Efectos cardiovasculares de la exposición ocupacional a pesticidas / Cardiovascular effects of occupational exposure to pesticides

Resumen Los trabajadores agrícolas se exponen frecuentemente a los pesticidas, los cuales pueden afectar el sistema cardiovascular. El objetivo de la investigación fue revisar la asociación entre la exposición ocupacional a pesticidas, el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y los biomarcadores utilizados en la vigilancia de la salud de los trabajadores. Para ello se realizó una revisión no sistemática de la literatura en tres bases de datos: Pubmed, Embase y Scopus, con ecuaciones de búsqueda elaboradas con los términos "agrochemicals", "myocardial infarction", "occupational exposure" y "farmers", y se incluyeron artículos publicados entre 2007 y 2022. Se encontró que los pesticidas causan elevación de las cifras de presión arterial en trabajadores expuestos y en mujeres embarazadas se relaciona con hipertensión gestacional y preeclampsia. Respecto al infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), el contacto con los pesticidas clorpirifós, coumafós, carbofurano, pendimetalina, trifluralina y acilalanina aumentan el riesgo de IAM en mujeres, y entre los trabajadores masculinos la exposición a dibromuro de etileno, maneb/mancozeb y dimetil-ditiocarbamato de zinc se asoció con mayor mortalidad. La vigilancia epidemiológica se realiza principalmente con la medición de la actividad de la acetilcolinesterasa eritrocitaria (AChE). Se puede concluir que la exposición a pesticidas puede desencadenar enfermedades cardiovasculares agudas y crónicas, como elevación de las cifras de presión arterial, IAM fatal y no fatal. Los pesticidas dimetil ditiocarbamato de zinc, clorpirifós, coumafós, carbofurano, paratión y malatión son las sustancias que tienen mayor relación con el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular.

Abstract Farmworkers are frequently exposed to pesticides, which can affect the cardiovascular system. The objective of the research was to review the association between occupational exposure to pesticides and the development of cardiovascular diseases, and the biomarkers used in monitoring the health of workers. For this, a non-systematic review of the literature was carried out in three databases: Pubmed, Embase and Scopus, with search equations prepared with the terms "agrochemicals", "myocardial infarction", "occupational exposure" and "farmers". Articles published between 2007 and 2022 were included. Pesticides were found to cause elevated blood pressure levels in exposed workers, and in pregnant women it is related to gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Regarding acute myocardial infarction (AMI), contact the pesticides chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, carbofuran, pendimethalin, trifluralin, and acylalanine increased the risk of AMI in women, and among male workers exposure to ethylene dibromide, maneb/mancozeb, and zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate was associated with increased mortality. Epidemiological surveillance is mainly carried out by measuring erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. It can be concluded that exposure to pesticides can trigger acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases, such as elevated blood pressure, fatal and non-fatal AMI. Zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate, chlorpyrifos, coumafos, carbofuran, parathion and malathion pesticides are the substances most closely related to the development of cardiovascular disease.

Análisis de los últimos ensayos clínicos de soporte circulatorio mecánico en el shock cardiogénico y su potencial rol en modificar las guías de práctica / Analysis of the Latest Clinical Trials of Mechanical Circulatory Support in Cardiogenic Shock and their Potential Role in Modifying Practice Guidelines

RESUMEN El shock cardiogénico puede complicar la evolución del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en aproximadamente el 10 % de los casos, y se asocia a elevada mortalidad. Las guías de práctica recomiendan en este contexto el empleo de dispositivos de soporte circulatorio mecánico con base en opinión de expertos o estudios no aleatorizados. Entre 2023 y 2024 se han publicado 3 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados con el empleo de ECMO o Impella, cuyos resultados y posible influencia en las guías de práctica se discuten en la presente revisión.

ABSTRACT Cardiogenic shock can complicate the course of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in approximately 10% of cases and is associated with high mortality. In this context, practice guidelines recommend the use of mechanical circulatory support devices based on expert opinion or non-randomized studies. Between 2023 and 2024, three randomized clinical trials using ECMO or Impella have been published. The results of these trials and their potential impact on practice guidelines are discussed in the present review.

Beyond the pulse: unusual presentations of Takayasu抯 arteritis

Takayasu抯 arteritis (TA) a.k.a pulseless disease is a chronic inflammatory occlusive thrombo-aortopathy. It is a rare inflammatory disease affecting large arteries, often leading to significant diagnostic challenges, especially when presenting with atypical symptoms. This case report explores a patient, whose primary complaints were chest pain and no neurological or constitutional symptoms, diverging from the common presentations of diminished pulses or limb claudication. Advanced imaging, including CT Aortogram and interventions like cardiac angiography, played a crucial role in detecting vascular inflammation and stenosis, facilitating accurate diagnosis and management. The case underscores the importance of considering Takayasu arteritis in differential diagnoses, even with non-classical presentations. This present case demonstrates rare and unique presentation of TA where patient presents with myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock and also explains the diagnostic dilemma of TA with such unusual presentation.

