Helicobacter pylori: Microorganismo patógeno o mutualista en poblaciones colombianas / Helicobacter pylori: Pathogenic or mutualistic microorganism in Colombian populations / Helicobacter pylori: microrganismo patógeno ou mutualista em populações Colombianas

Introducción: El riesgo de desarrollar cáncer gástrico varía entre continentes, países y regiones. A pesar de que existe una alta prevalencia de Helicobacter pylori su rol como patógeno o mutualista define el riesgo de cáncer gástrico en las regiones de Colombia. Objetivo: Discutir el rol de Helicobacter pylori en el riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Revisión de literatura mediante la búsqueda, en las bases de datos LILACS, SciELO, PubMed. Resultados: La coevolución del humano y de Helicobacter pylori; la virulencia de genes cagA, vacA; el tipo de respuesta inmune inflamatoria a Helicobacter pylori (Th1) o antinflamatoria (Th2) y la susceptibilidad humana a cáncer gástrico (IL1β, IL10), junto a la dieta y factores ambientales explican el papel de Helicobacter pylori como patógeno o mutualista asociado al riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. Conclusiones: Helicobacter pylori tiene un rol mutualista principalmente en poblaciones de bajo riesgo de cáncer gástrico (costas), no obstante, en poblaciones con alto riesgo de cáncer gástrico (andes), su papel como patógeno amerita la erradicación; única estrategia para mitigar la alta incidencia de este cáncer en Colombia.

Introduction: The risk to develop gastric cancer varies between continents, countries and regions. Although there is a high prevalence of Helicobater pylori, its role as either pathogen or mutualistic bacteria defines the risk of gastric cancer in Colombian regions. Objective: To discuss the role of Helicobacter pylori in the risk of gastric cancer in Colombia. Materials and methods: A literature review based on searching LILACS, SciELO, and PubMed databases. Results: Helicobacter pylori role as either a pathogen or mutualistic microorganism associated with gastric cancer risk in Colombia can be explained by analyzing elements such as: human and Helicobacter pylori coevolution; cagA and vacA gene virulence; inflammatory (Th1) or anti-inflammatory (Th2) responses induced by Helicobacter pylori; human susceptibility to gastric cancer (IL1β, IL10); diet; and environmental factors. Conclusions: Even though Helicobacter pylori has a mutualistic role in populations at low gastric cancer risk (coastal regions), its role as a pathogen in populations at higher risk (Andean regions) justifies its eradication as a key strategy to mitigate the incidence of this cancer in Colombia.

Introdução: O risco de desenvolver câncer gástrico varia entre continentes, países e regiões. Embora haja uma alta prevalência de Helicobacter pylori, seu papel como patógeno ou mutualista define o risco de câncer gástrico nas regiões da Colômbia. Objetivo: Discutir o papel do Helicobacter pylori no risco de câncer gástrico na Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Revisão da literatura por meio da busca, nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO e PubMed. Resultados: A coevolução de humanos e Helicobacter pylori; a virulência dos genes cagA, vacA; o tipo de resposta imune inflamatória ao Helicobacter pylori (Th1) ou anti-inflamatório (Th2) e a suscetibilidade humana ao câncer gástrico (IL1β, IL10), juntamente com a dieta e fatores ambientais explicam o papel do Helicobacter pylori como patógeno ou mutualista associado ao risco de câncer gástrico na Colômbia. Conclusões: Helicobacter pylori tem um papel mutualista principalmente em populações de baixo risco de câncer gástrico (litoral), porém, em populações com alto risco de câncer gástrico (andes), seu papel como patógeno justifica a erradicação; única estratégia para mitigar a alta incidência deste câncer na Colômbia.

Tomographic sarcopenia predicts anastomotic leaks and long-term survival in gastric cancer patients operated with curative intent / Sarcopenia tomográfica prevê fístulas de anastomoses e sobrevida a longo prazo em pacientes com câncer gástrico operados com intenção curativa

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The preoperative nutritional state has prognostic postoperative value. Tomographic density and area of psoas muscle are validated tools for assessing nutritional status. There are few reports assessing the utility of staging tomography in gastric cancer patients in this field. AIMS: This study aimed to determine the influence of sarcopenia, measured by a preoperative staging computed tomography scan, on postoperative morbimortality and long-term survival in patients operated on for gastric cancer with curative intent. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted from 2007 to 2013. The definition of radiological sarcopenia was by measurement of cross-sectional area and density of psoas muscle at the L3 (third lumbar vertebra) level in an axial cut of an abdominopelvic computed tomography scan (in the selection without intravascular contrast media). The software used was OsirixX version 10.0.2, with the tool "propagate segmentation", and all muscle seen in the image was manually adjusted. RESULTS: We included 70 patients, 77% men, with a mean cross-sectional in L3 of 16.6 cm2 (standard deviation+6.1) and mean density of psoas muscle in L3 of 36.1 mean muscle density (standard deviation+7.1). Advanced cancers were 86, 28.6% had signet-ring cells, 78.6% required a total gastrectomy, postoperative surgical morbidity and mortality were 22.8 and 2.8%, respectively, and overall 5-year long-term survival was 57.1%. In the multivariate analysis, cross-sectional area failed to predict surgical morbidity (p=0.4) and 5-year long-term survival (p=0.34), while density of psoas muscle was able to predict anastomotic fistulas (p=0.009; OR 0.86; 95%CI 0.76-0.96) and 5-year long-term survival (p=0.04; OR 2.9; 95%CI 1.04-8.15). CONCLUSIONS: Tomographic diagnosis of sarcopenia from density of psoas muscle can predict anastomotic fistulas and long-term survival in gastric cancer patients treated with curative intent.

RESUMO RACIONAL: O estado nutricional pré-operatório tem valor prognóstico pós-operatório. A densidade tomográfica e a área do músculo psoas é uma ferramenta validada para o estado nutricional. Existem poucos estudos avaliando a utilidade da tomografia de estadiamento em pacientes com câncer gástrico neste campo. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a influência da sarcopenia, medida por tomografia computadorizada de estadiamento pré-operatório, na morbimortalidade pós-operatória e sobrevida em longo prazo em pacientes operados de câncer gástrico com intenção curativa. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 2007 a 2013. A definição de sarcopenia radiológica foi pela medida da área (PA) e densidade do músculo psoas (PD) a nível de L3 (Terceira vertebra lombar), em um corte axial de tomografia computadorizada abdominopélvica (na seleção sem meio de contraste intravascular). O Software utilizado foi o OsirixX v 10.0.2, com a ferramenta "propagar segmentação", ajustando manualmente todos os músculos vistos na imagem. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 70 pacientes, 77% homens, PA média em L3: 16,6 cm2 (desvio padrão+6,1), PD média em L3: 36,1 mean muscle density (desvio padrão+7,1). Os cânceres avançados foram de 86, 28,6% tinham células em anel de sinete, 78,6% necessitaram de gastrectomia total, a morbidade e mortalidade cirúrgica pós-operatória foi de 22,8 e 2,8%, respectivamente, a sobrevida global de 5 anos a longo prazo (SV5) foi de 57,1%. Na análise multivariada, PA falhou em prever morbidade cirúrgica (p=0,4) e sobrevida global de 5 anos (p=0,34), enquanto PD foi capaz de prever fístulas anastomóticas (p=0,009; OR 0,86; IC95% 0,76-0,96) e SV5 (p=0,04; OR 2,9; IC95% 1,04-8,15). CONCLUSÕES: O diagnóstico tomográfico de sarcopenia por desvio padrão é capaz de predizer fístulas anastomóticas e sobrevida a longo prazo em pacientes com câncer gástrico tratados com intenção curativa.

