Tomografia computadorizada com protocolo dedicado no estadiamento locorregional no câncer de mama / Computed tomography with dedicated protocol for locoregional staging in breast cancer

INTRODUÇÃO: As técnicas de detecção precoce no câncer de mama tem se desenvolvido nos últimos anos. A ressonância magnética (RM) das mamas é considerada o melhor método de imagem para estadiamento locorregional do câncer de mama atualmente, no entanto, por ser um exame extremamente sensível, aumenta o número de achados falso positivos, consequentemente aumentado o número de biópsias desnecessárias. Um exame pouco estudado, porém com resultados promissores, é a tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax com protocolo dedicado para avaliação da mama em decúbito ventral, com técnicas de subtração. Comparando-se à RM, as vantagens da TC incluem principalmente o menor tempo de exame e capacidade de identificar metástases à distância no mesmo exame de avaliação locorregional. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a possibilidade do uso de tomografia computadorizada para avaliação locorregional no estadiamento do câncer de mama, comparando-se à ressonância magnética mamas e com resultado anatomo- patologico final (padrão-ouro). METODOLOGIA: Estudo prospectivo unicêntrico, no qual foram analisadas as tomografias computadorizadas de estadiamento, comparando-se com à RM, nas pacientes que já iriam realizar tomografias para estadiamento à distância e ressonância magnética para avaliação locoregional. A amostra foi coletada por conveniência, em um hospital oncológico, coletados de pacientes que realizaram o exame tomogreafico entre setembro de 2019 e setembro de 2021. Os seguintes dados dos pacientes foram extraídos por entrevista e do sistema de informações radiológicas do hospital: altura, peso, idade, ciclo menstrual, imagens tomográficas e de ressonância magnética e o diagnóstico histopatológico da biópsia. Foram incluídas pacientes que realizaram tomografia computadorizada para estadiamento a distância no câncer de mama e ressonância magnética de mamas para avaliação locoregional, conforme protocolo da instituição. O coeficiente de Kappa (k) foi utilizado para avaliar a concordância entre os achados da RM e TC. Foram considerados estatisticamente significantes os resultados que tiverem probabilidade de erro tipo I menor ou igual a 5% (p≤0,05). Para avaliar associação entre as dimensões do tumor na TC, RM e patologia, foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) ou de Spearman (rho), conforme indicação. RESULTADOS: Foram realizadas 111 tomografia com protocolo dedicado para o estadiamento do câncer de mama, com pacientes com idade média de 48,7 anos, cujo subtipo mais comum foi o carcinoma ductal do tipo não especial (82,9%), enquanto o subtipo molecular mais comum foi de Luminais (A, B e indeterminados) (71,7%). A TC e a RM demonstraram uma ótima concordância entre os achados de imagem, sendo a lesão principal caracterizada em 99,1% dos casos, e a extensão tumoral média foi de 4,2 cm na TC e 4,3 cm na RM, demonstrando inclusive uma boa concordância com a patologia em casos que foram para a cirurgia sem quimioterapia neoadjuvante (Kappa de 0,537 (0.106) para a TC com a patologia e de 0,618 (0.098) para a RM), porém sem diferença estatística entre os métodos. A TC apresentou uma melhor concordância com a patologia nos casos de linfonodos axilares, principalmente nos níveis II e III (Kappa de 0,482 (0,111) para a TC e 0,246 (0.115) para a RM), nesse caso com significância estatística. CONCLUSÃO: A tomografia com protocolo dedicado para estadiamento locoregional em pacientes com câncer de mama é viável e mostra concordância substancial com achados da RM das mamas e com resultado anatomo-patologico

INTRODUCTION: Techniques for early detection of breast cancer have been developed in recent years. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breasts is currently considered the best imaging method for locoregional staging of breast cancer, however, as it is an extremely sensitive test, it increases the number of false positive findings, consequently increasing the number of unnecessary biopsies. A little-studied test, but with promising results, is chest computed tomography (CT) with a dedicated protocol for breast evaluation in the prone position, with subtraction techniques. Comparing to MRI, the advantages of CT mainly include the shorter examination time and the ability to identify distant metastases in the same locoregional evaluation examination. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the possibility of using computed tomography for locoregional evaluation in the staging of breast cancer, comparing it to magnetic resonance imaging of the breasts and with the final anatomopathological result (gold standard). METHODOLOGY: Prospective single-center study, in which staging computed tomography scans were analyzed, comparing them with MRI, in patients who were already going to undergo tomographies for distant staging and magnetic resonance imaging for locoregional evaluation. The sample was collected for convenience, in an oncology hospital, collected from patients who underwent the CT scan between September 2019 and September 2021. The following patient data were extracted by interview and from the hospital's radiological information system: height, weight, age, menstrual cycle, tomographic and magnetic resonance images and the histopathological diagnosis of the biopsy. Patients who underwent computed tomography for distant staging of breast cancer and magnetic resonance imaging of the breasts for locoregional evaluation, according to the institution's protocol, were included. The Kappa coefficient (k) was used to assess the agreement between MRI and CT findings. Results with a probability of type I error less than or equal to 5% (p≤0.05) were considered statistically significant. To assess the association between tumor dimensions on CT, MRI and pathology, the Pearson (r) or Spearman (rho) correlation coefficient was used, as indicated. RESULTS: 111 CT scans were performed with a dedicated protocol for breast cancer staging, with patients with a mean age of 48.7 years, whose most common subtype was ductal carcinoma of the non-special type (82.9%), while the subtype The most common molecular type was Luminals (A, B and indeterminate) (71.7%). CT and MRI showed excellent agreement between imaging findings, with the main lesion being characterized in 99.1% of cases, and the mean tumor extension was 4.2 cm on CT and 4.3 cm on MRI, demonstrating including good concordance with pathology in cases that underwent surgery without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (Kappa of 0.537 (0.106) for CT with pathology and 0.618 (0.098) for MRI), but with no statistical difference between methods. CT showed better agreement with the pathology in cases of axillary lymph nodes, mainly at levels II and III (Kappa of 0.482 (0.111) for CT and 0.246 (0.115) for MRI), in this case with statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Tomography with a dedicated protocol for locoregional staging in patients with breast cancer is feasible and shows substantial agreement with MRI findings of the breasts and with the anatomopathological result.