Registro argentino de MINOCA. Descripción de la población / Argentine MINOCA Registry. Description of the Population

RESUMEN Introducción: El infarto de miocardio sin obstrucciones coronarias significativas (MINOCA) es una conocida entidad que se ha redefinido recientemente al excluir la injuria miocárdica no isquémica. ReSCAR fue un registro prospectivo, multicéntrico de pacientes hospitalizados por síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) desde enero hasta agosto de 2022. Objetivo: Un objetivo principal del registro fue definir la prevalencia de pacientes con MINOCA, sus características basales clínicas y paraclínicas y evolución intrahospitalaria. Los resultados del análisis respectivo son la base de esta publicación. Material y métodos: Registro nacional prospectivo y multicéntrico de SCA. Diagnóstico de MINOCA de acuerdo con la Cuarta Definición Universal de Infarto de Miocardio. Análisis de las características basales, evolución y diferencias significativas respecto de los pacientes con coronariopatía obstructiva. Los centros participantes debían contar con determinación de troponina de alta sensibilidad y la posibilidad de realizar cinecoronariografía. Resultados: Se incluyeron 984 pacientes de 15 centros. Ochenta y cinco pacientes (8,6 %) tuvieron diagnóstico final de MINOCA al alta. Cuarenta y cuatro pacientes (51,8 %) eran mujeres, la mediana de edad fue de 65 años (53-63), 55 (64,7 %) pacientes eran hipertensos, 44 (51,8 %) dislipidémicos, 9 (10,6 %) diabéticos y 23 (27,1 %) fumadores. La mediana de troponina al ingreso (expresada como múltiplo del percentilo 99) fue de 2,42 (0,85-10,21) y el 71,8 % se presentó con un ECG sin cambios isquémicos. La angiografía coronaria fue normal en el 72,9 % de los pacientes y con lesiones menores de 50 % en el resto. Se realizó resonancia cardíaca a 16 pacientes. La mediana del score GRACE fue de 115 puntos (98-139), lo cual perfila un riesgo intermedio; con una tasa de eventos combinados de accidente cerebrovascular/infarto o muerte de 1,2 %, sin haberse registrado sangrados BARC 2 o más. La prescripción al alta de aspirina fue del 72,9 %, clopidogrel 27,1 %, estatinas 88,2 %, beta bloqueantes 67,1 % y antagonistas cálcicos 22,4 %. Conclusión: En este registro, los pacientes con MINOCA representan una proporción significativa de aquellos con SCA. La tasa de complicaciones intrahospitalarias, incluida la mortalidad, fue baja. Impresiona existir una fuerte oportunidad para profundizar los estudios para confirmar este diagnóstico, sus mecanismos fisiopatológicos y su tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Background: Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a well-known condition that has been recently redefined after excluding non-ischemic myocardial injury. ReSCAR was a prospective, multicenter registry of patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) from January to August 2022. Objective: One of the main objectives of the registry was to define the prevalence of patients with MINOCA, their baseline clinical and paraclinical characteristics, and in-hospital outcome. This publication focuses on the results of the respective analysis. Methods: We conducted a nationwide, multicenter, prospective study of patients with ACS. The diagnosis of MINOCA was made following the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. The baseline characteristics of the patients wereanalyzed, as well as their outcome and significant differences with patients with obstructive coronary artery disease. The participating centers should have the availability to measure high-sensitivity cardiac troponin and perform coronary angiography. Results: A total of 984 patients from 15 centers were included. Eighty-five patients (8.6%) had a final diagnosis of MINOCA at discharge. Median age was 65 years (53-63), 48 (51.8%) were women, 55 (64.7%) had hypertension, 44 (51.8%) had dyslipidemia, 9 (10.6%) were diabetics and 23 (27.1%) were smokers. Median high-sensitivity cardiac troponins on admission (expressed as multiples of the 99th percentile) were 2.42 times higher (0.85-10.21) and the ECG had no ischemic changes in 71.8% of the patients. Coronary angiography was normal in 72.9% of the patients and the rest of the cases had coronary artery stenoses < 50%. Sixteen patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The median GRACE score was 115 (98-139), which corresponds to intermediate risk. The event rate for the composite outcome of stroke/myocardial infarction or death was1.2%, and there were no bleeding events BARC ≥type 2. The discharge prescription rate was 72.9% for aspirin, 27.1% for clopidogrel, 88.2% for statins, 67.1% for beta-blockers, and 22.4% for calcium channel blockers. In this registry, patients with MINOCA represent a significant proportion of those with ACS. Conclusion: The rate of in-hospital complications, including mortality, was low. There seems to be a strong opportunity for further investigations to confirm the diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment of MINOCA.

Are heart attacks deadlier on weekends? Evidence of weekend effect in Brazil / Os ataques cardíacos são mais letais nos fins de semana? Evidência do "efeito final de semana" no Brasil

Abstract This article aims to examine the effects of weekend admission on in-hospital mortality for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Brazil. Information from the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System (SIH/SUS) of urgently admitted patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between 2008 and 2018 was used, made available through the Hospital Admission Authorization (AIH). Multivariable logistic regression models, controlling for observable patient characteristics, hospital characteristics and year and hospital-fixed effects, were used. The results were consistent with the existence of the weekend effect. For the model adjusted with the inclusion of all controls, the chance of death observed for individuals hospitalized on the weekend is 14% higher. Our results indicated that there is probably an important variation in the quality of hospital care depending on the day the patient is hospitalized. Weekend admissions were associated with in-hospital AMI mortality in Brazil. Future research should analyze the possible channels behind the weekend effect to support public policies that can effectively make healthcare equitable.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é examinar os efeitos da internação no final de semana na mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) no Brasil. Foram utilizadas informações do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS) de pacientes internados em urgência com diagnóstico de infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) entre 2008 e 2018, disponibilizados por meio da Autorização de Internação Hospitalar (AIH). Foram usados modelos de regressão logística multivariada, controlando as características observáveis ​​do paciente, características do hospital e efeitos fixos de ano e hospital. Os resultados foram consistentes com a existência do efeito fim de semana. Para o modelo ajustado com a inclusão de todos os controles, a chance de óbito observada para indivíduos internados no final de semana é 14% maior. Nossos resultados indicaram que provavelmente existe uma variação importante na qualidade da assistência hospitalar dependendo do dia em que o paciente fica internado. Internações em finais de semana foram associadas à mortalidade por IAM intra-hospitalar no Brasil. Pesquisas futuras devem analisar os possíveis canais por trás do weekend effect para subsidiar políticas públicas que possam efetivamente tornar o atendimento equitativo.

