ABSTRACT

Introducción: El estrés laboral es una enfermedad peligrosa que altera el estado psicológico de la persona, porque genera reacciones y respuestas de tipo emocional, cognitivo, fisiológico y del comportamiento frente a situaciones con alta demanda laboral que sobrepasa los recursos personales y del trabajo. Se considera una problemática de tipo social y económica asociada con factores de riesgo psicosocial y con desencadenantes. Por ello, es fundamental su detección precoz, para evitar sus secuelas y para emplear estilos de afrontamiento. Objetivo: Analizar los referentes teóricos del estrés laboral, teniendo en cuenta sus principales causas, consecuencias y estrategias de prevención en el ámbito laboral. Metodología: Revisión documental disponible en las bases de datos Epistemonikos, ProQuest, Frontiers in Psychology, Academy, Biblioteca Digital, Elsevier, Redalyc, Dialnet, SciELO y Science Direct, de estudios publicados entre 2015 y 2020 que incluyeran conceptos de estrés laboral, causas, consecuencias y estrategias de prevención. Se revisaron 60 artículos, y para seleccionar la información se aplicó búsqueda, organización, categorización y análisis de 5554 documentos electrónicos. Se excluyeron 6 estudios relacionados con temas específicos del síndrome de burnout. Conclusiones: El estrés es una problemática prevalente en el contexto organizacional que se genera por múltiples factores asociados con las condiciones laborales y personales y origina en el individuo consecuencias fisiológicas y mentales que afectan su desempeño y productividad. De ahí que sea necesario incentivar una cultura preventiva que fomente la salud de los colaboradores.

Introduction: The labor stress is dangerous disease that alters the psychological state of the person, by generating emotional, cognitive, physiological and behavioral reactions and responses to situa-tions with high work demand that exceeds personal and work resources. It is considered as a social and economic problem associated with psychosocial risk factors and triggers, which, it is essential to attach importance to its early detection and thus avoid its consequences, as well as the use of coping styles. Objective: To analyze the theoretical references of work stress, considering the main causes, conse-quences and prevention strategies in the workplace. Methodology: Documentary review available in the databases Epistemonikos, ProQuest, Frontiers in Psychology, Academy, Bibliotheca Digital, Elsevier, Redalyc, Dialnet, SciELO and Science Direct. Inclusion criteria: works published between 2015 and 2020 that include concepts of work stress, causes, consequences and prevention strategies. 60 articles were reviewed to select the information, a search, organization, categorization and analysis of 5554 electronic documents were applied, 6 studies related to specific topics of Burnout syndrome were excluded. Conclusions: Stress is a prevalent problem in the organizational context that is generated by multiple factors associated with the work and personal conditions, originating in the individual consequences of physiological and mental type affecting the performance and the productivity, being necessary to stimulate a preventive culture that promotes the health of the collaborators.

Introdução: O estresse relacionado ao trabalho é uma doença perigosa que altera o estado psicoló-gico da pessoa, pois gera reações emocionais, cognitivas, fisiológicas, comportamentais e respostas a situações com altas exigências de trabalho que excedem os recursos pessoais e de trabalho. É conside-rado um problema social e econômico associados a fatores de risco psicossociais e desencadeadores. É, portanto, essencial detectá-lo cedo, para evitar suas consequências e usar estilos de enfrentamento. Objetivo: Analisar as referências teóricas do estresse relacionado ao trabalho, levando em conta suas principais causas, consequências e estratégias de prevenção no local de trabalho. Metodologia: revisão documental disponível nas bases de dados Epistemonikos, ProQuest, Frontiers in Psychology, Academy, Digital Library, Elsevier, Redalyc, Dialnet, SciELO e Science Direct, de estudos publicados entre 2015 e 2020 que incluíam conceitos de estresse relacionado ao trabalho, causas, consequências e estratégias de prevenção. Sessenta artigos foram revisados, e para selecionar as informações, foi aplicada uma pesquisa onde foram organizados, categorizados e analisados 5554 documentos eletrônicos. Foram excluídos seis estudos relacionados a questões específicas da Síndro-me de Burnout. Conclusões: O estresse é um problema predominante no contexto organizacional que é gerado por múltiplos fatores associados às condições de trabalho e pessoais, e causa consequências fisiológicas e mentais no indivíduo que afetam seu desempenho e produtividade. Portanto, é necessário incentivar uma cultura preventiva que promova a saúde dos funcionários.Palavras-chave: estresse ocupacional; psicossocial; saúde ocupacional; trabalhadores.