Situación actual de la laparoscopía de estadificación en pacientes con cáncer gástrico en Colombia: Cómo lo estamos haciendo? / Current situation of staging laparoscopy in patients with gastric cancer in Colombia: How are we doing it?

Introducción. La laparoscopía de estadificación permite identificar con gran precisión el compromiso locorregional avanzado y metastásico a peritoneo en los pacientes con cáncer gástrico. Las guías internacionales aún difieren en las indicaciones para incluir este procedimiento como parte del proceso de estadificación. Métodos. Se diseñó una encuesta dirigida a cirujanos residentes en Colombia, sobre el uso de la laparoscopía de estadificación en los pacientes con cáncer gástrico. Se analizaron los resultados y con base en la evidencia disponible se proponen algunas pautas en las indicaciones y técnica del procedimiento. Resultados. Respondieron la encuesta 74 cirujanos; el 43,8 % considera que el objetivo de la laparoscopía de estadificación es descartar la carcinomatosis peritoneal. El 54,1 % realiza el procedimiento en estadios tempranos, sin embargo, el 48,6 % considera realizarla solo en pacientes con sospecha de carcinomatosis por imágenes. Las áreas evaluadas con mayor frecuencia por los cirujanos (más del 85 %) son la superficie hepática, las cúpulas diafragmáticas, los recesos parietocólicos y la pelvis. Las zonas evaluadas en menor frecuencia son la válvula ileocecal (40,5 %) y el ligamento de Treitz (39 %). El 33 % de los cirujanos no toma rutinariamente citología peritoneal. Conclusión. Este trabajo muestra la tendencia de los cirujanos en el uso de la laparoscopía de estadificación en pacientes con cáncer gástrico. A pesar de encontrar resultados muy positivos en relación con las indicaciones y técnica del procedimiento, es necesario analizar la evidencia disponible para su uso según cada escenario y mejorar la sistematización del procedimiento

Introduction. In patients with gastric cancer, staging laparoscopy allows advanced locoregional and metastatic involvement to the peritoneum to be identified with high accuracy. International guidelines still differ indications to include this procedure as part of the staging process. Methods. A survey was designed for surgeons practicing in Colombia on the use of staging laparoscopy in gastric cancer patients. The results were analyzed and based on the available evidence some guidelines on the indications and technique of the procedure were proposed. Results. 74 surgeons responded to the survey and 39.7% consider that staging laparoscopy is a reliable tool to define resectability. 43.8% of surgeons consider that the objective of staging laparoscopy is to rule out peritoneal carcinomatosis and 54.1% perform the procedure in early stages; however, 48.6% consider performing it only in patients with suspected carcinomatosis by imaging. The areas evaluated by most surgeons (>85%) were the hepatic surface, diaphragmatic domes, parietocolic recesses and pelvis. The least frequently evaluated areas were the ileocecal valve (40.5%) and the ligament of Treitz (39%). Peritoneal cytology is not routinely taken by 33% of surgeons. Conclusions. This study provides insight into surgeons' trends in the use of staging laparoscopy in gastric cancer patients. Despite finding very positive results in relation to the indications and technique of the procedure for many surgeons, it is necessary to analyze the available evidence for the use of staging laparoscopy according to each scenario of gastric cancer patients, and a better systematization of the procedure is necessary

Factores de riesgo, etapificación y pronóstico en carcinoma escamoso de cavidad oral

El carcinoma escamoso de cavidad oral corresponde a una de las neoplasias malignas más frecuentes en cabeza y cuello, teniendo una incidencia mundial según GLOBOCAN para el año 2020 de 377.713 casos nuevos. Este cáncer tiene la ventaja potencial de su diagnóstico precoz por su accesibilidad al examen físico, por lo que es importante tener un alto índice de sospecha en pacientes con los factores de riesgo como tabaquismo crónico, consumo de alcohol, consumo de nuez de betel, inmunodeficiencias, entre otros, teniendo una conducta activa con el fin de lograr un diagnóstico precoz. Por otro lado, la etapificación actual incorpora nuevos factores pronósticos, como la profundidad de invasión, con el fin de asignar de mejor forma una clasificación adecuada y con ello, guiar el tratamiento de estos pacientes. Finalmente, se debe procurar un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz con el fin de lograr los mejores resultados oncológicos.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity represents one of the most frequent malignant neoplasms in the head and neck, having an incidence according to GLOBOCAN for the year 2020 of 377,713 new cases. This cancer has the potential advantage of early diagnosis due to its accessibility to physical examination, so it is important to have a high index of suspicion in patients with risk factors such as chronic smoking, alcohol consumption, betel nut consumption, immunodeficiencies, among others, having an active behavior in order to achieve an early diagnosis. On the other hand, the current staging incorporates new prognostic factors, such as depth of invasion, in order to better assign an adequate classification and thus guide the treatment of these patients. Finally, early diagnosis and treatment should be sought in order to achieve the best oncological outcomes.

Impact of TNM® 8th edition on thyroid cancer retrospective staging

Introduction: Thyroid carcinoma has a global survival close to 97% in 15 years. The 8th TNM® has recently been proposed, with changes that include an increase in the cut-off age from 45 to 55 years, a change in the role of microscopic extra-thyroidal tumor invasion (which is no longer considered a criterion for the classification of T3 tumors), and the presence of cervical metastases as a criterion for staging. As a result, a large proportion of patients are transferred to earlier stages. Methods: Retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study carried out through analysis of the medical records of patients undergoing thyroidectomy at HC-UFPR from January 2014 to December 2017. Inclusion criteria were patients with a postoperative pathological anatomic diagnosis of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) who underwent primary surgery in the study period. Results: 197 patients underwent thyroidectomy during the period considered, 58 with thyroid neoplasia and 34 with DTC. Eight patients had lymph node metastasis, five (14.70%) as N1a and three (8.83%) as N1b. Of the total sample, six (12.5%) patients presented downstaging from the 7th to the 8th edition of the TNM®. One of the re-staged patients had bone metastasis during follow-up and died during surgery to correct a pathological fracture. Conclusion: In this study sample, the update of the TNM® in its 8th edition resulted in the downstaging of six (12.5%) patients with DTC. A longer follow-up and a larger sample are necessary to correctly assess the impact of this change on patient prognosis.