Escala Eagle para riesgo cardiovascular prequirúrgico en endarterectomía de arteria carótida interna / Eagle score presurgical cardiovascular risk in endarterectomy of the internal carotid artery

Resumen Introducción: La endarterectomía carotídea se emplea para el tratamiento de pacientes con estenosis severa (> 70 %) o síntomas cerebrovasculares por enfermedad de la carótida interna. La escala Eagle ha sido usada como predictor de eventos cardiacos luego de una cirugía mayor. Este estudio busca determinar el uso de la escala Eagle como predictor de eventos mayores luego de endarterectomía carotídea. Materiales y métodos: En este estudio observacional retrospectivo de corte transversal, se revisaron historias clínicas de pacientes sometidos a endarterectomía carótida entre los años 2017 y 2021, donde la escala Eagle se realizó durante la visita prequirúrgica, para evaluar el riesgo de complicaciones mayores luego de una endarterectomía carotídea hasta finalizar la hospitalización. Discusión: Un total de 19 pacientes fueron evaluados prequirúrgicamente con el puntaje de la escala de Eagle y fueron tratados con endarterectomía carotídea, con un promedio de edad de 77 años. El procedimiento quirúrgico se realizó con mayor frecuencia en pacientes sintomáticos (89,40 %), incluyendo 10 (59 %) con antecedentes de ataque isquémico transitorio (AIT) y 7 (41 %) con ataque cerebrovascular. Las imágenes diagnósticas indicaron estenosis severa de la arteria carótida en 18 pacientes (94,7 %) y la mayoría de los pacientes presentaron riesgo moderado (68,42 %) según la escala Eagle, además, 5 presentaron complicaciones menores y ninguno presentó complicaciones mayores. Conclusiones: Un puntaje moderado en la escala de Eagle indica riesgo de desarrollar complicaciones cardiovasculares menores luego de endarterectomía carotídea, pero se requieren estudios con mayor tamaño de muestra para dilucidar el papel del puntaje Eagle como predictor de complicaciones cardiovasculares mayores luego de una endarterectomía carotídea.

Abstract Introduction: Carotid endarterectomy is used for treating patients with severe stenosis (>70%) or cerebrovascular symptoms secondary to internal carotid disease. Eagle score has been used as a predictor of cardiovascular events after major surgery. This study aims to assess the use of Eagle Score as a predictor of major cardiovascular events after carotid endarterectomy. Materials and methods: A retrospective observational cross-sectional study was conducted. Medical records of patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy between 2017 and 2021 were reviewed. The EAGLE scale was performed pre-surgically to assess the risk of the risk of major complications after carotid endarterectomy from surgery to the last day of hospitalization. Discussion: A total of 19 patients were assessed pre-surgically using the Eagle scale score and subsequently underwent carotid endarterectomy (Mean age of 77 years-old). The surgical procedure was predominantly performed on symptomatic patients (89.4%), including 10 patients (59%) with a history of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and 7 patients (41%) with a cerebrovascular attack. Previous diagnostic imaging indicated severe carotid artery stenosis in 18 patients (94.7%). According to the EAGLE Scale, the majority presented a moderate risk (68.42%), among whom 5 patients experienced minor complications, and none experienced major complications. Conclusions: Patients with minor cardiovascular complications after carotid endarterectomy were most commonly adjudicated as moderate risk according to the Eagle score. Further studies with large sample sizes are required to elucidate the role of Eagle Score as predictor of major cardiovascular events after carotid endarterectomy.

Documento de posición para la mejora en la reperfusión del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST en Latinoamérica / Position statement for improvement in reperfusion of ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Latin America

Resumen El tratamiento del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST tiene barreras dependiendo de la región geográfica. La angioplastia coronaria primaria es el tratamiento de elección, siempre y cuando sea realizada dentro de tiempo y por operadores experimentados. Sin embargo, cuando no está disponible, la administración de fibrinólisis y el envío para angioplastia de rescate, en caso de reperfusión negativa, es la mejor estrategia. De la misma manera, la angioplastia coronaria, como parte de una estrategia farmacoinvasiva, es la mejor alternativa cuando hay reperfusión positiva. El desarrollo de redes de tratamiento del infarto aumenta el número de pacientes reperfundidos dentro de los tiempos recomendados y mejora los desenlaces. En América Latina, los programas nacionales para el tratamiento del infarto deben centrarse en mejorar los resultados y el éxito a largo plazo depende de trabajar hacia objetivos definidos y obtener métricas de rendimiento, por lo tanto, estos deben desarrollar métricas para cuantificar su desempeño. El siguiente documento discute todas estas alternativas y sugiere oportunidades de mejora.

