ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Role stress is linked to reduced work performance, diminished organizational commitment, increased intention to leave a job, and negative physical and mental health effects. Given the significant implications of role stress, researchers have sought to understand and quantify the concept. The Role Conflict and Ambiguity (RCA) scales are widely utilized in job stress research as the predominant measurement tools. They were originally conceptualized as consisting of two independent dimensions: role conflict and role ambiguity. Objective: This study advances the validation research of the RCA scales by exploring its dimensionality through Mokken Scale Analysis (MSA) and Classical Test Theory (CTT). Method: South African school teachers responded to the RCA scales, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Teaching Satisfaction Scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and MSA were employed for data analysis. Results: The research determined that a second-order model provided the optimal fit, indicating that role ambiguity and role conflict are subordinate dimensions within the overarching construct of role stress. Conclusion: The findings from the CFA and supplementary bifactor indices reinforce the view that the instrument comprises 13 items, which assess a general dimension of role stress along with two sub-dimensions: role conflict and role ambiguity. Such specificity may lead to more effective strategies to mitigate role-related stress, thereby enhancing overall employee well-being, job satisfaction, and organizational productivity.
Resumen Antecedentes: El estrés de rol está relacionado con la reducción del rendimiento laboral, la disminución del compromiso organizativo, el aumento de la intención de abandonar el trabajo y los efectos negativos sobre la salud física y mental. Dadas las importantes implicaciones del estrés de rol, los investigadores han tratado de comprender y cuantificar este concepto. Las escalas de Conflicto y Ambigüedad de Roles (RCA) se utilizan ampliamente en la investigación del estrés laboral como herramientas de medición predominantes. Al principio, se conceptualizaron como dos dimensiones independientes: conflicto de rol y ambigüedad de rol. Objetivo: Este estudio avanza en la investigación de validación de las escalas RCA, explorando su dimensionalidad mediante el Análisis de Escalas de Mokken (MSA) y la Teoría Clásica de los Test (CTT). Método: Profesores sudafricanos respondieron a las escalas RCA, Maslach Burnout Inventory y Teaching Satisfaction Scale. Se emplearon el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) y el MSA para el análisis de los datos. Resultados: La investigación determinó que un modelo de segundo orden proporcionaba el ajuste óptimo, indicando que la ambigüedad de rol y el conflicto de rol son dimensiones subordinadas dentro del constructo global del estrés de rol. Conclusiones: Los resultados del AFC y los índices bifactoriales suplementarios refuerzan la opinión de que el instrumento consta de 13 ítems, que evalúan una dimensión general de estrés de rol junto con dos subdimensiones: conflicto de rol y ambigüedad de rol. Esta especificidad puede conducir a estrategias más eficaces para mitigar el estrés relacionado con el rol, mejorando así el bienestar general de los empleados, la satisfacción en el trabajo y la productividad de la organización.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the improvement of nasal appearance, symptoms and psychological burden in patients with secondary cleft rhinoplasty by using retrospective research methods, through preoperative and postoperative questionnaires.Methods:Twenty-three cleft lip patients that underwent surgery in our unit since April 2016 were enrolled in this study. The self-designed questionnaire was used to explore the changes of patients before and after the operation. The questionnaire star was utilized to collect the data, and after the data was sorted and summarized, SPSS 20.0 was used for analysis and statistics.Results:The average follow-up time was 28.9 months. The total score of ROE satisfaction before surgery was 46.74 points, while after surgery it reached 63.04 points ( t=4.10, P<0.01); the self-scores of nasal shape were significantly improved after surgery; but there was no significant change in the ventilation function in the VAS scale before and after the operation; the nasal symptoms and psychological status in the SNOT-22 questionnaire, such as, nasal congestion, embarrassment, depression, restlessness and irritability, were significantly improved ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Our semi-autonomous designed questionnaire can be used to effectively evaluate the satisfaction, nasal shape, and symptoms of patients with nasal deformity secondary to cleft lip. Data analysis shows that our secondary cleft lip rhinoplasty for cleft lip and palate can improve patients′ satisfaction after the repair, as well as nose shape and function, at the same time the psychological burden caused by it.