Situación actual de la laparoscopía de estadificación en pacientes con cáncer gástrico en Colombia: Cómo lo estamos haciendo? / Current situation of staging laparoscopy in patients with gastric cancer in Colombia: How are we doing it?

Introducción. La laparoscopía de estadificación permite identificar con gran precisión el compromiso locorregional avanzado y metastásico a peritoneo en los pacientes con cáncer gástrico. Las guías internacionales aún difieren en las indicaciones para incluir este procedimiento como parte del proceso de estadificación. Métodos. Se diseñó una encuesta dirigida a cirujanos residentes en Colombia, sobre el uso de la laparoscopía de estadificación en los pacientes con cáncer gástrico. Se analizaron los resultados y con base en la evidencia disponible se proponen algunas pautas en las indicaciones y técnica del procedimiento. Resultados. Respondieron la encuesta 74 cirujanos; el 43,8 % considera que el objetivo de la laparoscopía de estadificación es descartar la carcinomatosis peritoneal. El 54,1 % realiza el procedimiento en estadios tempranos, sin embargo, el 48,6 % considera realizarla solo en pacientes con sospecha de carcinomatosis por imágenes. Las áreas evaluadas con mayor frecuencia por los cirujanos (más del 85 %) son la superficie hepática, las cúpulas diafragmáticas, los recesos parietocólicos y la pelvis. Las zonas evaluadas en menor frecuencia son la válvula ileocecal (40,5 %) y el ligamento de Treitz (39 %). El 33 % de los cirujanos no toma rutinariamente citología peritoneal. Conclusión. Este trabajo muestra la tendencia de los cirujanos en el uso de la laparoscopía de estadificación en pacientes con cáncer gástrico. A pesar de encontrar resultados muy positivos en relación con las indicaciones y técnica del procedimiento, es necesario analizar la evidencia disponible para su uso según cada escenario y mejorar la sistematización del procedimiento

Introduction. In patients with gastric cancer, staging laparoscopy allows advanced locoregional and metastatic involvement to the peritoneum to be identified with high accuracy. International guidelines still differ indications to include this procedure as part of the staging process. Methods. A survey was designed for surgeons practicing in Colombia on the use of staging laparoscopy in gastric cancer patients. The results were analyzed and based on the available evidence some guidelines on the indications and technique of the procedure were proposed. Results. 74 surgeons responded to the survey and 39.7% consider that staging laparoscopy is a reliable tool to define resectability. 43.8% of surgeons consider that the objective of staging laparoscopy is to rule out peritoneal carcinomatosis and 54.1% perform the procedure in early stages; however, 48.6% consider performing it only in patients with suspected carcinomatosis by imaging. The areas evaluated by most surgeons (>85%) were the hepatic surface, diaphragmatic domes, parietocolic recesses and pelvis. The least frequently evaluated areas were the ileocecal valve (40.5%) and the ligament of Treitz (39%). Peritoneal cytology is not routinely taken by 33% of surgeons. Conclusions. This study provides insight into surgeons' trends in the use of staging laparoscopy in gastric cancer patients. Despite finding very positive results in relation to the indications and technique of the procedure for many surgeons, it is necessary to analyze the available evidence for the use of staging laparoscopy according to each scenario of gastric cancer patients, and a better systematization of the procedure is necessary

Comparación de la prevalencia del grupo sanguíneo A en cáncer de estómago y población donante de sangre / Comparison of the prevalence of blood group A in gastric cancer patients and blood donors

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el cáncer gástrico constituye una enfermedad con una alta incidencia y mortalidad en Uruguay. El grupo sanguíneo A ha sido considerado un factor de riesgo así como de mayor prevalencia en esta enfermedad. Objetivo: El objetivo del trabajo es comparar el porcentaje entre el grupo sanguíneo A en pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico y población donante de sangre en Uruguay. Material y métodos: se trata de un estudio observacional y retrospectivo. El tamaño muestral se determinó mediante la fórmula de comparación de proporciones con un nivel de confianza de 95% y una potencia de 80%. El número calculado fue de 149 para cada grupo. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes del Hospital Maciel y la Cooperativa Médica de Florida que cumplieron con los criterios de ingreso y una población de donantes de sangre de ambas instituciones. El análisis se realizó mediante la prueba de χ2 (chi cuadrado) estableciéndose un nivel de significación de 0,05. Resultados: se incluyeron 153 pacientes y usuarios en cada grupo. El grupo sanguíneo A presentó menor porcentaje en los pacientes con cáncer gástrico (35,9%) en relación con la población donante de sangre (36,6%). La diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos estudiados. Conclusiones: se encontró que no hay diferencia significativa entre los porcentajes del grupo sanguíneo A de los grupos comparados.

ABSTRACT Background: Gastric cancer has high incidence and mortality in Uruguay. Blood group A has been considered a risk factor for gastric cancer and has high prevalence in this disease. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the percentage of blood group A in patients with gastric cancer and in blood donors in Uruguay. Material and methods: We conducted an observational and retrospective study. We used the sample size calculation for comparing proportions with a confidence of 95% and 80% power. The number calculated was 149 for each group. We included all the patients from Hospital Maciel and Cooperativa Médica de Florida who met the admission criteria and a population of blood donors from both institutions. The chi-square test was used and a p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 153 patients and blood donors were included in each group. Blood group A was less common in gastric cancer patients than in blood donors (35.9% vs. 36.6%). The difference was not statistically significant between the groups studied. Conclusions: We did not find any significant difference in the percentage of blood group A in the groups compared.

Debut de cáncer gástrico con metástasis cerebral: manejo clínico quirúrgico

El cáncer gástrico es uno de los más frecuentes a nivel mundial. Las metástasis cerebrales por cáncer gástrico son poco frecuentes y se diagnostican en menos del 1% de los pacientes. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 61 años con historia de disminución de la agudeza visual, cefalea y movimientos involuntarios. Le realizan una resonancia magnética que muestra una lesión de apariencia extraparenquimal occipital izquierda. El PET scan revela una zona hipermetabólica en curvatura menor del estómago, y la endoscopia evidencia una lesión sugerente de neoplasia maligna en fondo gástrico Borrmann I. Se decide realizar una excéresis tumoral por neurocirugía, cuyo estudio de anatomía patológica reveló adenocarcinoma metastásico a cerebro. Se le realiza una gastrectomía total D2, no se evidencian otras metástasis. La paciente evoluciona favorablemente en el postoperatorio. El estudio anatomopatológico revelo adenocarcinoma pobremente diferenciado. En Perú y en el mundo, aún no se han establecido recomendaciones estándar sobre cómo tratar a estos pacientes, aunque se sabe que la resección quirúrgica de metástasis cerebrales puede disminuir significativamente la morbilidad y prolongar la supervivencia en comparación con los enfoques no quirúrgicos. Hasta donde sabemos, es el primer reporte de este tipo que se presenta en el país.

Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent worldwide. Brain metastases from gastric cancer are rare and are diagnosed in less than 1% of patients with gastric cancer. We present the case of a 61-year-old woman with a history of decreased visual acuity, headache, and involuntary movements. She underwent an MRI that showed a left occipital extraparenchymal appearance lesion. The PET scan reveals a hypermetabolic zone in the lesser curvature of the stomach, and the endoscopy reveals a lesion suggestive of gastric malignant neoplasia in the Borrmann I fundus. It was decided to perform a tumor excision by neurosurgery, whose pathological anatomy study revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma to the brain. She undergoes a total D2 gastrectomy, no other metastases are evident. The patient evolves favorably in the postoperative period. The pathology study revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. In Peru and in the world, standard recommendations on how to treat these patients have not yet been established, although it is known that surgical resection of brain metastases can significantly decrease morbidity and prolong survival compared to non-surgical approaches. As far as we know, it is the first report of this type presented in the country.

Rifabutina: terapia de rescate eficaz para la infección por Helicobacter pylori, revisión de la literatura actual / Rifabutin: therapeutic alternative for Helicobacter pylori infection, actual literature review

Resumen La infección por Helicobacter pylori se asocia con enfermedades gastroduodenales como gastritis crónica, úlcera péptica y adenocarcinoma gástrico. Actualmente se dispone de diferentes esquemas terapéuticos, sin embargo, el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos generó resistencia en este agente, razón para estudiar alternativas y reevaluar los criterios que determinan la selección de un esquema en específico. El objetivo de esta revisión fue describir los principios generales de tratamiento de acuerdo a guías de referencia y recomendaciones de autores independientes, y exponer el uso de la rifabutina como alternativa terapéutica. En la búsqueda bibliográfica se usaron los términos "Helicobacter pylori" AND "rifabutin", en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y el motor de búsqueda Google Scholar®. La evidencia actual sugiere que el uso de rifabutina como terapia de rescate es apropiado y seguro, y sería la alternativa ideal en casos de multirresistencia o difícil acceso a pruebas de susceptibilidad antibiótica. MÉD.UIS.2022;35(1): 31-42.

Abstract Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastroduodenal diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Nowadays, there are different therapeutic regimens, however, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics generated resistance in this agent, reason to study alternatives and reevaluate the criteria that determines the selection of a specific regimen. The aim of this review was to describe the general principles of treatment according to reference guidelines and recommendations of independent authors, and to present the use of rifabutin as a therapeutic alternative. The bibliographic search was performed using the terms "Helicobacter pylori" AND "rifabutin" in the databases PubMed, SciELO and the search engine Google Scholar®. Current evidence suggests that the use of rifabutin as rescue therapy is appropriate and safe, and would be an ideal alternative in cases of multidrug resistance or difficult access to antibiotic susceptibility tests. MÉD.UIS.2022;35(1): 31-42.

Helicobacter pylori: novedades, genes de virulencia y resistencia a los antibióticos en Colombia / Helicobacter pylori: novelties, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance in Colombia / Helicobacter pylori: novidades, genes de virulência e resistência aos antibióticos na Colômbia

Helicobacter pylori es un carcinógeno tipo I resistente a múltiples antibióticos y con alta prioridad en salud pública. La infección por este microorganismo está influenciada por una interacción compleja entre la genética del huésped, el entorno y múltiples factores de virulencia de la cepa infectante. Afecta al 50 % de la población mundial, provocando afecciones gastroduodenales graves, la mayoría de forma asintomática. El 20 % de los individuos con H. pylori pueden desarrollar a través del tiempo lesiones gástricas preneoplásicas y el 2 % de ellos un cáncer gástrico. Las manifestaciones clínicas gastrointestinales y extragastrointestinales están asociadas a su virulencia y a la respuesta del sistema inmunológico con la liberación de citosinas proinflamatorias, tales como TNF-alfa, IL-6, IL-10 e IL-8, causantes de inflamación aguda y crónica. Múltiples factores de virulencia han sido estudiados como el gen A asociado a la citotoxina (CagA) y la citotoxina vacuolante (VacA), los cuales juegan un rol importante en la aparición del cáncer gástrico. Dada la resistencia cada vez mayor a los antibióticos utilizados, las líneas de estudio en el futuro inmediato deben estar encaminadas en establecer la utilidad de los nuevos antibióticos y la determinación de profagos colombianos en todo el país. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo hacer una puesta al día sobre las características del H. pylori, los mecanismos patogénicos, genes de virulencia, su asociación con el mayor riesgo de cáncer gástrico, farmacorresistencia microbiana y su erradicación.

Helicobacter pylori is recognized as a class I carcinogen resistant to multiple antibiotics and with high priority in public health. The infection caused by this microorganism is influenced by a complex interaction between host genetics, environment, and multiple virulence factors of the infecting strain. It affects 50% of the world population, causing severe gastroduodenal conditions, most of them asymptomatic. Through time, 20% of individuals with H. pylori may develop preneoplastic gastric lesions and 2% of them develop gastric cancer. The gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal clinical manifestations are associated with its virulence and the response of the immune system with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-8, which cause acute and chronic inflammation. Multiple virulence factors have been studied, such as cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), which play an important role in the development of gastric cancer. Due to the increasing antibiotics resistance, the research in the immediate future should be aimed at establishing the usefulness of the new antibiotics and the determination of Colombian prophages throughout the country. This paper aims to update the characteristics of H. pylori, its pathogenic mechanisms, virulence genes, its association with the increased risk of gastric cancer, microbial drug resistance, and eradication.

Helicobacter pylorié um carcinógeno tipo I resistente a múltiplos antibióticos e com alta prioridade na saúde pública. A infecção por este microrganismo está influenciada por uma interação complexa entre a genética do hospede, o entorno e múltiplos fatores de virulência da cepa infectante. Afeta a 50% da população mundial, provocando afeções gastroduodenais graves, a maioria de forma assintomática. 20% dos indivíduos com H. pylori podem desenvolver através do tempo lesões gástricas pré-neoplásicas e 2% deles um câncer gástrico. As manifestações clínicas gastrointestinais e extragastrointestinais estão associadas à sua virulência e à resposta do sistema imunológico com a liberação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, tais como TNF-alfa, IL-6, IL-10 e IL-8, causantes de inflamação aguda e crónica. Múltiplos fatores de virulência hão sido estudados como o gene. A associado à citotoxina (CagA) e a citotoxina vacuolante (VacA), os quais jogam um papel importante no aparecimento do câncer gástrico. Dada a resistência cada vez maior aos antibióticos utilizados, as linhas de estudo no futuro imediato devem estar encaminhadas em estabelecer a utilidade dos novos antibióticos e a determinaçãode profagos colombianos em todo o país. Esta revisão tem como objetivo fazer uma atualização sobre as características do H. pylori, os mecanismos patogénicos, genes de virulência, sua associação com o maior risco de câncer gástrico, farmacorresistência microbiana e sua erradicação.

Cáncer gástrico enmascarado por fitobezoar: a propósito de un caso / Gastric cancer masked by phytobezoar: about a case

RESUMEN Introducción: Se define como bezoar al cúmulo de material extraño no digerido que se encuentra en el tubo digestivo de las personas y algunos animales. Por lo general son localizados en el estómago. El tratamiento médico y endoscópico es el de elección, aunque también va a estar determinado por su localización y su causa. El tratamiento quirúrgico se reserva cuando existe alguna complicación o la terapia endoscópica falla. Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico de una paciente con obstrucción pilórica completa por fitobezoar y tumor del antropíloro. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 54 años de edad, con historia de dolor abdominal en epigastrio, pérdida de apetito, astenia y trastornos dispépticos de nueve meses de evolución. Los estudios de imagen informaron la presencia de cuerpos extraños en estómago correspondientes a bezoares. En el transoperatorio se evidencia además tumor en la región antropilórica. Se realizó extracción del bezoar y la gastrectomía subtotal. Conclusiones: La conducta quirúrgica en caso de fitobezoar gástrico va estar determinada por la falla o contraindicación del tratamiento médico y endoscópico.