Abstract The treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction has barriers depending on the geographic region. Primary coronary angioplasty is the treatment of choice, if it is performed on time and by experienced operators. However, when it is not available, the administration of fibrinolysis and referral for rescue angioplasty, in case of negative reperfusion, is the best strategy. In the same way, coronary angioplasty, as part of a pharmacoinvasive strategy, is the best alternative when there is positive reperfusion. The development of infarct treatment networks increases the number of patients reperfused within the recommended times and improves outcomes. In Latin America, national myocardial infarction treatment programs should focus on improving outcomes, and long-term success depends on working toward defined goals and enhancing functionality, therefore programs should develop capacity to measure their performance. The following document discusses all of these alternatives and suggests opportunities for improvement.

Infarto agudo de miocardio en el paciente con marcapasos / Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Patient with Pacemaker

Resumen El diagnóstico electrocardiográfico de infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) en el paciente con marcapasos siempre ha sido un problema en la práctica clínica, provocando retrasos en el manejo y peores desenlaces clínicos. Aunque el bloqueo completo de rama izquierda (BCRI) y la estimulación del ventrículo derecho pueden producir anomalías en el electrocardiograma (ECG), cambios morfológicos específicos a menudo permiten el diagnóstico de IAM o un infarto antiguo. Reporte de caso: Paciente de 76 años con antecedente de implante de marcapasos definitivo por bloqueo auriculoventricular de 3° grado, que ingresó por dolor precordial. A su ingreso hemodinámicamente estable, pero con ECG que muestra ritmo de marcapasos con BCRI cumpliendo Sgarbossa 2 puntos (elevación discordante del segmento ST > 5 mm en derivaciones V1 a V3) y relación ST/S < -0.25 en derivaciones V3-V4. Laboratorios con elevación de troponinas, integrándose diagnóstico de IAM y pasando a angiografía coronaria urgente. Se documentó lesión en arteria coronaria descendente anterior y se implantó stent liberador de fármaco angiográficamente exitoso. Se egresó estable, asintomático y con manejo farmacológico para prevención secundaria. Conclusión: La identificación por ECG de un IAM en pacientes portadores de marcapasos es fundamental para iniciar terapia de reperfusión. Las recomendaciones de las guías cambian constantemente, pero un algoritmo que utiliza la inestabilidad hemodinámica y los criterios de Sgarbossa modificados (CSM) para decidir el manejo de estos pacientes pudiera ser una herramienta con una alta sensibilidad y permitirá a los médicos tener la mejor toma de decisiones sin esperar resultados de laboratorio. Los CSM, que son más sensibles que los criterios originales, continúan siendo útiles en el diagnóstico de IAM. Los médicos deben elegir cuidadosamente el límite de CSM apropiado (relación ST/T -0.20 y -0.25) de acuerdo con cada caso.

Abstract The electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with pacemakers has always been a problem in clinical practice, causing delays in management and worse clinical outcomes. Although complete left bundle branch block (LBBB) and right ventricular pacing can produce electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, specific morphological changes often allow the diagnosis of AMI or an old infarction. Case report: A 76-year-old patient with history of permanent pacemaker implantation due to a 3rd-degree atrioventricular block was admitted for chest pain. Upon admission, he was hemodynamically stable but with ECG showing pacemaker rhythm with LBBB fulfilling 2 points of Sgarbossa criteria (discordant elevation of the ST segment > 5 mm in leads V1 to V3) and ST/S ratio < -0.25 in leads V3-V4. Laboratories showed elevated troponins, integrating diagnosis of AMI, and moving on to urgent coronary angiography. A lesion on the anterior descending coronary artery was documented, and a drug-eluting stent was successfully implanted. The patient was discharged stable, asymptomatic, and with pharmacological management for secondary prevention. Conclusion: ECG identification of an AMI in patients with pacemakers is essential to initiate reperfusion therapy. Guideline recommendations are constantly changing, but an algorithm that uses hemodynamic instability and the modified Sgarbossa criteria (MSC) to decide these patients' management could be a high-sensitivity tool and allow physicians to make the best decisions without waiting for laboratory results. MSC, which are more sensitive than the original criteria, continue to be helpful in the diagnosis of AMI. Clinicians should carefully choose the appropriate MSC cut-off (ST/T Ratio -0.20 and -0.25) on a case-by-case basis.

Analysis of health outcomes in acute myocardial infarction: A value-based healthcare approach / Análisis de los resultados de salud en el infarto agudo de miocardio: Un enfoque de atención en salud basada en el valor / Análise dos resultados de saúde no infarto agudo do miocárdio: uma abordagem de saúde baseada em valor

Introduction: Understanding the impact of value-based healthcare and various healthcare payment models on the health outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is pivotal for guiding clinical strategies and decisions. Objective: To compare health outcomes and costs associated with healthcare for AMI patients under insurance prospective global payment (PGP) and fee-for-service models. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study encompassing AMI patients was conducted from 2021-2023. Convenience sampling of participants over 18 years of age diagnosed with type 2 myocardial infarction was conducted. Analysis was based on Colombian healthcare system payment models: PGP and fee-for-service. Results: The study involved 2134 patients, 657 (31%) under PGP and 1477 (69%) under fee-for-service. Length of hospital stay was associated with the payment model (coefficient -0.68, CI 95%: 0.40 to 0.98, p=0.037). Payment models also correlated with costs (845 USD, CI 95%: 87.92 to 19.61, p=0.029). Neither in-hospital nor 30-day mortality is associated with any payment model, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) totaled 1.6 over a 2-year follow-up. Discussion: It is evident that throughout the care cycle at the Center of Excellence for Acute Myocardial Infarction, there is added value for patients with the PGP model, as the costs are lower and health outcomes comparable to the fee-for-service model. Conclusions: The findings of this study underscore the importance of understanding the relationship between value-based healthcare, different healthcare payment models, and health outcomes in AMI patients.