ABSTRACT

Investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva y correlacional cuyo objetivo fue determinar la presencia de estrés laboral crónico o burnout y su probable relación con factores sociales y laborales, en los profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en Unidades de Emergencias (UE) y Servicios de Atención Médica de Urgencia (SAMU) de la Octava Región, Chile. Se trabajó con el universo conformado por 91 enfermeras(os), siendo 57 de UE y 34 de SAMU. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos recolectores de datos; el primero elaborado por la autora, que recogió información sobre variables sociodemográficas y laborales. El segundo correspondió a la Escala de Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI); que midió el desgaste profesional producto del estrés laboral crónico y los tres aspectos del síndrome de Burnout, que corresponden a cansancio emocional, despersonalización y realización profesional. Los resultados más relevantes del estudio mostraron que más del 50 por ciento de estos profesionales corresponden a adultos jóvenes, solteros(as) y sin hijos; presentando menos de 10 años de experiencia laboral, la mayoría realiza cuarto turno. El grupo de profesionales evidenció presentar burnout en una intensidad intermedia, que estaría principalmente influenciado por variables laborales como la percepción de recursos insuficientes y la realización de exceso de turnos, al mismo tiempo el grupo de mayor edad evidenció más cansancio emocional y los viudos o separados presentaron menos despersonalización que el resto de los encuestados.

This cross sectional study is a correlational research whose principal objective was determinating the presence of chronic labour stress or burnout and its probably relationships with labour and social factors of nursing professionals working in Emergency Rooms and UMAS (Urgency Medical Attention Service) at the Eighth Región of Chile. We work with the total universe constituted by ninety-one nursing professionals: fifty-seven nurses or male nurses of emergency unities and thirty-four of UMAS. We utilized two instruments to collect the information. The first one was made by the author, and their purposes were collecting information about socio-demographical, and labors variables. The second questionnaire correspond to the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) that measures emotional tiredness, dispersonalization, and professional fullfiment between nursing professionals as an outcome of stress at the working conditions. The most outstanding results of this study showed that more than 50 percent of nursing professional working in the crash unity are single young-adults, without children, and having not more than 10 years of work experience; most of them often working on night-turn. These ER and UMAS group of nursing professionals displayed middle-intensity burnout; the principal influence acting on this illness coming from work variables, like the perception of insufficient resources in the unities and the excess of night turns; The older group showed more emotional tiredness while separated and widowers professional presented less depersonalization than the rest of these professionals.

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Con el objeto de cuantificar lo que acontece, entre los integrantes del equipo de salud en el ámbito público y privado de la ciudad de Córdoba, se lleva a cabo la presente investigación. Diseño observacional transversal comparativo sobre muestra estratificada de médicos y fisioterapeutas. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante encuesta de auto-reporte de "Maslach Burnout Inventory" (MBI).Fueron estudiados 479 profesionales, el 22,3%( 107) eran Fisioterapeutas y Kinesiólogos y 77,7% (372) Médicos de diferentes especialidades. Se puede concluir que en el ámbito público, los valores de cansancio emocional se hallan en los rangos publicados, despersonalización y falta de realización personal son menores. Entre los hospitales no difieren significativamente. En el Hospital General del ámbito Provincial, el Burnout es similar al de otros países y superior al de los dos locales. En el ámbito privado los niveles de cansancio emocional son significativamente mayores que en el público, en el Servicio de Emergencia los valores exceden los rangos publicados. Entre los Pre-Residentes, los niveles de estrés son moderados y no parecen variar; el Burnout se hallaría por debajo de los niveles esperados. El estrés promedio de los fisioterapeutas y kinesiólogos se halla en niveles moderados y es menor al de médicos del ámbito público de la ciudad de Córdoba, pero comparable al de los residentes y clínicos. Los especialistas Medicina Legal del Ministerio Público Fiscal, presentan el más alto porcentaje de síndrome de Burnout completo.