ABSTRACT Introduction : Bezoar is defined as the accumulation of undigested foreign material found in the digestive tract of people and some animals. They are generally located in the stomach. Medical and endoscopic treatment is the one of choice, although it will also be determined by its location and its cause. Surgical treatment is reserved when there is any complication or endoscopic therapy fails. Objective : To present a clinical case of a patient with complete pyloric obstruction due to phytobezoar and anthropyloric tumor. Case report: A 54-year-old female patient with a history of abdominal pain in the epigastrium, loss of appetite, asthenia and dyspeptic disorders of nine months of evolution. Imaging studies reported the presence of foreign bodies in the stomach corresponding to bezoars. Transoperatively, a tumor is also evidenced in the anthropyloric region. Bezoar extraction and subtotal gastrectomy were performed. Conclusions : The surgical conduct in case of gastric phytobezoar will be determined by the failure or contraindication of medical and endoscopic treatment.

Miositis osificante progresiva: reporte de un caso / Progressive myositis ossificans: Case report

Introducción: la miositis osificante progresiva (MOP) es una enfermedad hereditaria del tejido conectivo de baja prevalencia (1:2,000,000 habitantes). Se caracteriza por osificación heterotópica con un comportamiento incierto que excepcionalmente se ha relacionado con neoplasias. Se buscó conocer la coexistencia de la MOP con neoplasias de origen mesodérmico, para que sean consideradas en el diagnóstico de otros pacientes, así como formular hipótesis para esclarecer su asociación. Caso clínico: mujer de 27 años con dolor de músculo isquitiobial y glúteo derecho que incrementaba con el ejercicio, sin remisión con analgésicos hasta limitar la movilidad de ambas extremidades. Se solicitó una serie ósea donde se evidenciaron zonas de radiolucidez heterogénea en la región de ambos muslos y pelvis de manera irregular, semejante a densidad ósea, que fue compatible con los hallazgos ecográficos y tomográficos; se concluyó que eran imágenes relacionadas con miositis osificante de cadera. La paciente refirió sintomatología gástrica y se solicitó una endoscopía que histopatológicamente reportó carcinoma gástrico difuso con células en anillo de sello; las imágenes de gabinete mostraron tumoración ovárica. Conclusión: la MOP es una patología de baja prevalencia, por lo que su conocimiento y sospecha son fundamentales para el diagnóstico. Hay poca literatura que involucre a las tres entidades; por ende, su fisiopatología y comprensión es limitada. En cuanto a la MOP, aún no hay un tratamiento curativo; sin embargo, el diagnóstico certero permite iniciar rehabilitación de manera oportuna con mejoría de la calidad de vida.

Background: Myositis ossificans progressiva (MOP) is a low prevalence hereditary connective tissue disease (1:2,000,000 habitants). It is characterized by heterotopic ossification with an uncertain behavior that has been exceptionally related to neoplasms. The objective was to know the coexistence of MOP with neoplasms of mesodermal origin, so that they can be considered in the diagnosis of other patients, as well as formulate hypotheses to clarify their association. Clinical case: 27-year-old female with right gluteal and ischitiobial muscle pain that increased with exercise, without remission with analgesics until limiting the mobility of both extremities. A bone series was requested where areas of heterogeneous radiolucency were evidenced in the region of, both, thighs and pelvis in an irregular manner, similar to bone density, which was compatible with the ultrasound and tomographic findings; we concluded that they were images of myositis ossificans of the hip. The patient reported gastric symptoms and an endoscopy was requested, which histopathologically reported diffuse gastric carcinoma with signet ring cells; cabinet images showed an ovarian tumor. Conclusion: MOP is a low prevalence disease, which is why its knowledge and suspicion are essential for the diagnosis. We found little literature that involves the three entities; therefore, their pathophysiology and understanding is limited. Regarding MOP, at this moment there is no curative treatment; however, an accurate diagnosis allows to start rehabilitation in a timely manner with an improvement in the quality of life.

Paliación endoscópica con stent duodenal en cáncer gástrico estadio IV complicado con estenosis gastroduodenal / Endoscopic stenting for palliation of Stage IV gastric cancer with malignant gastric outlet obstruction. A clinical case / Paliação endoscópica com stent duodenal em câncer gástrico estágio IV complicado por estenose gastroduodenal. Caso clínico

Resumen: Introducción: el cáncer gástrico es la quinta neoplasia en frecuencia a nivel mundial. Su diagnóstico suele ser tardío. La estenosis gastroduodenal es una complicación frecuente, que condiciona el pronóstico y el tratamiento. Contamos con varias modalidades en cuanto a la paliación de esta complicación. Destacamos el tratamiento quirúrgico mediante derivación digestiva (gastroenteroanastomosis), y el tratamiento endoscópico, mediante colocación de un stent o prótesis metalica autoexpandible (PMA). El objetivo es exponer el caso clínico de una paciente portadora de un cáncer gástrico avanzado complicado con estenosis gastroduodenal en la cual se optó por la colocación de una PMA. La bibliografía comparativa entre ambas técnicas es controvertida. Existen estudios importantes que recomiendan la técnica quirúrgica frente a la endoscópica, y viceversa. Con este fin se han realizado múltiples trabajos. Los posibles beneficios de la paliación endoscópica son: menor estadía hospitalaria, rápido reintegro a la vía oral. El caso clínico expuesto por el contrario no se benefició de la menor estadía hospitalaria, en parte, por ser necesaria su internación por comorbilidades médicas. No presentó complicaciones posteriores relacionadas al procedimiento. Conclusiones: la elección de la técnica a utilizar deberá ser individualizada, teniendo en cuenta el paciente, sus comorbilidades, recursos técnicos, experiencia del personal, y recursos económicos. Se necesitan más estudios para demostrar beneficio de la técnica paliativa más adecuada.

Abstract: Introduction: gastric cancer is the fifth neoplasm in terms of global incidence and its diagnosis often comes late. Gastric outlet obstruction is a frequent complication that influences prognosis and treatment. Among the various modalities available for palliation of this complication, we stand out two: surgical treatment by means of a digestive derivation: gastrojejunostomy and endoscopic treatment, by placing a stent or a steel mesh self-expanding endoprosthesis (EMP). The study aims to present the clinical case of a patient carrier of advanced gastric cancer with gastric outlet obstruction, who was treated by placing a self-expandable metallic stent. Comparative bibliography of both techniques is controversial. A number of important studies recomend the surgical technique instead of endoscopic treatment, and viceversa. For this reason, several studies have been conducted. The potential benefits of endoscopic palliation are the following: shorter hospital stay, fast return to oral intake. However the clinical case presented did not benefit from a shorter hospital stay, since it required longer hospitalization, partly due to medical comorbilities. There were no complications after the procedure. Conclusions: the specific technique to treat the condition needs to be chosen for each individual case, considering the particular patient and his or her comorbilities, technical resources, the experience of the medical staff and economic resources. More studies are necessary to prove the benefits of the most appropriate palliative technique.