Estadificación laparoscópica en pacientes con carcinomatosis peritoneal. Un enfoque desde la cirugía citorreductiva / Laparoscopic staging in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. An approach from cytoreductive surgery

Introducción. Las metástasis peritoneales representan un estado avanzado de muchos cánceres intraabdominales y suelen dar un pronóstico ominoso a los pacientes que las desarrollan. Hasta hace poco la única opción terapéutica para este escenario era la quimioterapia paliativa. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los tumores metastásicos al peritoneo continúan siendo relativamente resistentes a las drogas citotóxicas y citostáticas administradas por vía endovenosa y, en general, a las terapias individuales. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos de PubMed, SciELO y Google Scholar utilizando las palabras claves: laparoscopia, carcinomatosis peritoneal, estadificación, citorreducción. Se incluyeron para la revisión los artículos con mayor relevancia publicados en inglés y español. Discusión. La cirugía citorreductiva asociada a técnicas de quimioterapia hipertérmica intraperitoneal se ofrece actualmente a pacientes con indicaciones precisas según el primario subyacente. Es aquí donde la laparoscopia de estadificación realizada de manera correcta y completa juega un papel determinante, puesto que ha demostrado ser un método fiable para realizar una aproximación del compromiso peritoneal. Conclusión. Todos los especialistas quirúrgicos, en especial los cirujanos generales, deben estar familiarizados en cómo realizar de forma completa una laparoscopia de estadificación, de manera que se pueda hacer una mejor aproximación al grado de compromiso peritoneal, contribuyendo en el manejo integral oncológico del paciente.

Introduction. Peritoneal metastases represent an advanced stage of many intra-abdominal neoplasms and often give an ominous prognosis. Recently, the only therapeutic option for this setting was palliative chemotherapy. However, most tumors metastatic to the peritoneum remain relatively resistant to intravenously administered cytotoxic and cytostatic drugs and, in general, to individual therapies. Methods. A literature search was performed in PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar databases using the keywords: laparoscopy, peritoneal carcinomatosis, staging, cytoreduction. The most relevant articles published in English and Spanish were included in the review. Discussion. Cytoreductive surgery associated with intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy techniques is currently offered to patients with precise indications according to the underlying primary. It is here where staging laparoscopy performed in a complete and correct manner plays a determining role, since it has proven to be a reliable method for approximating peritoneal involvement. Conclusion. All surgical specialists, especially general surgeons, should be familiar with how to perform a complete staging laparoscopy, leading to a correct approach of the degree of peritoneal involvement and contributing to the integral oncologic management of the patient.

Estadiaje ganglionar en el adenocarcinoma gástrico / Lymph node stage in gastric adenocarcinoma

Resumen Objetivos: El sistema linfático del estómago es complejo y multidireccional, siendo difícil predecir el patrón de diseminación linfática en el adenocarcinoma (ADC) gástrico. Los objetivos de este trabajo son determinar si el analizar los grupos ganglionares de la pieza quirúrgica por separado tiene implicaciones en el estadiaje, además estudiar la afectación de diferentes grupos ganglionares. Materials y Método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes intervenidos de gastrectomía y linfadenectomía con intención curativa por ADC en un hospital de referencia (2017-2021).,_Se han comparado aquellos pacientes cuya pieza quirúrgica se estudió en su totalidad (grupo A) con aquellos en los que se separaron los grupos ganglionares para su análisis (grupo B). En el grupo B, se ha analizado la afectación ganglionar de diferentes grupos ganglionares en base a la localización tumoral y el estadio pT. Resultados: Se incluyeron 150 pacientes. La media de ganglios analizados fue significativamente mayor cuando se separaron los grupos ganglionares (grupo B) (24,01 respecto a 20,49). La afectación ganglionar fue del 45,8%, 58,3% y 55,5% en los tumores de tercio superior, medio e inferior respectivamente, y los grupos difirieron en base a la localización tumoral. El riesgo de afectación ganglionar fue significativamente mayor y hubo más grupos ganglionares perigástricos afectos cuanto mayor era el estadio pT. Conclusiones: Separar los grupos ganglionares previo a su análisis aumenta el número de ganglios analizados mejorando el estadiaje ganglionar. Existen diferentes rutas de drenaje linfático dependiendo de la localización tumoral y la afectación ganglionar aumenta de forma paralela al estadio pT.

Objectives: The lymphatic system of the stomach is complex and multidirectional, making it difficult to predict the pattern of lymphatic spread in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). The aim of this paper is to determine if analyzing the lymph node groups of the surgical specimen separately has implications in the pathological staging, as well as to study the involvement rate of different lymph node groups. Material and Method: Retrospective observational study of patients who underwent curative intent gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy for GAC in a reference hospital (2017-2021). Those patients whose surgical specimen was studied as a whole (group A) were compared with those in whom the lymph node groups were separated by surgeons before analysis (group B). In group B, the involvement of different lymph node groups was analyzed based on tumor location and pT stage. Results: 150 patients were included. The mean number of lymph nodes analyzed was significantly higher when the lymph node groups were separately analyzed (group B) (24.01 compared to 20.49). Lymph node involvement was 45.8%, 58.3%, and 55.5% in tumors of the upper, middle, and lower third, respectively, and the involved groups differed depending on the tumor location. The higher the pT stage was, the risk of lymph node involvement was significantly higher and there were more perigastric lymph node groups affected. Conclusions: Separating lymph node groups prior to their analysis increases the number of lymph nodes analyzed and therefore improves lymph node staging. There are different lymphatic drainage routes depending on the tumor location and lymph node involvement increases in parallel with the pT stage.

The impact of multimodality integrated positron emission tomography-computed tomography on improving the staging and management of head and neck malignancy: a cross- sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Clinical assessment of head and neck cancers is highly challenging owing to the complexity of regional anatomy and wide range of lesions. The diagnostic evaluation includes detailed physical examination, biopsy and imaging modalities for disease extent and staging. Appropriate imaging is done to enable determination of precise tumor extent and involvement of lymph nodes, and detection of distant metastases and second primary tumors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the initial staging discrepancy between conventional contrasted computed tomography (CT) and 18F-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) and its impact on management plans for head and neck malignancies. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective cross-sectional study in two tertiary-level hospitals. METHODS: This study included 30 patients with primary head and neck malignant tumors who underwent contrasted computed tomography and whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT assessments. The staging and treatment plans were compared with the incremental information obtained after 18F-FDG PET/CT. RESULTS: 18F-FDG PET/CT was found to raise the stage in 33.3% of the cases and the treatment intent was altered in 43.3% of them, while there was no management change in the remaining 56.7%. 18F-FDG PET/CT had higher sensitivity (96% versus 89.2%) and accuracy (93% versus 86.7%) than conventional contrast-enhanced computed tomography. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that 18F-FDG PET/CT had higher sensitivity and accuracy for detecting head and neck malignancy, in comparison with conventional contrast-enhanced computed tomography. 18F-FDG PET/CT improved the initial staging and substantially impacted the management strategy for head and neck malignancies.