With the intention of quantifying what occurs, between the members of the equipment of health in the public and deprived scope of the city of Cordoba, the present investigation is carried out. Comparative cross-sectional design observational on stratified sample of doctors and physiotherapeutic. The data collection was made by means of survey of car-reports of "Maslach Burnout Inventory" (MBI). 479 professionals were studied, 22,3%( 107) they were Physiotherapeutic and Kinesiólogos and 77.7% (372) Doctors of different specialties. It is possible to be concluded that in the public scope, the values of emotional fatigue are in the published ranks, depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment is smaller. Between the hospitals they do not differ significantly. In the General Hospital of the Provincial scope, the Burnout is similar to the one of other countries and superior to the one of both local. In the private scope the levels of emotional fatigue are significantly greater than in the public, in the Service of Emergency the values exceed the published ranks. Between PreResidentes, the stress levels are moderate and they do not seem to vary; the Burnout would be below the awaited levels. Stress average of physiotherapeutic and kinesiólogos is in moderate levels and is smaller to the one of doctors of the public scope of the city of Cordova, but comparable to the one of the clinical residents and The specialists Legal Medicine of the Fiscal Public Ministry, present/display the highest percentage of syndrome complete Burnout.

ABSTRACT

Los psicólogos hablan del Síndrome de Burnout desde los años 70. Este hace referencia al desgaste profesional y estrés producido por el desgaste que se da entre las expectativas de cada profesional y la realidad misma del trabajo. Cuando no se consiguen los resultados y objetivos propuestos, a pesar de haberse intentado por todos los medios y de acuerdo con sus posibilidades, hace su aparición el sentimiento que puede desencadenar el & quot; estar quemado & quot; o síndrome de Burnout. De El Burnot se trata de un Síndrome clínico descrito en 1974 por Freudemberg, Psiquiatra que trabajaba en una clínica para toxicómanos en Nueva York. Observó que al año de trabajar, la mayoría de los voluntarios sufría una progresiva pérdida de energía, hasta llegar al agotamiento, síntomas de ansiedad y de depresión, así como desmotivación en su trabajo y agresividad con los pacientes. Cuando se trabaja sin ilusión, e incluso en desagrado, con frecuencia se debe a la aparición del síndrome de Burnout o síndrome del quemado. Este mal afecta, sobre todo a aquellos cuyo trabajo tiene una repercusión directa sobre la vida de otras personas Profesores, médicos o Enfermeras son algunos de los profesionales que padecen este tipo de síndrome.

Psychologists have been speaking about Burnout Syndrome since 1970s. This refers to professional erasion and stress, produced by maladjustment given among each professional´s expectancies and the job reality itself. When the proposed results and proposssals are not achieved, desite having attempted in all ways and within all possibilities, the frustration feeling appears and could unchain the sense of "being burned" or the Burnout syndrome. The "burnout" is aclinical syndrome described in 1974 by Freudemberg, psychiatrist, who worked at a drugaddiction clinic in New York. When he had worked there for a year, he observed that most volunteers suffered a progressive energy loss up to the exhaustion, and presented sympotorns such as anxiety and depression, as well as a decrease in motivation for their work, and aggressiveness with the patients. When someone works without illusion, and even with disgust, frequently it is due to the beginning of Burnout syndrome or the burnt syndrome. This illness affects mostly those whose work has a direct repercussion on other people lives: teachers, doctors or nurses, are some of the professiionals affected by this kind of syndrome.

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OBJECTIVE: To relieve stress and pain during labor is most important issue in obstetrical care. The purposes of this study were to verify the effects of aromatherapy on labor process, labor pain, labor stress response and neonatal status of primipara. METHODS: This study was a randomized, repeated measures over time, pretest-posttest design. The subjects were forty eight primipara with single gestation, full term, uncomplicated pregnancies. As the treatment, the experimental group took an aromatherapy massage with aromatherapy oil (1.5% dilution essential oil of clary sage, geranium, jasmine, and rose) on the back at every two hours. The control group took general obstetric care. Baseline data including general and obstetric characteristics, plasma beta-endorphin, serum cortisol were obtained at the onset of labor. As resulting variables, length of labor, use of oxytocin, labor pain, use of analgesics, plasma beta-endorphin, serum cortisol, pulse rate, blood pressure, umbilical cord arterial blood pH, Apgar score were measured. Collecting Data were analyzed by t-test, x2 test, repeated measures of ANOVA with SPSS program. RESULTS: As a results, the length of decerelation phase of the experimental group was significantly shorter than the control group. No significant group effects were found, but significant time effects were found for labor pain, plasma beta-endorphin, serum cortisol, pulse rate and blood pressure. There were no significant differences in other variables between two groups. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that aromatherapy during labor could be effective in decreasing labor length. But, any other effects of aromatherapy did not be verified.