Introducción: Es fundamental comprender cómo la atención en salud basada en el valor y los diversos modelos de contratación afectan los resultados de salud de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio para orientar las estrategias y decisiones clínicas. Objetivo: Comparar los resultados de salud y los costos asociados a la atención en salud de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio bajo los modelos de contratación de pago global prospectivo y pago por servicio. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio realizado entre 2021 y 2023. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia de participantes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de infarto de miocardio tipo 2. El análisis se basó en dos modelos de contratación del sistema de salud colombiano: modelo de pago global prospectivo y modelo de pago por servicio. Resultados: En el estudio participaron 2134 pacientes, 657 (31%) bajo el modelo pago global prospectivo y 1477 (69%) bajo el modelo de pago por servicio. La duración de la estancia hospitalaria se asoció con el modelo de contratación (coeficiente 0,68; 95% IC: 0,04 a 1,33; p=0,037). El modelo de contratación mostró correlación con los costos (coeficiente 845; 95% IC: 87,92 a 1601,08; p=0,029). Ni la mortalidad intrahospitalaria ni la mortalidad a 30 días se asocian a ninguno de los dos modelos de contratación. Los AVAC totalizaron un valor de 1,6 durante un seguimiento de 2 años. Discusión: Es evidente que en todo el ciclo de atención en el Centro de Excelencia para el Infarto Agudo de Miocardio existe un valor añadido para el paciente bajo el modelo de contratación de pago global prospectivo, ya que los costos son menores con resultados en salud comparables al modelo de contratación de pago por servicio. Conclusiones: Es crucial comprender la relación entre la atención en salud basada en el valor, los distintos modelos de contratación y los resultados de salud de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio.

Introdução: Compreender o impacto dos cuidados de saúde baseados em valor e de vários modelos de contratação nos resultados de saúde em pacientes com enfarte agudo do miocárdio é fundamental para orientar estratégias e decisões clínicas. Objetivo: comparar os resultados de saúde e os custos associados aos cuidados de saúde para pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio sob modelos prospectivos de pagamento global e taxa por serviço de seguros. Materiais e Métodos: estudo de coorte retrospectivo abrangendo pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio, realizado de 2021 a 2023. Amostra de conveniência de participantes com 18 anos ou mais, com diagnóstico de infarto do miocárdio tipo 2. A análise baseou-se nas modalidades de contratação do sistema de saúde colombiano: modelo de pagamento global prospectivo e taxa por serviço. Resultados: O estudo envolveu 2.134 pacientes, com 657 (31%) sob pagamento global prospectivo e 1.477 (69%) sob taxa por serviço. O tempo de internação esteve associado ao modelo (Coeficiente 0,68, IC 95%: 0,04 a 1,33, p=0,037). Tipos de contratos correlacionados com custos (Coeficiente 845, IC 95%: 87,92 a 1601,08, p=0,029). Nem mortalidade hospitalar nem em 30 dias associada a qualquer tipo de contrato. QALYs totalizaram 1,6 em um acompanhamento de 2 anos. Discussão: é evidente que ao longo de todo o ciclo de atendimento no Center of Excellence for Acute Myocardial Infarction, há valor agregado para o paciente com o Modelo de Pagamento Global Prospectivo, pois os custos são menores com resultados de saúde comparáveis à taxa por serviço tipo de contratação. Conclusões: Compreender a relação entre cuidados de saúde baseados em valor, diferentes modelos de contratação e resultados de saúde em pacientes com enfarte agudo do miocárdio é crucial.

Tratamento hemodinâmico em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio: fatores / Preditores da elevação do custo hemodynamic treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction: predictors of cost increase / Tratamiento hemodinámico em pacientes com infarto agudo de miocardio: predictores de aumento do costos

Objetivo: Analisar os fatores preditores para a elevação do custo direto do tratamento hemodinâmico em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com análise documental de 124 prontuários de pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio submetidos a procedimentos hemodinâmicos subsidiados pelo SUS, no período de 2016 a 2017. Foram consideradas como variáveis as características sociais e clínicas, a completitude do prontuário e o custo do tratamento. Resultados: O custo médio do tratamento hemodinâmico é de R$ 6.141,94 reais; sendo que a maioria dos pacientes teve custo de tratamento entre R$ 3 a 5 mil reais. Evidenciou-se que os fatores preditores para o custo são: nível de escolaridade; tempo de internação; e completitude do prontuário. O tipo de procedimento e o diagnóstico do paciente são condições clínicas que não interferem no custo do tratamento. Conclusão: O financiamento do sistema público de saúde é deficitário, pois corresponde a metade do menor nível de custo de tratamento hemodinâmico evidenciado. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the predictive factors for the increase in the direct cost of hemodynamic treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods: Cross-sectional study, with documental analysis of 124 medical records of patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing hemodynamic procedures subsidized by the SUS, in the period from 2016 to 2017. Social and clinical characteristics, completeness of the medical record and cost were considered as variables of the treatment. Results: The average cost of hemodynamic treatment is R$ 6,141.94 reais; and most patients had a treatment cost between R$ 3 to 5 thousand reais. It was evident that the predictive factors for the cost are: level of education; length of stay; and completeness of the medical record. The type of procedure and the patient's diagnosis are clinical conditions that do not affect the cost of treatment. Conclusion: The financing of the public health system is deficient, as it corresponds to half of the lowest level of hemodynamic treatment cost evidenced. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar los factores predictivos del incremento del coste directo del tratamiento hemodinámico en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio. Métodos: Estudio transversal, con análisis documental de 124 historias clínicas de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio sometidos a procedimientos hemodinámicos subvencionados por el SUS, en el período de 2016 a 2017. Se consideraron características sociales y clínicas, integridad de la historia clínica y costo. como variables del tratamiento. Resultados: El costo promedio del tratamiento hemodinámico es de R$ 6.141,94 reales; y la mayoría de los pacientes tuvo un costo de tratamiento entre R$ 3 a 5 mil reales. Se evidenció que los factores predictivos del costo son: nivel de educación; duración de la estancia; e integridad del expediente médico. El tipo de procedimiento y el diagnóstico del paciente son condiciones clínicas que no afectan el costo del tratamiento. Conclusión: El financiamiento del sistema público de salud es deficiente, ya que corresponde a la mitad del nivel más bajo de costo de tratamiento hemodinámico evidenciado. (AU)