Caracterización de la incidencia del cáncer de mama en un servicio público de salud chileno en el período 2006-2015 / Characterization of incidence rates of breast cancer in public health service, period 2006-2015

OBJETIVO: El cáncer de mama constituye la primera causa de muerte oncológica en mujeres chilenas. Las tasas de incidencia solo han sido estimadas según el registro 2003-2007. Nuestro objetivo fue estimar las tasas de incidencia en un período de 10 años en un servicio de salud y caracterizar dicha población. MÉTODO: Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia del período 2006-2015, por método directo, y se analizó la tendencia por Prais-Winsten. Se caracterizó la población según la edad y la etapa al diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: De 2862 casos, la tasa de incidencia estandarizada promedio fue de 66,6 por 100.000 mujeres. En el período hubo una tendencia al alza del diagnóstico de 0,63/100.000 anualmente (p = 0,5; intervalo de confianza del 95%: −1,73 a 2,99). La mayor tasa de incidencia bruta fue en el grupo de 70 y más años (154,8/100.000). El 49% correspondieron a casos diagnosticados de 50 a 69 años. El 56% se diagnosticó precozmente; la etapa I tuvo la más alta tasa (15,8/100.000). CONCLUSIONES: En este estudio, las tasas de incidencia son mayores que las reportadas en informes nacionales previos. El diagnóstico es mayoritariamente en etapas precoces, lo que difiere del resto de los países de la región. Nuestros datos pueden aportar a mejorar las políticas públicas.

OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Chilean women. Incidence rates have only been estimated based on population records (2003-2007). Our objective was to estimate the incidence rates in a 10-year period in a health service and portray in words this cohort. METHOD: Incidence rates were calculated between 2006-2015 by direct method and trends were analyzed with the Prais-Winsten model. The population was defined according to age and stage at diagnosis. RESULTS: Of a total of 2862 cases, the average incidence rate was 66.6 out of 100,000 women. Between 2006-2015, the trend rose in breast cancer diagnosis of 0.63/100,000 annually (p = 0.5; 95% confidence interval: −1.73, 2.99). The highest crude rate of incidence was in the group aged 70 and over (154.8/100,000). 49% correspond to cases diagnosed between 50 and 69 years. 56% were in early stages, stage I, being the most frequent (15.8/100,000). CONCLUSIONS: On this research the incidence rates were higher than the ones reported on previous national reports. Diagnosis is mostly in early stages which differs from other countries in the region, our data can help improve public health policies.

Evolución del diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico, experiencia Hospital Base Osorno 2006-2017 / Evolution of the diagnosis of gastric cáncer, experience at Hospital Base Osorno 2006-2017

Resumen Introducción: El principal factor pronóstico del cáncer gástrico es la etapa al momento del diagnóstico, siendo indispensable evaluar la mejoría en la obtención de diagnósticos estadios precoces. En Chile no existen estudios focalizados en este punto. Objetivos: Comparar los casos de cáncer gástrico en los períodos 2006-2011 y 2012-2017, en el Hospital Base Osorno y evaluar si se logró una mejora en el estadio al momento del diagnóstico en el segundo período. Materiales y Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, sobre base de datos prospectiva del Hospital Base San José Osorno. El período de análisis fue enero 2006-diciembre 2017. Los casos recopilados se dividieron en 2 grupos según fecha de diagnóstico: período 2006-2011 (G1) y período 2012-2017(G2). Para realizar el análisis se aplicó test estadístico de Fisher y x2. Resultados: Se incluyeron en total 353 pacientes, 233 (66%) corresponden a sexo masculino, con edad promedio de 64,34 (24-87). 182 (51,55%) pacientes con etapificación patológica y 171 (49,45%) con etapificación clínica. Se evaluaron ambos períodos en cada grupo. No hubo diferencias significativas en las características demográficas. En los pacientes con etapificación patológica el G2 hubo mayor detección de cáncer incipiente pero no fue significativo p 0,201. En los pacientes con etapificación clínica hubo una disminución en la proporción de diagnósticos en etapa IV 59 (49,58%) p < 0,001. Conclusión: Existió un aumento estadísticamente significativo en la detección de adenocarcinoma gástrico en etapificación clínica, se requieren mayores estudios para evaluar nuevos factores.

Background: The main prognostic factor for gastric cancer is the stage at the time of diagnosis, and it is essential to evalúate improvements in obtaining early-stage diagnoses. In Chile there are no studies focused on this point. Aim: To compare the cases of gastric cancer in the periods 2006-2011 and 2012-2017 in the Hospital Base Osorno and to evalúate any improvement in the stage at diagnosis during the second period. Materials and Method: A retrospective cohort study was carried out based on a prospective database from the Hospital Base San Jose Osorno. The analysis period was between January 2006-December 2017.The collected cases were divided into 2 groups according to the date of diagnosis: period 2006-2011 (G1) and period 2012-2017 (G2). Fisher test and x2 were applied. Results: A total of 353 patients were included, 233 (66%) were male, mean age of 64,34 (24-87). 182 (51.55%) patients with pathological staging and 171 (49.45%) with clinical staging. Both periods were evaluated in each group. There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics. In patients with pathological staging, G2 had a higher detection of incipient cancer but it was not significant p 0.201. In patients with clinical staging, there was a decrease in the proportion of stage IV diagnoses 59 (49.58%) p < 0.001. Conclusión: There was a statistically significant increase in the detection of gastric adenocarcinoma in clinical staging. Further studies are required to evaluate new factors.