Resumo: Introdução: o câncer gástrico é a quinta neoplasia em frequência no mundo. Seu diagnóstico costuma ser tardio. A estenose gastroduodenal é uma complicação frequente, que determina o prognóstico e o tratamento. Existem várias modalidades quanto à paliação desta complicação entre os quais destacamos o tratamento cirúrgico por derivação digestiva: gastro enteroanastomose e o tratamento endoscópico, com colocação de Stent ou Prótese Metálica Autoexpansível (PMA). O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o caso clínico de um paciente com câncer gástrico avançado complicado por estenose gastroduodenal em que se optou pela colocação de PMA. A bibliografia comparativa entre as duas técnicas é controversa. Existem estudos importantes que preconizam a técnica cirúrgica em detrimento da endoscópica e vice-versa. Para isso, vários trabalhos foram realizados. Os possíveis benefícios da paliação endoscópica são: menor tempo de internação, rápida reintrodução à via oral. Neste caso o paciente não se beneficiou do menor tempo de internação, em parte, porque a internação foi necessária por comorbidades médicas. Não foram observadas complicações subsequentes relacionadas ao procedimento. Conclusões: a escolha da técnica a ser utilizada deve ser individualizada, levando em consideração o paciente, suas comorbidades, os recursos técnicos, a experiência da equipe e os recursos econômicos. Mais estudos são necessários para demonstrar o benefício da técnica paliativa mais adequada.

Staging laparoscopy is still a valuable tool for optimal gastric cancer management / A laparoscopia diagnóstica ainda é uma ferramenta essencial para o tratamento do câncer gástrico

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Complete surgical resection is the main determining factor in the survival of advanced gastric cancer patients, but is not indicated in metastatic disease. The peritoneum is a common site of metastasis and preoperative imaging techniques still fail to detect it. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of staging laparoscopy in the staging of advanced gastric cancer patients in a Western tertiary cancer center. METHODS: A total of 130 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent staging laparoscopy from 2009 to 2020 were evaluated from a prospective database. Clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed to identify factors associated with the presence of peritoneal metastasis and were also evaluated the accuracy and strength of agreement between computed tomography and staging laparoscopy in detecting peritoneal metastasis and the change in treatment strategy after the procedure. RESULTS: The peritoneal metastasis was identified in 66 (50.76%) patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of computed tomography in detecting peritoneal metastasis were 51.5, 87.5, and 69.2%, respectively. According to the Kappa coefficient, the concordance between staging laparoscopy and computed tomography was 38.8%. In multivariate analysis, ascites (p=0.001) and suspected peritoneal metastasis on computed tomography (p=0.007) were statistically correlated with peritoneal metastasis. In 40 (30.8%) patients, staging and treatment plans changed after staging laparoscopy (32 patients avoided unnecessary laparotomy, and 8 patients, who were previously considered stage IVb by computed tomography, were referred to surgical treatment). CONCLUSION: The staging laparoscopy demonstrated an important role in the diagnosis of peritoneal metastasis, even with current advances in imaging techniques.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A ressecção cirúrgica é o principal fator determinante na sobrevida de pacientes com câncer gástrico, mas não é indicada na presença de doença metastática. O peritônio é local comum de metástase, porém os métodos de imagem ainda falham na sua detecção. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel da Laparoscopia Diagnóstica no estadiamento de pacientes com câncer gástrico avançado em um centro oncológico ocidental terciário. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 130 pacientes com adenocarcinoma gástrico submetidos a Laparoscopia Diagnóstica de 2009 a 2020, a partir de um banco de dados prospectivo. As características clínico-patológicas foram analisadas para identificar fatores associados à presença de metástase peritoneal. Foram também avaliadas a acurácia e concordância entre a tomografia computadorizada e a Laparoscopia Diagnóstica na detecção de metástase peritoneal e na mudança de conduta após a Laparoscopia Diagnóstica. RESULTADOS: As metástases peritoneais foram identificadas em 66 pacientes (50,76%). A sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia da tomografia computadorizada na sua detecção foram de 51,5%, 87,5% e 69,2%, respectivamente. De acordo com o coeficiente Kappa, a concordância entre a Laparoscopia Diagnóstica e a tomografia computadorizada foi de 38,8%. Na análise multivariada, ascite (p=0,001) e suspeita de metástase peritoneal na tomografia computadorizada (p=0,007) foram estatisticamente correlacionadas com metástase peritoneal. Em 40 pacientes (30,8%), o estadiamento e as estratégias de tratamento mudaram após a Laparoscopia Diagóstica (32 pacientes evitaram laparotomia e 8 pacientes, anteriormente considerados estágio IVb, foram tratados cirurgicamente). CONCLUSÕES: A Laparoscopia Diagnóstica demonstrou um papel importante no diagnóstico de metástases peritoneais, mesmo com métodos de imagem avançados.

Morbidity and survival after perioperative chemotherapy in gastric cancer: a study using the becker's classification and regression / Morbidade e sobrevida após quimioterapia periooperatória no câncer gástrico: um estudo utilizando a classificação de becker e a regressão linfonodal

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is an aggressive neoplasm with a poor prognosis. The multimodal approach with perioperative chemotherapy is currently the recommended treatment for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. This treatment induces a histopathological response expressed either through the degree of regression of the primary tumor or of the lymph nodes or through yTNM staging. Despite its advantages, there are still doubts regarding the effects of chemotherapy on postoperative morbidity and mortality. AIMS: This study aims to evaluate the impact of perioperative chemotherapy and its effect on anatomopathological results and postoperative morbidity and on patient survival. METHODS: This is an observational retrospective study on 134 patients with advanced gastric cancer who underwent perioperative chemotherapy and curative radical surgery. The degree of histological regression of the primary tumor was evaluated according to Becker's criteria; the proportion of regressed lymph nodes was determined, and postoperative complications were evaluated according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Survival times were compared between the groups using Kaplan-Meier curves and the Mantel-Cox log-rank test. RESULTS: In all, 22.3% of the patients were classified as good responders and 75.9% as poor responders. This variable was not correlated with operative morbidity (p=1.68); 64.2% of patients had invaded lymph nodes and 46.3% had regressed lymph nodes; and 49.4% had no lymphatic invasion and 61.9% had no signs of venous invasion. Postoperative complications occurred in 30.6% of the patients. The group of good responders had an average survival of 56.0 months and the group of poor responders had 34.0 months (p=0.17). CONCLUSION: Perioperative chemotherapy induces regression in both the primary tumor and lymph nodes. The results of the operative morbidity were similar to those described in the literature. However, although the group of good responders showed better survival, this value was not significant. Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate the importance of the degree of lymph node regression and its impact on the survival of these patients.

RESUMO RACIONAL: O cancer gástrico é uma neoplasia com mau prognóstico. A abordagem multimodal com quimioterapia-perioperatória é o tratamento recomendado para os pacientes com cancer gástrico localmente avançando. Este tratamento induz uma resposta histopatológica manifestado pelo grau de regressão do tumor primário, dos gânglios linfáticos e do estadiamento ypTNM. Apesar de suas vantagens, ainda há dúvidas quanto aos efeitos da quimioterapia na morbimortalidade pós-operatória. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o impacto da quimioterapia perioperatória e o seu efeito nos resultados anatomopatológicos, na morbidade pós-operatória e na sobrevida. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional-retrospetivo com 134 doentes com cancer gástrico avançado, que se submeteram a quimioterapia perioperatória e cirurgia radical curativa. O grau de regressão histológico do tumor primário foi avaliado de acordo com os critérios de Becker. A proporção de gânglios regredidos foi determinada e as complicações pós-operatórias foram avaliadas com a classificação de Clavien-Dindo. Os tempos de sobrevida foram comparados entre os grupos por meio das curvas de Kaplan-Meier e do teste Mantel-Cox Log Rank. RESULTADOS: 22,3% dos doentes foram classificados como bons-respondedores e 75,9% como maus-respondedores. Esta variável e a morbidade pós-operatória não estavam relacionadas. 64,2% dos doentes apresentaram invasão ganglionar e 46,3% tinham regressão ganglionar, 49,4% não tinham invasão linfática e 61,9% não tinham sinais de invasão venosa. As complicações pós-operatórias ocorreram em 30,6% dos pacientes. O grupo dos bons respondedores apresentou uma sobrevida mediana de 56,0 meses e o grupo dos maus respondedores 34,0 meses. CONCLUSÕES: A quimioterapia perioperatória induz a regressão quer do tumor primário e dos gânglios-linfáticos. Os resultados da morbidade pós-operatória foram semelhantes aos descritos na literatura. Apesar do grupo dos bons-respondedores apresentar melhor sobrevida, este valor não foi significativo. Assim, são necessários mais estudos que avaliem a importância do grau de regressão ganglionar e o seu impacto na sobrevida.