Caracterización del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento st en pacientes atendidos en un centro de referencia. Periodo 2021-2023

Introducción: el riesgo de aparición del infarto agudo de miocardio está relacionada con varias comorbilidades, muchas de las cuales son prevenibles y tratables. El infarto agudo de miocardio tiene un impacto relevante en términos de mortalidad y número de hospitalizaciones. Objetivos: determinar las características clínica-epidemiológicas del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en pacientes atendidos en el Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional, durante el periodo 2021-2023. Metodología: el diseño del estudio fue observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal, sobre las características clínica-epidemiológicas del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en pacientes mayores de edad atendidos en el Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional, durante el periodo 2021-2023. Resultados: se analizaron 102 expedientes de pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST con una media de 64 ± 12 años; el 68 % (n = 69) correspondió al sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 62 años, y en relación a las mujeres el promedio fue de 64 años. El motivo de consulta principal fue el dolor precordial y la cara miocárdica más afectada de acuerdo con el electrocardiograma inicial fue la cara anteroseptal. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 16 %, el 68 % correspondió a varones. La comorbilidad más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial. Conclusión: La hipertensión arterial es la patología más prevalente. Asimismo, son habituales la obesidad, el tabaquismo y la diabetes mellitus. Las comorbilidades están en relación directa con la edad y prevalecen en mayores de 60 años. El infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST es más frecuente en el sexo masculino.

Introduction: the risk of acute myocardial infarction is related to several comorbidities, many of which are preventable and treatable. Acute myocardial infarction has a relevant impact in terms of mortality and number of hospitalizations. Objectives: the design of the study was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, on the clinical characteristics of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, in adult patients treated at the Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional, during the period 2021-2023. Methodology: the design of the study was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, on the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation in adult patients treated at the National Medical Center-National Hospital, during the period 2021-2023. Results: 102 records of patients with a diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with a mean age of 64 ± 12 years were analyzed; 68 % (n = 69) were male, with an average age of 62 years, and in relation to women the average was 64 years. The main reason for consultation was precordial pain and the most affected myocardial aspect according to the initial electrocardiogram was the anteroseptal aspect. In-hospital mortality was 16 %, 68 % of which were men. The most frequent comorbidity was arterial hypertension. Conclusion: high blood pressure is the most prevalent pathology. Likewise, obesity, smoking and diabetes mellitus are common. Comorbidities are directly related to age and prevail in those over 60 years of age. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is more common in males.

Características y seguimiento a largo plazo de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con arterias coronarias sin obstrucciones significativas (MINOCA). Un estudio de cohortes (2015-2019) / Characteristics and long-term follow-up of patients with acute myocardial infarction with coronary arteries without significant blockages (MINOCA). A cohort study (2015-2019)

Resumen Objetivo: describir las características de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio sin lesiones coronarias obstructivas (MINOCA), así como sus desenlaces cardiovasculares a dieciocho meses. Materiales y método: estudio de cohortes, ambispectivo, de los pacientes que fueron llevados a angiografía coronaria por diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), entre los años 2015 y 2019. Se seleccionó el grupo de MINOCA y obtuvieron datos de desenlaces como reconsultas y eventos cardiovasculares mayores a dieciocho meses. Resultados: de los 433 pacientes incluidos, 141 (33%) cumplían definición de MINOCA; el dolor torácico y los equivalentes anginosos fueron las manifestaciones clínicas más prevalentes (62 y 62.4% respectivamente). La mayoría se presentaron con IAM sin elevación del ST (92.1%), con FEVI ≥ 50% (42.6%). En el seguimiento a dieciocho meses, se obtuvieron datos de 102 pacientes, de los que el 22% reconsultó y 18% presentó reinfarto. La mortalidad durante el seguimiento fue del 12% por causa cardiovascular y del 36% por todas las causas. Conclusiones: se encontró una mayor proporción de MINOCA respecto a lo descrito en la literatura y con predominio de manifestaciones clínicas atípicas. Es llamativo, igualmente, el alto porcentaje importante de preinfartos y muerte de origen cardiovascular durante el seguimiento de esta cohorte.

Abstract Objective: to describe the characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary lesions (MINOCA), as well as their cardiovascular outcomes at 18 months. Materials and methods: ambispective cohort study that included patients who underwent coronary angiography after being diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between 2015 and 2019. The MINOCA group was selected, and outcomes such as readmissions and major cardiovascular events were obtained at 18 months. Results: data form 433 patients who met the inclusion criteria were obtained, of which 141 (33%) met the criteria for MINOCA. The most prevalent clinical manifestations were chest pain and anginal equivalents (62% and 62.4% respectively), The majority presented with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (92.1%), with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50% (42.6%). During the 18-month follow-up, data were obtained from 102 patients, of whom 22% had readmissions; 18% experienced reinfarction, mortality during the follow-up was 12% due to cardiovascular causes, and 36% due to all causes Conclusions: a higher proportion of MINOCA was found compared to what is described in the literature, with a predominance of atypical clinical manifestations. Equally striking is the significant percentage of pre-infarctions and cardiovascular deaths during the follow-up of this cohort.