Câncer de mama e análise dos fatores relacionados aos métodos de detecção e estadiamento da doença / Breast cancer and analysis of the factors related to the disease detection and staging methods / Cáncer de mama y análisis de los factores relacionados con los métodos de detección y estadificación de la enfermedad

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o perfil das mulheres acometidas pelo câncer de mama e avaliar os aspectos relacionados aos métodos de detecção e estadiamento da doença e suas associações. Método estudo transversal, com 350 mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama, atendidas em centros especializados de Pernambuco - Brasil, entre junho de 2018 e janeiro de 2019. Para a análise, foram realizadas associações e comparações com o teste Qui-quadrado. Resultados 40,3% da amostra tinha <50 anos, o autoexame foi o método prevalente de detecção (74,9%) em todas as faixas etárias, com associação significativa para estádios mais avançados da doença, >70% da amostra. Conclusão: a detecção pelo autoexame foi expressiva e estava relacionada com estádios mais avançados do câncer de mama, principalmente em faixas etárias mais jovens. Diante dos resultados, os atores envolvidos com a saúde da mulher poderão desenvolver novas estratégias para intensificar o rastreamento populacional.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the profile of women affected by breast cancer and to evaluate the aspects related to the disease detection and staging methods and their associations. Method: a cross-sectional study conducted with 350 women diagnosed with breast cancer treated in specialized centers from Pernambuco - Brazil, between June 2018 and January 2019. For the analysis, associations and comparisons were made with the Chi-square test. Results: 40.3% of the sample was <50 years old, and self-examination was the prevalent detection method (74.9%) in all age roups, with a significant association for more advanced stages of the disease, >70% of the sample. Conclusion: detection by self-examination was significant and was related to more advanced stages of breast cancer, especially in younger age groups. Given the results, the actors involved in women's health may develop new strategies to intensify population screening.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir el perfil de las mujeres afectadas por cáncer de mama y evaluar aspectos relacionados con los métodos de detección y estadificación de la enfermedad y sus asociaciones. Método: estudio transversal, con 350 mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama, atendidas en centros especializados de Pernambuco, Brasil, entre junio de 2018 y enero de 2019. Para el análisis, se realizaron asociaciones y comparaciones con la prueba de Chi-cuadrado. Resultados: el 40,3% de la muestra tenía <50 años, el método de detección prevalente fue el autoexamen (74,9%) en todas las franjas etarias y había una asociación significativa con los estadios más avanzados de la enfermedad, >70% de la muestra. Conclusión: la detección mediante el autoexamen fue significativa y se relacionó con estadios más avanzados de cáncer de mama, especialmente en las franjas etarias más jóvenes. Estos resultados, les permitirán a los actores involucrados en la salud de la mujer desarrollar nuevas estrategias para intensificar la detección poblacional.

Diagnosis of advanced disease in cases of colorectal cancer in a developing country

Objectives Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the world, with survival correlated with the extension of the disease at diagnosis. In many low-/middle-income countries, the incidence of CRC is increasing rapidly, while decreasing rates are observed in high-income countries. We evaluated the anatomopathological profile of 390 patients diagnosed with CRC who underwent surgical resection, over a six-year period, in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. Results Adenocarcinomas accounted for 98% of the cases of primary colorectal tumors, and 53.8% occurred in female patients. The average age of the sample was 63.5 years, with 81.8% of individuals older than 50 years of age and 6.4% under 40 years of age. The most frequent location was the distal colon; pT3 status was found in 71% of patients, and pT4 status, in 14.4%. Angiolymphatic and lymph-node involvements were found in 48.7% and 46.9% of the cases respectively. Distant metastasis was observed in 9.2% of the patients. Advanced disease was diagnosed in almost half of the patients (48.1%). The women in the sample had poorly-differentiated adenocarcinomas (p=0.043). Patients under 60 years of age had a higher rate of lymph-node metastasis (p=0.044). Tumor budding was present in 27.2% of the cases, and it was associated with the female gender, themucinous histological type, and the depth of invasion (pT3 and pT4). Conclusions We conclude that the diagnosis of advanced disease in CRC is still a reality, with a high occurrence of aggressive prognostic factors, which results in a worse prognosis. (AU)

Rectal Cancer: Management Trends and Changes. Concepts for Gastroenterologists and Surgeons / Cáncer de recto: tendencias y cambios en el manejo. Conceptos para el gastroenterólogo y el cirujano

Abstract Rectal cancer is the third most frequent cancer in Colombia and constitutes a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for gastroenterologists, surgeons, and oncologists. Diagnostic evaluation and the study of its locoregional and systemic extension have been modified by new imaging methods, enabling an accurate view of anatomical structures that could not be easily examined before. The availability of these new tools in disease staging has significantly impacted therapeutic decisions and the choice of a specific treatment path for each patient, rationalizing the use of neoadjuvant therapies and the performance of surgery with correct anatomical criteria. The preceding has been essential to achieving the best outcomes with the least associated postoperative morbidity. This article will review and explain in detail the most recent changes and up-to-date recommendations for managing rectal cancer.

Resumen El cáncer de recto es el tercer cáncer en frecuencia en Colombia, y constituye un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico para gastroenterólogos, cirujanos y oncólogos. La evaluación diagnóstica y el estudio de su extensión locorregional y sistémica se han modificado por nuevos métodos de imagen, que permiten una visualización precisa de estructuras anatómicas que antes no se podían evaluar fácilmente. La disponibilidad de estas nuevas herramientas en la estadificación de la enfermedad ha tenido un gran impacto en las decisiones terapéuticas y en la escogencia de una ruta de tratamiento específica para cada paciente, lo que ha racionalizado el uso de terapias neoadyuvantes y la realización de cirugía con criterios anatómicos correctos. Esto ha sido fundamental en el objetivo de lograr los mejores desenlaces con la menor morbilidad posoperatoria asociada. En este artículo se revisarán y explicarán en detalle cuáles han sido los cambios más recientes y las recomendaciones más actualizadas para el manejo del cáncer de recto.

Overview of lymphoma diagnosis in Brazilian public health system patients: Open data analysis for health care planning

Abstract Introduction Knowing the information regarding the panorama of lymphoma diagnosis in patients treated in the Brazilian Public Unified Health System from the last 10 years is a challenge for Strategic Health Planning. Objective To characterize the Brazilian population with lymphoma treated in the Brazilian Public Unified Health System between 2008 and 2017 regarding staging, sex, residence site and mortality. Material and methods A descriptive, retrospective, and longitudinal trial with secondary data from DataSUS (SIA/SUS and SIM/SUS) obtained from patients with ICD-10 C81-85. Results There were 70,850 lymphoma cases between 2008 and 2017, of which 55% were male, the median age was 51 years, and 27% had Hodgkin Lymphoma. Most patients (56%) were treated outside the residence city. São Paulo State accounted for 25% of patients. Treatment initiation took more than 60 days in 27% of cases. A total of 45,601 deaths were due to lymphoma (12% Hodgkin Lymphoma and 88% Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma), with a median age 63 years, and were mainly males (55%). Staging data were inadequate in 23% of patients, and analysis was performed only on the valid records. Advanced disease was diagnosed in 58% of patients (60% male; 57% female) and was more common in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (62%) versus Hodgkin Lymphoma (49%). Discussion Late diagnosis interferes with mortality rates. Health promotion and cancer prevention campaigns, especially targeting the male public, and training for early diagnosis and early treatment are needed. Conclusion Effective measures for early diagnosis and treatment are urgently needed for lymphoma control.