Surgical treatment in clinical stage iv gastric cancer: a comparison of different procedures and survival outcomes / Tratamento cirúrgico no câncer gástrico estágio clínico iv: uma comparação de diferentes procedimentos e resultados de sobrevida

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Even in clinical stage IV gastric cancer (GC), surgical procedures may be required to palliate symptoms or in an attempt to improve survival. However, the limited survival of these patients raises doubts about who really had benefits from it. AIM: This study aimed to analyze the surgical outcomes in stage IV GC treated with surgical procedures without curative intent. METHODS: Retrospective analyses of patients with stage IV GC submitted to surgical procedures including tumor resection, bypass, jejunostomy, and diagnostic laparoscopy were performed. Patients with GC undergoing curative gastrectomy served as the comparison group. RESULTS: Surgical procedures in clinical stage IV were performed in 363 patients. Compared to curative surgery (680 patients), stage IV patients had a higher rate of comorbidities and ASA III/IV classification. The surgical procedures that were performed included 107 (29.4%) bypass procedures (partitioning/gastrojejunal anastomosis), 85 (23.4%) jejunostomies, 76 (20.9%) resections, and 76 (20.9%) diagnostic laparoscopies. Regarding patients' characteristics, resected patients had more distant metastasis (p=0.011), bypass patients were associated with disease in more than one site (p<0.001), and laparoscopy patients had more peritoneal metastasis (p<0.001). According to the type of surgery, the median overall survival was as follows: resection (13.6 months), bypass (7.8 months), jejunostomy (2.7 months), and diagnostic (7.8 months, p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, low albumin levels, in case of more than one site of disease, jejunostomy, and laparoscopy, were associated with worse survival. CONCLUSION: Stage IV resected cases have better survival, while patients submitted to jejunostomy and diagnostic laparoscopy had the worst results. The proper identification of patients who would benefit from surgical resection may improve survival and avoid futile procedures.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: Mesmo no câncer gástrico (CG) em estágio clínico IV (ECIV), procedimentos cirúrgicos podem ser necessários para aliviar sintomas ou na tentativa de melhorar a sobrevida. No entanto, a sobrevida limitada desses pacientes levanta dúvidas sobre quem realmente se beneficiaria. OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados cirúrgicos do CG ECIV tratado com procedimentos cirúrgicos sem intenção curativa. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos pacientes com CG ECIV submetido a procedimentos cirúrgicos, incluindo: ressecção tumoral, bypass, jejunostomia e laparoscopia diagnóstica. Pacientes submetidos à gastrectomia curativa serviram como grupo de comparação. RESULTADOS: Os procedimentos cirúrgicos em ECIV foram realizados em 363 pacientes. Comparado à cirurgia curativa (680 pacientes), os pacientes em ECIV apresentaram maior taxa de comorbidades e classificação ASA III/IV. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados foram: 107 (29,4%) bypass (partição/anastomose gastrojejunal), 85 (23,4%) jejunostomias, 76 (20,9%) ressecções e 76 (20,9%) laparoscopias diagnósticas. Em relação às características dos pacientes, os ressecados apresentaram predomínio de metástases distantes (p=0,011); os de bypass associaram-se a doença em mais de um sítio (p<0,001); e os laparoscópicos, metástases peritoneais (p<0,001). A sobrevida global mediana de acordo com o tipo de cirurgia foi: ressecção (13,6 meses), bypass (7,8 meses), jejunostomia (2,7 meses) e diagnóstica (7,8 meses) (p<0,001). Na análise multivariada, níveis baixos de albumina, mais de um sítio de doença, jejunostomia e laparoscopia associaram-se a pior sobrevida. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes em ECIV ressecados apresentam melhor sobrevida, enquanto aqueles submetidos à jejunostomia e laparoscopia diagnóstica tiveram piores resultados. A identificação adequada dos pacientes que se beneficiariam com a ressecção cirúrgica pode melhorar a sobrevida e evitar procedimentos pouco eficazes.

The esophageal, gastric, and colorectal tumors and the esophagogastroduodenoscopies and colonoscopies by the brazilian unified health system: what is the importance? / Os tumores esofágicos, gástricos e colorretais e as esofagogastroduodenoscopias e colonoscopias pelo sistema único de saúde (sus): qual a importância?

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Esophagogastroduodenoscopies and colonoscopies are the main diagnostic examinations for esophageal, stomach, and colorectal tumors. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the estimates of the incidence of esophageal, stomach, and colorectal cancer; population growth; and esophagogastroduodenoscopies and colonoscopies performed by the Unified Health System (SUS), from 2010 to 2018, in the five regions of the country, and to analyze the relationship between these values. RESULTS: The colorectal tumor had a significant elevation, while the esophageal and gastric maintained the incidences. In the five regions, there was a significant increase in the number of colonoscopies; however, this increase did not follow the increase in the population in the North and Northeast regions. There was no significant increase in the number of esophagogastroduodenoscopies in the North, Northeast, Midwest, and South regions, and in the North region there was a decrease. In the Northeast region, there was a decreasing number, and in the South and Midwest regions, the number of examinations remained stable in the period. The Southeast region recorded an increase in the number of examinations following the population growth. CONCLUSION: The current number of esophagogastroduodenoscopies and colonoscopies performed by the SUS did not follow the population growth, in order to attend the population and diagnose esophageal, stomach, and colorectal tumors. Therefore, the country needs to have adequate and strategic planning on how it will meet the demand for these tests and serve the population well, incorporating new technologies.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: Os tumores de esôfago, estômago e colorretal têm como principal exame diagnóstico as esofagogastroduodenoscopias e colonoscopias. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as estimativas de incidências de câncer de esôfago, estômago e colorretal, o crescimento populacional, e as esofagogastroduodenoscopias e colonoscopias realizadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de 2010 a 2018, nas cinco regiões do país e a relação entre esses valores. RESULTADOS: O tumor colorretal teve elevação significativa, enquanto os esofágicos e gástricos mantiveram as incidências. Nas cinco regiões foi registrado elevação significativa do número de colonoscopias, entretanto, essa elevação não acompanhou a elevação da população nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Não ocorreu elevação significativa do número de esofagogastroduodenoscopias nas regiões Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste e Sul e na região Norte ocorreu diminuição. Na região Nordeste ocorreu número decrescente e nas regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste o número de exames manteve-se estável no período. A região Sudeste registrou elevação do número de exames acompanhando o crescimento população. CONCLUSÃO: O número atual de esofagogastroduodenoscopias e colonoscopias realizadas pelo SUS, não acompanhou o crescimento populacional, para atender a população e diagnosticar os tumores de esôfago, estômago e colorretais. Portanto, o país necessita ter um planejamento adequado e estratégico de como irá suprir a demanda desses exames e bem atender a população, incorporando as novas tecnologias.