O Valor Preditivo do Índice Prognóstico Inflamatório para Detecção de No-Reflow em Pacientes com Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST / The Predictive Value of the Inflammatory Prognostic Index for Detecting No-Reflow in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients

Resumo Fundamento: O no-reflow (NR) é caracterizado por uma redução aguda no fluxo coronário que não é acompanhada por espasmo coronário, trombose ou dissecção. O índice prognóstico inflamatório (IPI) é um novo marcador que foi relatado como tendo um papel prognóstico em pacientes com câncer e é calculado pela razão neutrófilos/linfócitos (NLR) multiplicada pela razão proteína C reativa/albumina. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi investigar a relação entre IPI e NR em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) submetidos a intervenção coronária percutânea primária (ICPp). Métodos: Um total de 1.541 pacientes foram incluídos neste estudo (178 com NR e 1.363 com refluxo). A regressão penalizada LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Select Operator) foi usada para seleção de variáveis. Foi criado um nomograma baseado no IPI para detecção do risco de desenvolvimento de NR. A validação interna com reamostragem Bootstrap foi utilizada para reprodutibilidade do modelo. Um valor de p bilateral <0,05 foi aceito como nível de significância para análises estatísticas. Resultados: O IPI foi maior em pacientes com NR do que em pacientes com refluxo. O IPI esteve associado de forma não linear com a NR. O IPI apresentou maior capacidade discriminativa do que o índice de imunoinflamação sistêmica, NLR e relação PCR/albumina. A adição do IPI ao modelo de regressão logística multivariável de base melhorou a discriminação e o efeito do benefício clínico líquido do modelo para detecção de pacientes com NR, e o IPI foi a variável mais proeminente no modelo completo. Foi criado um nomograma baseado no IPI para prever o risco de NR. A validação interna do nomograma Bootstrap mostrou uma boa capacidade de calibração e discriminação. Conclusão: Este é o primeiro estudo que mostra a associação de IPI com NR em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos a ICPp.

Abstract Background: No-reflow (NR) is characterized by an acute reduction in coronary flow that is not accompanied by coronary spasm, thrombosis, or dissection. Inflammatory prognostic index (IPI) is a novel marker that was reported to have a prognostic role in cancer patients and is calculated by neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) multiplied by C-reactive protein/albumin ratio. Objective: We aimed to investigate the relationship between IPI and NR in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Methods: A total of 1541 patients were enrolled in this study (178 with NR and 1363 with reflow). Lasso panelized shrinkage was used for variable selection. A nomogram was created based on IPI for detecting the risk of NR development. Internal validation with Bootstrap resampling was used for model reproducibility. A two-sided p-value <0.05 was accepted as a significance level for statistical analyses. Results: IPI was higher in patients with NR than in patients with reflow. IPI was non-linearly associated with NR. IPI had a higher discriminative ability than the systemic immune-inflammation index, NLR, and CRP/albumin ratio. Adding IPI to the baseline multivariable logistic regression model improved the discrimination and net-clinical benefit effect of the model for detecting NR patients, and IPI was the most prominent variable in the full model. A nomogram was created based on IPI to predict the risk of NR. Bootstrap internal validation of nomogram showed a good calibration and discrimination ability. Conclusion: This is the first study that shows the association of IPI with NR in STEMI patients who undergo pPCI.

Elementos precondicionantes de complicaciones cardiacas en el paciente diabético con infarto agudo de miocardio / Preconditioning elements of cardiac complications among patients with diabetes and acute myocardial infarction