Staging laparoscopy is still a valuable tool for optimal gastric cancer management / A laparoscopia diagnóstica ainda é uma ferramenta essencial para o tratamento do câncer gástrico

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Complete surgical resection is the main determining factor in the survival of advanced gastric cancer patients, but is not indicated in metastatic disease. The peritoneum is a common site of metastasis and preoperative imaging techniques still fail to detect it. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of staging laparoscopy in the staging of advanced gastric cancer patients in a Western tertiary cancer center. METHODS: A total of 130 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent staging laparoscopy from 2009 to 2020 were evaluated from a prospective database. Clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed to identify factors associated with the presence of peritoneal metastasis and were also evaluated the accuracy and strength of agreement between computed tomography and staging laparoscopy in detecting peritoneal metastasis and the change in treatment strategy after the procedure. RESULTS: The peritoneal metastasis was identified in 66 (50.76%) patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of computed tomography in detecting peritoneal metastasis were 51.5, 87.5, and 69.2%, respectively. According to the Kappa coefficient, the concordance between staging laparoscopy and computed tomography was 38.8%. In multivariate analysis, ascites (p=0.001) and suspected peritoneal metastasis on computed tomography (p=0.007) were statistically correlated with peritoneal metastasis. In 40 (30.8%) patients, staging and treatment plans changed after staging laparoscopy (32 patients avoided unnecessary laparotomy, and 8 patients, who were previously considered stage IVb by computed tomography, were referred to surgical treatment). CONCLUSION: The staging laparoscopy demonstrated an important role in the diagnosis of peritoneal metastasis, even with current advances in imaging techniques.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A ressecção cirúrgica é o principal fator determinante na sobrevida de pacientes com câncer gástrico, mas não é indicada na presença de doença metastática. O peritônio é local comum de metástase, porém os métodos de imagem ainda falham na sua detecção. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel da Laparoscopia Diagnóstica no estadiamento de pacientes com câncer gástrico avançado em um centro oncológico ocidental terciário. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 130 pacientes com adenocarcinoma gástrico submetidos a Laparoscopia Diagnóstica de 2009 a 2020, a partir de um banco de dados prospectivo. As características clínico-patológicas foram analisadas para identificar fatores associados à presença de metástase peritoneal. Foram também avaliadas a acurácia e concordância entre a tomografia computadorizada e a Laparoscopia Diagnóstica na detecção de metástase peritoneal e na mudança de conduta após a Laparoscopia Diagnóstica. RESULTADOS: As metástases peritoneais foram identificadas em 66 pacientes (50,76%). A sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia da tomografia computadorizada na sua detecção foram de 51,5%, 87,5% e 69,2%, respectivamente. De acordo com o coeficiente Kappa, a concordância entre a Laparoscopia Diagnóstica e a tomografia computadorizada foi de 38,8%. Na análise multivariada, ascite (p=0,001) e suspeita de metástase peritoneal na tomografia computadorizada (p=0,007) foram estatisticamente correlacionadas com metástase peritoneal. Em 40 pacientes (30,8%), o estadiamento e as estratégias de tratamento mudaram após a Laparoscopia Diagóstica (32 pacientes evitaram laparotomia e 8 pacientes, anteriormente considerados estágio IVb, foram tratados cirurgicamente). CONCLUSÕES: A Laparoscopia Diagnóstica demonstrou um papel importante no diagnóstico de metástases peritoneais, mesmo com métodos de imagem avançados.

EBUS-TBNA versus mediastinoscopy for mediastinal staging of lung cancer: a cost-minimization analysis / EBUS-TBNA versus mediastinoscopia no estadiamento mediastinal do câncer de pulmão: análise de custo-minimização

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess cost differences between EBUS-TBNA and mediastinoscopy for mediastinal staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: This was an economic evaluation study with a cost-minimization analysis. We used a decision analysis software program to construct a decision tree model to compare the downstream costs of mediastinoscopy, EBUS-TBNA without surgical confirmation of negative results, and EBUS-TBNA with surgical confirmation of negative results for the mediastinal staging of NSCLC. The study was conducted from the perspective of the Brazilian public health care system. Only direct medical costs were considered. Results are shown in Brazilian currency (Real; R$) and in International Dollars (I$). Results: For the base-case analysis, initial evaluation with EBUS-TBNA without surgical confirmation of negative results was found to be the least costly strategy (R$1,254/I$2,961) in comparison with mediastinoscopy (R$3,255/I$7,688) and EBUS-TBNA with surgical confirmation of negative results (R$3,688/I$8,711). The sensitivity analyses also showed that EBUS-TBNA without surgical confirmation of negative results was the least costly strategy. Mediastinoscopy would become the least costly strategy if the costs for hospital supplies for EBUS-TBNA increased by more than 300%. EBUS-TBNA with surgical confirmation of negative results, in comparison with mediastinoscopy, will be less costly if the prevalence of mediastinal lymph node metastasis is ≥ 38%. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that EBUS-TBNA is the least costly strategy for invasive mediastinal staging of NSCLC in the Brazilian public health care system.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as diferenças de custo entre EBUS-TBNA e mediastinoscopia no estadiamento mediastinal do câncer de pulmão não pequenas células (CPNPC). Métodos: Estudo de avaliação econômica com análise de custo-minimização. Utilizamos um software de análise de decisão para a construção de um modelo de árvore de decisão para comparar os custos à jusante da mediastinoscopia, de EBUS-TBNA sem confirmação cirúrgica de resultados negativos e de EBUS-TBNA com confirmação cirúrgica de resultados negativos no estadiamento mediastinal do CPNPC. O estudo foi realizado sob a perspectiva do sistema público de saúde brasileiro. Foram considerados apenas os custos médicos diretos. Os resultados são apresentados em moeda brasileira (reais; R$) e em dólares internacionais (I$). Resultados: Na análise de caso base, a avaliação inicial com EBUS-TBNA sem confirmação cirúrgica de resultados negativos foi a estratégia menos dispendiosa (R$ 1.254/I$ 2.961) em comparação com a mediastinoscopia (R$ 3.255/I$ 7.688) e EBUS-TBNA com confirmação cirúrgica de resultados negativos (R$ 3.688/I$ 8.711). As análises de sensibilidade também mostraram que EBUS-TBNA sem confirmação cirúrgica de resultados negativos foi a estratégia menos dispendiosa. A mediastinoscopia se tornaria a estratégia menos dispendiosa se os custos com insumos hospitalares para a realização de EBUS-TBNA aumentassem mais de 300%. EBUS-TBNA com confirmação cirúrgica de resultados negativos, em comparação com a mediastinoscopia, será menos dispendiosa se a prevalência de metástase linfonodal mediastinal for ≥ 38%. Conclusões: Este estudo demonstrou que EBUS-TBNA é a estratégia menos dispendiosa para o estadiamento mediastinal invasivo do CPNPC no sistema público de saúde brasileiro.

