Treated with Coconut Oil 50 mL/kg body weight after CCl4 intoxication), group E (Treated with Coconut Oil 200 mL/kg body weight after CCl4 intoxication). The effects observed were compared with a standard hepatoprotective drug silymarine (50 mL/kg body weight). The Coconut Oil (200 mL/kg body weight) significantly (P 0.05) reduced the elevated serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) when compared to a toxic control rabbits. The results of extract treated rabbits were similar to silymarine administered rabbits group. Treatment with Coconut Oil root and silymarine caused no significant changes in RBC, Platelets, (Hb), (MCH) concentration and (HCT) values. However, significant (P 0.05) increase was observed in the total WBC count. The present study suggested that Coconut Oil can be used as an herbal alternative (need further exploration i.e to detect its bioactive compound and its efficacy) for hepatoprotective activity.
Resumo O estudo foi desenhado para investigar o efeito do óleo de coco nos níveis de alguns parâmetros hepáticos e hematológicos em coelhos intoxicados com tetracloreto de carbono. Também a capacidade antioxidante do óleo de coco para várias concentrações foi avaliada com base na porcentagem de eliminação de radicais livres (DPPH). Os animais experimentais foram divididos em cinco grupos, oito coelhos em cada grupo. Estes foram: grupo A (controle normal), grupo B (controle tóxico), grupo C (controle padrão), grupo D (tratado com óleo de coco 50 mL/kg de peso corporal após intoxicação por CCl4), grupo E (tratado com óleo de coco 200 mL/kg de peso corporal após intoxicação por CCl4). Os efeitos observados foram comparados com um fármaco hepatoprotetor padrão silimarina (50 mL/kg de peso corporal). O óleo de coco (200 mL/kg de peso corporal) reduziu significativamente (P 0,05) os níveis séricos elevados de alanina transaminase (ALT), aspartato transaminase (AST) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP), quando comparado a um coelho controle tóxico. Os resultados dos coelhos tratados com extrato foram semelhantes aos do grupo de coelhos administrados com silimarina. O tratamento com raiz de óleo de coco e silimarina não causou alterações significativas nos valores de RBC, Plaquetas, (Hb), (MCH) e (HCT). No entanto, observou-se aumento significativo (P 0,05) na contagem total de leucócitos. O presente estudo sugeriu que o óleo de coco pode ser usado como uma alternativa fitoterápica (precisa de mais exploração, ou seja, para detectar seu composto bioativo e sua eficácia) para atividade hepatoprotetora.
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Three 2,3-diketoquinoxaline alkaloids were isolated from Heterosmilax yunnanensis Gagnep. Their structures were determined through 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, UV, and IR as 1-[5′-(3″-hydroxy-3″-methyl) glutaryl] ribityl-2,3-diketo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethylquinoxaline (1), 1-[2′-(3″-hydroxy-3″-methyl) glutaryl]ribityl-2,3-diketo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethylquinoxaline (2), and 1-ribityl-2,3-diketo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethylquinoxaline (3). Compounds 1 and 2 are novel compounds, and 3 was isolated from H. yunnanensis for the first time. The hepatoprotective activity of these three compounds was evaluated, with compound 3 showing promising hepatoprotective activity.
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Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is caused by excessive intake of alcohol for many years. The incidence is as high as 25% in the United States, India and several other countries. The disease spectrum varies from fatty liver in initial stages, to hepatitis and finally cirrhosis. Untreated ALD can be fatal. Yet the options for prescription drugs are limited, and not easily available or affordable to the masses worldwide. BV-7310 contains herbal extracts of Phyllanthus niruri, Tephrosia purpurea, Boerhavia diffusa and Andrographis paniculata. The individual plants are known hepatoprotective agents in Ayurveda. The objective of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of BV-7310, a proprietary combination standardized formulation, in subjects with ALD. A multi-centric, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of 61 subjects was conducted for a period of 12 weeks. Subjects on BV-7310 showed improvement in clinical features of ALD as compared to placebo, including reduction and normalization of transaminases. BV-7310 also reduced bilirubin levels to normal, showing improvement in the detoxifying and excretory capabilities of the liver. No significant adverse events were seen in the treatment group. Based on the data shown, BV-7310 shows promise as a safe and effective hepatoprotective in patients of ALD.
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Aim of the Study: The phytoconstituent 6-heptadecylcyclohex 3-ene-1 carboxylic acid isolated from the methanol extract of Dichrotachys cinerea Wight. stem bark was evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced toxicity. Materials and Methods: The constituent 6-heptadecylcyclohex 3-ene-1 carboxylic acid isolated from the methanolic extract of D. cinerea and the structure was confirmed by spectroscopic studies. Hepatoprotective property was screened in male wistar strain rats. The parameters studied were estimation of liver function serum markers such as serum total bilirubin, total protein, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and histological profile of the liver tissue. Results: The LD50 of methanolic extract and constituent, 6-Heptadecylcyclohex -3-ene-1 carboxylic acid were evaluated and found to be 500 and 100 mg/kg body weight respectively. The hepatoprotective activity of constituent was more significant as similar to the standard hepatoprotective drug silymarin. The histological profile of the liver tissue showed the presence of normal hepatic cords, absence of necrosis and fatty infiltration as similar to the controls. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of D. cinerea stem bark and the phytoconstituent 6-heptadecylcyclohex-3-ene-1 carboxylic acid showed significant protection from CCl4 induced liver damage.