Stomach cancer incidence and mortality in Greater Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2000-2016 / Incidência e mortalidade por câncer de estômago na Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 2000-2016

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the incidence and mortality trend of stomach cancer in the Greater Cuiabá, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2000 to 2016. Methods: The incidence information was obtained from the Population-Based Cancer Registry, and the mortality information from the Mortality Information System. Crude and standardized rates were calculated using the direct method, with the world population as reference. The trends were estimated using the Joinpoint regression method, according to sex and age group, and evaluated through the Annual Percent Change (APC) and the Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC). The Joinpoint Regression Program software, version 4.9.0.0, was used. Results: There was a decreasing incidence trend of stomach cancer in males (AAPC=-5.2; 95% confidence interval — 95%CI −7.7--2.6), in men aged 60 to 69 years (AAPC=-3.7; 95%CI −5.6--1.8) and in 70-79 years (AAPC=-3.7; 95%CI −5.6--1.8), as well as in women aged 50 to 59 years (AAPC=-5.2; 95%CI −7.8--2.6) and 80 years or older (AAPC=-5.2; 95%IC −7.8--2.6). The mortality initially increased in women aged 60-69 years (AAPC=28.4; 95%CI 9.7-50.4), decreased for 80 years or older (AAPC=-26.4; 95%CI −38.0--12.6) and stable for the other age groups and males. Conclusion: A decreasing incidence trend of stomach cancer was found among men and, when analyzed by age, among elderly males and adults and elderly females, as well as a stability in the mortality, with an initial variation in elderly women. The production of regional information supports the planning of local policies aimed at reducing the burden of disease and deaths, considering unequal risk conditions and access to health services.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a tendência da incidência e da mortalidade por câncer de estômago na Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, entre 2000 e 2016. Métodos: Dados de casos novos e óbitos de residentes dos municípios Cuiabá e Várzea Grande foram obtidos no Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional e no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, respectivamente. Foram calculadas taxas brutas e padronizadas pelo método direto, utilizando-se a população mundial como referência. As tendências foram estimadas pelo método de regressão Joinpoint, segundo sexo e faixa etária, e avaliadas por meio da variação percentual anual (annual percent change — APC) e da variação percentual média anual (average annual percent change — AAPC). Utilizou-se o software Joinpoint Regression Program, versão 4.9.0.0. Resultados: Verificou-se tendência decrescente da incidência do câncer de estômago no sexo masculino (AAPC=-5,2; intervalo de confiança — IC95% −7,7--2,6), em homens com 60-69 anos (AAPC=-3,7; IC95% −5,6--1,8) e 70-79 anos (AAPC=-3,7; IC95% −5,6--1,8), bem como em mulheres com 50-59 anos (AAPC=-5,2; IC95% −7,8--2,6) e 80 anos ou mais (AAPC=-5,2; IC95% −7,8--2,6). A mortalidade apresentou, inicialmente, aumento em mulheres com 60-69 anos (AAPC=28,4; IC95% 9,7-50,4), redução para 80 anos ou mais (AAPC=-26,4; IC95% −38,0--12,6) e estabilidade nas demais faixas etárias e entre homens. Conclusão: Verificou-se redução da incidência de câncer de estômago em homens e, quando analisada por idade, entre homens idosos e mulheres adultas e idosas, bem como estabilidade na mortalidade, com variação inicial em idosas. A produção de informações regionais subsidia o planejamento de políticas locais que visem à redução da carga da doença e de óbitos, considerando condições desiguais de risco e acesso a serviços de saúde.

Effect of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol on anesthesia and thromboelastography in patients undergoing radical gastrectomy / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To compare the effects of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol on anesthesia and thromboelastography in patients undergoing radical gastrectomy.Methods:From September 2017 to December 2019, 120 patients undergoing radical gastrectomy in Chaoyang Central Hospital were prospectively selected and divided into control group and observation group according to random number table method, with 60 cases in each group.The two groups used the same drugs before induction and the same way of anesthesia induction. During the maintenance of anesthesia, remifentanil and propofol were injected intravenously in the control group, and dexmedetomidine was injected in the observation group on the basis of the control group. The indexes of thromboelastography, preoperative and postoperative cellular immune function, postoperative analgesic effect [Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)], Ramsay sedation score, and postoperative adverse reactions were compared between the two groups at different times.Results:The reaction time of coagulation factor (R) and fibrinogen (K) in the two groups decreased 3 hours after operation, and those in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05); The maximum thrombus amplitude (MA) of the two groups increased 3 hours after operation, and MA in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (all P<0.05). Compared with that before operation, the VAS scores and Ramsay sedation scores in the control group and the observation group at 24 h and 48 h after operation were significantly lower (all P<0.05), and the VAS scores and Ramsay sedation scores in the observation group at 24 h and 48 h after operation were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Compared with that before operation, the CD4 +, CD8 +, CD4 + /CD8 + in the control group and the observation group were improved at 6 h and 48 h after operation (all P<0.05), and the improvement in the observation group was significantly better than that in the control group at 6 h and 48 h after operation (all P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the control group was 6.67%(4/60), which was slightly higher than that in the observation group of 5.00%(3/60), but the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Compared with propofol and remifentanil alone, combined application of dexmedetomidine can help patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer to achieve better analgesic effect, improve the blood coagulation state of patients, and play a better regulatory role on cellular immune function, which is worthy of further promotion in clinic.

MiR-125b inhibits growth of gastric cancer cells by targeting Fas/FasL signaling pathway / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the regulation effect of miR-125b in the gastric cancer cell growth mediated by apoptosis related protein (Fas)/apoptosis related protein ligand (FasL) signal.Methods:Gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells were cultured in vitro. MiR-125b inhibitor sequence, NC sequence and transfection reagent were transfected into SGC-7901 cells and divided into three groups: miR-125b inhibited group, NC group and control group. The expression of miR-125b in transfected cells was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and cell proliferation was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method. The colony formation was detected by plate cell clone formation assay. Cell apoptosis and cycle were detected by flow cytometry. The protein expression of Fas and FasL was detected by Western blot. The targeted regulation of Fas by miR-125b was detected by luciferase activity assay. Results:The expression level of miR-125 and the number of cell colony in miR-125b inhibited group was significantly lower than those in control group and NC group, and the inhibition rate of cell proliferation and apoptosis rate were significantly higher than that in control group and NC group (all P<0.05). The DNA content in G 1 phase in miR-125b inhibited group was significantly higher than that in control group and NC group, and the DNA content in S phase in miR-125b inhibited group was significantly lower than that in control group and NC group (all P<0.05). The expression of Fas and FasL protein in miR-125b inhibited group was significantly higher than that in control group and NC group (all P<0.05). The target site of miR-125b was found in 3′-UTR of Fas mRNA, and compared with the NC+ Fas 3′UTR-Wt group, the activity of luciferase in the miR-125b inhibited group+ Fas 3′-UTR-Wt group decreased significantly ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Inhibition of miR-125b expression can activate Fas/FasL signal and inhibit SGC-7901 cell proliferation, induce G 1 phase arrest of cell cycle and promote apoptosis.