Impact of proper surgical treatment on the survival of patients with epithelial ovary cancer / Impacto do tratamento cirúrgico adequado na sobrevida de mulheres com carcinoma epitelial ovariano

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the quality of surgical treatment of ovarian cancer patients and assess the impact of adequate surgical oncological treatment on disease-free survival and overall survival of patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods: this is an observational, retrospective study with quantitative analysis, with the collection of data in medical records of a temporal convenience sample of patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer admitted to a High Complexity Oncology Unit, in Belo Horizonte, from the period of 2014 to 2020. Results: a total of 91 patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer were evaluated, with the epithelial histopathological type being the most frequent (85%). Of this total, 68 patients (74.7%) had advanced-stage ovarian cancer. Appropriate surgical treatment was performed in 30.9% of patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer and the type of performed surgery was statistically significant for overall survival. This low proportion of appropriate surgical oncological treatment was not related to surgical specially or surgeon competence, but mainly to advanced disease related to patient flow at UNACON. It was not possible to confirm if the advanced-stage disease was related to tumor biology or losing time from diagnosis to oncological surgery. Conclusion: overall survival of advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer patients is directly influenced by appropriate surgical treatment, however, in this study, the percentage of advanced ovarian cancer receiving adequate surgical treatment was much lower than the rates reported in the literature. To improve these outcomes, we believe that surgeons should keep following patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy to point to a better time for surgery, and clinical oncologists should better consider adequate oncological surgery as one of the pillars of ovarian cancer treatment and get more involved in facilitating surgeries.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade do tratamento cirúrgico de pacientes com câncer de ovário e o impacto do tratamento oncológico cirúrgico adequado na sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida global de pacientes com câncer de ovário epitelial avançado. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, de análise quantitativo, com coleta de dados em prontuários de uma amostra de conveniência temporal de pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer de ovário internadas em uma Unidade de Oncologia de Alta Complexidade (UNACON), em Belo Horizonte, no período de 2014 a 2020. Resultados: foram avaliadas 91 pacientes diagnosticadas com câncer de ovário, sendo o tipo histopatológico epitelial o mais frequente (85%). Desse total, 68 pacientes (74,7%) apresentavam câncer de ovário em estágio avançado. O tratamento cirúrgico adequado foi realizado em 30,9% das pacientes com câncer de ovário epitelial avançado e o tipo de cirurgia realizada foi estatisticamente significativo para a sobrevida global. Essa baixa proporção de tratamento cirúrgico oncológico adequado não esteve relacionada à especialidade cirúrgica ou competência do cirurgião, mas principalmente à doença avançada relacionada ao fluxo de pacientes na UNACON. Não foi possível confirmar se a doença em estágio avançado estava relacionada à biologia tumoral ou à perda de tempo do diagnóstico para a cirurgia oncológica. Conclusão: A sobrevida global de pacientes com câncer de ovário epitelial em estágio avançado é diretamente influenciada pelo tratamento cirúrgico adequado. Porém, o percentual de câncer de ovário avançado recebendo tratamento cirúrgico adequado foi muito inferior aos índices relatados na literatura. Para melhorar esses resultados, acreditamos que os cirurgiões devem continuar acompanhando as pacientes durante a quimioterapia neoadjuvante para apontar um melhor momento para a cirurgia, e os oncologistas clínicos devem considerar melhor a cirurgia oncológica adequada como um dos pilares do tratamento do câncer de ovário e se envolver mais na facilitação das cirurgias.

Carnoy's solution increases lymph nodes count in colon cancer specimens when compared to formalin fixation: a randomized trial / A solução de carnoy aumenta a contagem de linfonodos em espécimes de câncer de cólon quando comparada à fixação com formalina. um estudo randomizado

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: At least 12 lymph nodes (LNs) should be examined following surgical resection of colon cancer. As it is difficult to find small LNs, fat clearing fixatives have been proposed, but there is no consensus about the best option. AIM: The objective of this study was to verify if Carnoy's solution (CS) increases the LN count in left colon cancer specimens. METHODS: A prospective randomized trial (clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT02629315) with 60 patients with left colon adenocarcinoma who underwent rectosigmoidectomy. Specimens were randomized for fixation with CS or 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF). After dissection, the pericolic fat from the NBF group was immersed in CS and re-dissected (Revision). The primary endpoint was the total number of LNs retrieved. RESULTS: Mean LN count was 36.6 and 26.8 for CS and NBF groups, respectively (p=0.004). The number of cases with <12 LNs was 0 (CS) and 3 (NBF, p=0.237). The duration of dissection was similar. LNs were retrieved in all cases during the revision (mean: 19, range: 4-37), accounting for nearly 40% of the LNs of this arm of the study. After the revision, no case was found in the NBF arm with <12 LNs. Two patients had metastatic LNs during the revision (no upstaging occurred). CONCLUSION: Compared to NBF, CS increases LN count in colon cancer specimens. After conventional pathologic analysis, fixing the pericolic fat with CS and performing a second dissection substantially increased the number of LNs.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: Pelo menos 12 linfonodos (LNs) devem ser examinados após a ressecção cirúrgica do câncer de cólon. Como é difícil encontrar LNs pequenos, fixadores de clareadores de gordura foram propostos, mas não há consenso sobre a melhor opção. OBJETIVO: Verificar se a solução de Carnoy (SC) aumenta o número de LNs obtidos em espécimes de câncer de cólon esquerdo. MÉTODOS: Ensaio prospectivo randomizado (clinictrials.gov: NCT02629315) com 60 pacientes com adenocarcinoma de cólon esquerdo submetidos à retossigmoidectomia. As amostras foram randomizadas para fixação com SC ou formalina tamponada neutra a 10% (NBF). Após a dissecção, a gordura pericólica do grupo NBF foi imersa em SC e redissecada (Revisão). O endpoint primário foi o número total de LNs recuperados. RESULTADOS: O número médio de LNs foi de 36,6 e 26,8 para os grupos CS e NBF, respectivamente (p=0,004). O número de casos com <12 LNs foi 0 (CS) e 3 (NBF, p=0,237). A duração da dissecção foi semelhante. LNs foram recuperados em todos os casos durante a revisão (média de 19, intervalo: 4-37), representando quase 40% dos LNs deste braço do estudo. Após a revisão, nenhum caso no braço NBF permaneceu com <12 LNs. Dois pacientes tiveram LNs metastáticos encontrados durante a revisão (não ocorreu upstaging). CONCLUSÃO: Em comparação com NBF, a SC aumenta a contagem de LNs em espécimes de câncer de cólon. Após a análise patológica convencional, a fixação da gordura pericólica com SC e a realização de uma segunda dissecção aumentaram o número de LNs.