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Kalmegh is a valuable herb belonging to the family Acanthaceae that has been used traditionally in India and Southeast Asia to cure a variety of illnesses like diabetes, viral hepatitis, high blood pressure, ulcers, and malaria. It has many important bioactive compounds, such as diterpenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols. The most common and abundant diterpenoid is andrographolide. It cures and prevents several diseases in humans. Andrographis and its extract have been documented for their various medicinal uses. A full bibliographic inquiry was conducted using extensively used scientific databases like Web of Science, research articles, and online as well as offline sources. A goal of the current review is to analyze the Andrographis paniculata's traditional usage, chemical components, and biological activities to highlight, explore, and lay the groundwork for future research.
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OBJECTIVE To establish the fingerprint of total saponins from Mussaenda pubescens， and to study the spectrum- effect relationship of its hepatoprotective activity. METHODS Ten batches of total saponins from M. pubescens from different origins were prepared using 75% ethanol as solvent. High-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） and the Similarity Evaluation System for Traditional Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprints （2012 edition） were used to draw the fingerprints of 10 batches of total saponins from M. pubescens. The similarity evaluation and identification of common peaks were conducted. The same HPLC method was adopted to determine the contents of five triterpenoid saponins （mussaendoside H， mussaendoside U， mussaglaoside C， mussaendoside G and mussaendoside O）. The hepatoprotective effect of total saponins from M. pubescens was investigated by establishing carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury model mice， and the spectrum-effect relationship was studied by using grey correlation analysis. RESULTS There were 11 common peaks in 10 batches of total saponins from M. pubescens， 5 of which were identified， i.e. mussaendoside H （peak 3）， mussaendoside U （peak 7）， mussaglaoside C （peak 8）， mussaendoside G （peak 9） and mussaendoside O （peak 11）； the similarities of 10 batches of samples ranged 0.940- 0.991. Average contents of mussaendoside H， mussaendoside U， mussaglaoside C， mussaendoside G， mussaendoside O were 0.01- 0.05， 0.10-0.21， 0.10-0.18， 0.03-0.08， 0.20-0.40 mg/g， respectively. Ten batches of total saponins from M. pubescens could generally reduce the contents of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） in serum， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-6 （IL-6） and IL-1β in liver tissue of model mice （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The E-mail：13878195336@139.com correlation between the common peak areas and the contents of ALT， AST， TNF-α， IL-6 and IL-1β were 0.602-0.757， 0.585-0.833， 0.593-0.795， 0.618-0.820， 0.607-0.804， respectively； the peaks with high correlation were peaks 11， 9 and 8 in order. CONCLUSIONS Ten batches of total saponins from M. pubescens have similar components， and the average contents of mussaendoside H， mussaendoside U， mussaglaoside C， mussaendoside G and mussaendoside O are different. The batches of samples have a certain degree of hepatoprotective effect； mussaendoside O， mussaendoside G and mussaglaoside C may be its main active components.
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Fourteen compounds were isolated from the n-butanol fraction of the 95% aqueous ethanol extract of the stems and twigs of Strychnos cathayensis by D101 macroporous resin, silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and semipreparative RP-HPLC. Their structures were elucidated as ethyl 4-O-β-D-allopyranosyl-vanillate (1), n-butyl 4-O-β-D-allopyranosyl-vanillate (2), n-butyl 4-O-(6′-O-syringoyl)-β-D-allopyranosyl-vanillate (3), n-butyl 4-O-(6′-O-vanilloyl)-β-D-allopyranosyl-vanillate (4), n-butyl 4-O-(6′-O-syringoyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-vanillate (5), n-butyl 4-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-syringate (6), methyl 3-methoxy-4-(β-D-allopyranosyloxy) benzoate (7), pseudolaroside B (8), butyl syringate (9), glucosyringic acid (10), methyl syringate (11), methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate (12), clemochinenoside C (13), and clemoarmanoside A (14), respectively, on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and by comparison with literature information. Compounds 1-6 are artificial products of phenolic acid esterified by ethanol or n-butanol. It is noted that the precursors (4-O-(6′-O-syringoyl)-β-D-allopyranosyl-vanillic acid and 4-O-(6′-O-vanilloyl)-β-D-allopyranosyl-vanillic acid) of compounds 3 and 4 are new compounds. The hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of compounds 1-13 were evaluated in vitro at a concentration of 10 μmol·L-1. Compounds 1, 2 and 6-10 exhibited potential hepatic protection effects with cell survival rates ranging from 53.6% to 55.5% (acetaminophen, 45.4% at 8 mmol·L-1). Compound 4 demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity with nitric oxide inhibitory rate of 74.6%. Compounds 3 and 5 showed potential antioxidant activities with malondialdehyde inhibitory rates of 53.2% and 56.1%, respectively.
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To identify the active constituents in vitro and blood-absorbed ingredients in vivo from Yin Chen Hao decoction provides scientific evidence for probing its prevention and treatment mechanism on acute liver injury. An ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method was applied for analysis of Yin Chen Hao decoction and the serum samples of mice with con-A induced acute liver injury after preventive oral administration for 14 days (the use of all laboratory animals in this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Naval Medical University, 19YF1459400). A total of 90 chemical constituents were identified from Yin Chen Hao decoction, mainly were flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, quinones. 5 prototype compounds were identified in the serum, including chrysophanol, deoxyrhapontin-8-O-gallate, mussaenosidic acid, herniarin, emodin. The established UPLC-QTOF/MS method could efficiently and sensitively identify the constituents in vitro and blood-absorbed ingredients of Yin Chen Hao decoction, primarily clarify the material basis of its hepatoprotective effect, and provided a scientific basis for the quality marker selection and the pharmacodynamic material basis research on the decoction.