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo, basados en los parámetros clínicos, ecocardiográficos y terapéuticos, para predecir complicaciones cardiacas en pacientes diabéticos con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, de casos y controles en el Centro de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología Santiago de Cuba, adjunto al Hospital Provincial Saturnino Lora, durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 2019 y 2021. La muestra quedó constituida por 266 pacientes, elegidos por muestreo aleatorio simple 1:2. Las variables de estudio se agruparon en demográficas, clínico-ecocardiográficas y terapéuticas. Se realizó el análisis multivariado con todas las variables que constituyeron factores de riesgo; se empleó el análisis de la varianza unidireccional y la regresión logística binaria. Resultados: Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron la fibrilación auricular y la insuficiencia cardiaca en un 12 %, aproximadamente. Las cifras de control metabólico mostraron alteración al ingreso (OR = 6,92; LI: 2,61; LS: 18,32; p = 0,001). El análisis univariado demostró que diez factores incrementaron el riesgo de presentar complicaciones, entre ellos, el diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus ≥10 años (OR = 2,50; LI: 1,14; LS: 5,45; p = 0,020); además, el análisis multivariado reveló que la edad ≥60 años (OR = 5,624; IC = 1,607-19,686; p = 0,007), el control metabólico al ingreso alterado (OR = 5,245; IC = 1,491-18,447; p = 0,010), la no aplicación de terapia trombolítica (OR = 5,74; IC = 1,46-22,586; p = 0,012), la FEVI ≤ 40 % (OR = 5,245; IC = 1,17-23,433; p = 0,030), la presión de la aurícula izquierda ≥15 mmHg (OR = 12,335; IC = 3,45-44,08; p = 0,001) y la motilidad ≥1,5 puntos (OR = 4,702; IC = 1,258-17,575; p = 0,021) incrementaron el riesgo de forma independiente. Conclusiones: El estudio demostró el valor de seis factores de riesgo de complicaciones cardiacas en el paciente diabético con IAM, donde sobresale el control glucémico al ingreso, la fracción de eyección disminuida del ventrículo izquierdo, la presión de la aurícula izquierda aumentada y la no terapia de reperfusión coronaria.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the risk factors based on clinical, echocardiographic and therapeutic parameters which predict the development of cardiac complications among patients with diabetes and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Materials and methods: An observational, analytical, case-control study was conducted at Centro de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular de Santiago de Cuba, attached to Hospital Provincial Saturnino Lora, from 2019 to 2021. The sample consisted of 266 patients, chosen by simple random sampling 1:2. The study included demographic, clinical- echocardiographic and therapeutic variables. A multivariate analysis was performed with all the variables considered as risk factors; one-way analysis of variance and binary logistic regression were used. Results: The most frequent cardiac complications were atrial fibrillation and heart failure (approximately 12 %). A metabolic control analysis on admission yielded altered results (OR = 6.92; LI: 2.61; LS: 18.32; p = 0.001). The univariate analysis showed that ten factors increased the risk of complications, including the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus ≥ 10 years (OR = 2.50; LI: 1.14; LS: 5.45; p = 0.020). On the other hand, the multivariate analysis revealed six factors that predict the development of cardiac complications: age ≥ 60 years (OR = 5.624; CI = 1.607-19.686; p = 0.007), altered metabolic control on admission (OR = 5.245; CI = 1.491-18.447; p = 0.010), lack of use of thrombolytic therapy (OR = 5.74; CI = 1.46-22.586; p = 0.012), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40 % (OR = 5.245; CI = 1.17-23.433; p = 0.030), left atrial pressure ≥ 15 mmHg (OR = 12.335; CI = 3.45-44.08; p = 0.001) and motility ≥ 1.5 points (OR = 4.702; CI = 1.258-17.575; p = 0.021). Conclusions: The study demonstrated the value of six risk factors of cardiac complications among patients with diabetes and AMI, where glycemic control on admission, decreased LVEF, increased left atrial pressure and no reperfusion therapy stand out.

Infarto com Supra-ST em Adulto Jovem: Rara Apresentação de Mixoma Atrial Gigante / Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Young Adult: Rare Presentation of Giant Atrial Myxoma

Resumo Neoplasias cardíacas são raras, tendo como principal representante o mixoma atrial (MA), que corresponde a cerca de metade de todos os casos. O MA tem incidência estimada entre 0.001% e 0.3% na população em geral, no entanto apenas aproximadamente 0,06% desses cursam com eventos embólicos coronarianos. Homem de 33 anos, tabagista, admitido com quadro de precordialgia intensa e irradiação para membro superior esquerdo com duração de uma hora. O eletrocardiograma evidenciou elevação de segmento ST nas derivações D2, D3 e aVF troponina sérica elevada, confirmando infarto com supra desnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). Foi realizada cineangiocoronariografia, a qual revelou oclusão em terço proximal de artéria coronária direita por trombo. Realizada tentativa de aspiração do trombo, sem sucesso, seguido por angioplastia primária com balão sem colocação de stent. Durante a investigação do quadro, paciente realizou ecocardiograma transtorácico o qual demonstrou massa homogênea de superfície regular, de 5.2 cm x 2.3 cm, aderida ao septo interatrial, com lobulações de características emboligênicas prolapsando para valva mitral e ventrículo esquerdo na diástole, compatível com MA. Foi realizada ressecção cirúrgica com paciente evoluindo assintomático, recebendo alta para seguimento ambulatorial. O caso relatado difere em idade e sexo do perfil epidemiológico típico sendo um dos poucos descritos com acometimento da parede inferior apresentando a artéria coronária direita como culpada. Este relato ratifica a importância do diagnóstico diferencial frente às apresentações de IAMCSST em jovens.

Abstract Cardiac tumors are rare entities, among which atrial myxoma (AM) stands as the most frequent, accounting for approximately half of all reported cases. The incidence of AM is estimated to range from 0.001% to 0.3% within the general population, yet only about 0.06% of these cases present with coronary embolic events. We report on a 33-year-old male smoker who experienced acute, severe precordial pain radiating to the left upper limb, lasting for one hour. The electrocardiographic evaluation demonstrated ST-segment elevation in leads D2, D3, and aVF, alongside significantly elevated serum troponin levels, confirming a diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Subsequent coronary angiography revealed proximal occlusion of the right coronary artery due to thrombus. An initial attempt of thrombus aspiration was unsuccessful, followed by primary angioplasty with balloon inflation without stent placement. Further diagnostic exploration through transthoracic echocardiography identified a homogenous, smooth-surfaced mass measuring 5.2 cm x 2.3 cm attached to the interatrial septum. This mass, characterized by lobulations, prolapsed into the mitral valve and left ventricle during diastole, consistent with AM. Surgical resection of the mass was successfully performed, with the patient being discharged asymptomatic. In the reported case, the patient's profile, notably his age, and gender, diverges from the typical epidemiological characteristics associated with AM. This case adds to the limited number of reports where the inferior wall is affected by the right coronary artery being occluded. This report emphasizes the significance of differential diagnoses in younger patients presenting with STEMI.