Tumor limítrofe del ovario: revisión de un viejo conocido con nuevas propuestas terapéuticas / Ovarian borderline tumor: Review of an old acquaintance with new therapeutic proposals

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Las pacientes con un tumor limítrofe del ovario pueden tratarse conservadoramente en etapas tempranas y con ello conseguir una supervivencia considerable. Las etapas avanzadas tienen un periodo libre de enfermedad prolongado, algunas con crecimiento de implantes peritoneales y recaída posterior a 10 años del tratamiento. OBJETIVO: Conocer cuál es el pronóstico de las pacientes con un tumor limítrofe del ovario, y su tratamiento en México y otros países. MÉTODOLOGÍA: Revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos recientes registrados en las bases de datos de PubMed, Embase y Cochrane de artículos publicados en inglés y en español entre los años 2006 y 2021. Además, una revisión analítica de la experiencia acumulada en 10 años en la atención de pacientes con tumor limítrofe del ovario atendidas en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad de Oncología del Centro Médico Nacional siglo XXI del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, en la Ciudad de México y otros centros médicos de la República Mexicana. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 62 artículos relacionados con los términos de búsqueda; de éstos, se descartaron 11 porque no eran artículos originales solo de tumores limítrofes del ovario y 4 porque el texto completo estaba escrito en idiomas diferentes al inglés y español. Uno más se eliminó porque sus conclusiones diferían del objetivo planteado y su sustento se consideró endeble. Al final se analizaron 41 artículos. CONCLUSIONES: Las posibilidades de atención quirúrgica de pacientes con tumor limítrofe del ovario, con preservación de la fertilidad, son altas pues su recurrencia es baja. Los tumores microinvasores mucinosos, con permeación vascular y linfática, tendrán mayor posibilidad de recaída a largo plazo. En general, su pronóstico de supervivencia, en cada etapa, es alto. La linfadenectomía retroperitoneal no está indicada en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Patients with borderline ovarian tumor can be treated conservatively in early stages and thereby achieve considerable survival. Advanced stages have a prolonged disease-free period, some with peritoneal implant growth and relapse after 10 years of treatment. OBJECTIVE: To know the prognosis of patients with borderline ovarian tumor and its treatment in Mexico and other countries. METHODOLOGY: Systematic review of recent clinical trials registered in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases of articles published in English and Spanish between 2006 and 2021. In addition, an analytical review of the experience accumulated in 10 years in the care of patients with borderline ovarian tumor attended at the Oncology High Specialty Medical Unit of the XXI Century National Medical Center of the Mexican Social Security Institute, in Mexico City and other medical centers in the Mexican Republic. RESULTS: We found 62 articles related to the search terms; of these, 11 were discarded because they were not original articles only on ovarian borderline tumors and 4 because the full text was written in languages other than English and Spanish. One more was eliminated because its conclusions differed from the stated objective and its support was considered weak. In the end, 41 articles were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The chances of surgical care of patients with ovarian borderline tumor, with fertility preservation, are high because its recurrence is low. Mucinous microinvasive tumors, with vascular and lymphatic permeation, will have a higher chance of long-term relapse. In general, their prognosis for survival, at each stage, is high. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is not indicated in early stages of the disease.

Construction experiences and clinical significance of esophageal cancer databases from Western countries / 中华消化外科杂志

It is imperative to build an esophageal cancer database that meets China′s conditions to manage and use the clinical diagnosis and treatment data of esophageal cancer. The tumor registration database has been constructed since 1929 in Western countries. Nowadays many comprehensive tumor registration databases exist around the world, such as the SEER database, which provide valuable resources for studying tumor etiology and evaluating treatment plans. The authors introduce the development of current international consensus esophageal cancer database and esophageal cancer staging bases, summarize the construction experiences and clinical significance of esophageal cancer databases from Western countries, and present prospects for the development of esophageal cancer databases in the future.

New advances in the treatment of gallbladder cancer / 中华消化外科杂志

Surgery is still the first choice for the curation of early gallbladder cancer, and the surgical strategy is selected based on anatomic position of primary tumor, accurate preoperative stage, and strict indication assessment in order to achieve the optimal curative effect. However, most patients are in advanced stage or with distant metastasis at the first diagnosis, and the recurrence rate and 5-year survival rate are not satisfied even if they receive curative resection. Subsequently, it is urgent for the employment of more treatment strategies in the process management of gallbladder cancer patients, such as neoadjuvant therapy, postoperative therapy and first-line or second-line treatment of local advanced and metastatic patients. In recent years, application of molecular targeted agents and immunotherapy have brought greater hope and laid a vaster prospect for the treatment of gallbladder cancer. However, there is still lack of evidence-based medicine data on the prognostic results, and further researches are needed. By integrating the domestic and abroad new research achievements, the authors systematically summarize the current status and future trend on the management of gallbladder cancer, and hope to provide a macroscopic and systemic treatment chart, including necessary details.