Analgesic effects of ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block in open gastrectomy / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the analgesic effects of ultrasound-guided rectus abdominis sheath block (RSB) in open gastrectomy.Methods:Forty-one patients with gastric cancer who underwent open gastrectomy in Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from December 2019 to December 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to undergo either RSB with 40 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine (group A, n = 21) or RSB with 40 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection (group B, n = 20) based on total intravenous anesthesia. After skin sutures, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) was performed. Intraoperative dose of remifentanil and postoperative dose of PCA drug were compared between the two groups. Results:Intraoperative dose of remifentanil was significantly lower in the group A than that in the group B [(1 021.4 ± 172.0) μg vs. (1 415.0 ± 330.6) μg, t = -4.04, P = 0.001]. Postoperative doses of PCA drug used by 1 and 2 hours after surgery were (1.14 ± 0.90) mL and (0.85 ± 0.70) mL respectively in group A, which were significantly lower than (1.85 ± 0.70) mL and (1.45 ± 1.00) mL in the group B ( t = -5.96, -2.75, P < 0.001, P = 0.009). There were no significant differences in postoperative doses of PCA drug used by 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after surgery between the two groups (both P > 0.05). Conclusion:RSB with 40 mL of ropivacaine applied to both sides of the incision before open gastrectomy can reduce the dose of remifentanil used during surgery and the dose of PCA drug used within 2 hours after surgery.

Correlation of serum microRNA-15a-5p level with prognosis and neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlation between serum microRNA (miR)-15a-5p and prognosis, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) response in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC).Methods:The clinical data of 122 patients with LAGC who underwent surgery after NAC in Eastern Theater Air Force Hospital of the Chinese People′s Liberation Army from May 2016 to April 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. The general clinical data and laboratory examination results of the patients were recorded. The expression level of serum miR-15a-5p was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the relationship between the expression of miR-15a-5p and different clinical characteristics in patients with LAGC was analyzed. The pathological response was evaluated by Becker tumor regression grading, in which patients with grade 1a, 1b and 2 were sensitive group and patients with grade 3 were resistant group.Results:The patients with LAGC were divided into high expression (>1.038) and low expression (≤1.038) according to the median miR-15a-5p of 1.038 with 61 cases each. The expression level of serum miR-15a-5p was related to the preference for spicy food, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-T stage and EUS-N stage ( P<0.01 or <0.05). According to the evaluation result of pathological reaction, there were 47 cases in resistance group and 74 cases in sensitive group. The serum miR-15a-5p in resistance group was significantly higher than that in sensitive group: 1.69 (1.39, 1.97) vs. 0.99 (0.96, 1.02), and there was statistical difference ( Z =-8.55, P<0.01). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis result showed that the area under the curve of serum miR-15a-5p predicting NAC response was 0.959 (95% CI 0.929 to 0.990), the optimal cut-off value was 1.049, the sensitivity was 100.0%, and the specificity was 85.1%. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis result showed that miR-15a-5p was an independent risk factor for NAC response in patients with LAGC ( HR = 1 880.840, 95% CI 123.510 to 28 641.846, P<0.01). Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis result showed that the median overall survival time and median progression free survival time in patients with high expression of miR-15a-5p were significantly shorter than those in patients with low expression of miR-15a-5p (19 months vs. 62 months and 12 months vs. 51 months), and there were statistical differences (log-rank χ2 = 41.99 and 61.97, P<0.01); the 10-year overall survival rate and 10-year progression free survival rate in patients with high expression of miR-15a-5p were significantly lower than those in patients with low expression of miR-15a-5p (4.9% vs. 52.5% and 24.6% vs. 85.2%), and there were statistical differences (log-rank χ2 = 33.70 and 45.32, P<0.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis result showed that R 0 resection and miR-15a-5p were the independent risk factors affecting the overall survival time and progression free survival time in patients with LAGC (overall survival time: HR = 1.945 and 3.487, 95% CI 1.033 to 3.660 and 2.112 to 5.759, P<0.05 or <0.01; progression free survival time: HR = 2.427 and 6.335, 95% CI 1.069 to 5.510 and 3.341 to 12.013, P<0.05 or <0.01). Conclusions:The increase of serum miR-15a-5p level is related to NAC response and poor prognosis in patients with LAGC. It can be used as a reliable biomarker to predict the prognosis and NAC response of LAGC.

Analysis of influencing factors and regularity of inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis in Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the influencing factors and regularity of inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis in Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (AEG).Methods:The retrospective case-control study was conducted. The clinicopatho-logical data of 185 Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG patients in two medical centers (113 cases in Changzhi People's Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College and 72 cases in Heji Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College) from January 2017 to January 2022 were collected. There were 143 males and 42 females, aged (64±8)years. Patients underwent radical resection of AEG combined with inferior mediastinal lymph node dissection. Observation indicators: (1) clinicopathological charac-teristics of Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG patients; (2) analysis of influencing factors for inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis in Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG; (3) regularity of inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis in Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range), and comparison between groups was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were represented as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparsion between groups was analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Comparison of ordinal data was analyzed using the rank sum test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using the Logistic regression model. Results:(1) Clinicopathological characteristics of Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG patients. Pathologic staging as stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ, degree of tumor invasion as stage T1, T2, T3 and T4, length of esophageal invasion ≤1 cm, >1 cm and ≤2 cm, >2 cm and ≤3 cm, >3 cm and ≤4 cm were found in 30, 61, 75, 7, 3, 41, 79, 50, 101, 46, 18, 8 cases of the Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG patients without inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis, respectively, versus 0, 2, 10, 0, 0, 0, 5, 7, 4, 3, 2, 3 cases of the Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG patients with inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis, showing a significant differences between them ( Z=?2.21, ?2.49, ?2.22, P<0.05). (2) Analysis of influencing factors for inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis in Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG. Results of univariate analysis showed that pathological staging, depth of tumor invasion and length of esophageal invasion were related factors affecting inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis in Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG ( odds ratio=2.48, 3.26, 2.03, 95% confidence intervals as 1.02?6.01, 1.21?8.80, 1.18?3.51, P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis showed that depth of tumor invasion and length of esophageal invasion were independent influening factors affecting inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis in Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG ( odds ratio=4.01, 2.26, 95% confidence interval as 1.35?11.96, 1.26?4.06, P<0.05). The inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis probability of AEG patients with the length of esophageal invasion >3 cm and ≤4 cm was 9.47 times that of AEG patients with the length of esophageal invasion ≤1 cm. (3) Regularity of inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis in Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG. The number of inferior mediastinal lymph nodes including No.110, No.111 and No.112 dissected in 185 patients of Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG were 127, 50 and 27. The number of lymph nodes dissected and the number of metastatic lymph nodes in No.110 and No.111 of patients with length of esophageal invasion ≤1 cm, >1 cm and ≤2 cm, >2 cm and ≤3 cm, >3 cm and ≤4 cm were 69, 4, 42, 4, 4, 1, 12, 4 and 23, 0, 17, 0, 7, 2, 3, 0, respectively. There were significant differences in metastatic lymph nodes in No.110 and No.111 of patients with length of esophageal invasion ≤1 cm, >1 cm and ≤2 cm, >2 cm and ≤3 cm, >3 cm and ≤4 cm ( χ2=8.45, 7.30, P<0.05). Of the 185 patients of Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG, the ratio of cases with inferior mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis was 6.49%(12/185). The ratio of inferior mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis in cases with length of esophageal invasion ≤1 cm, >1 cm and ≤2 cm, >2 cm and ≤3 cm, >3 cm and ≤4 cm were 3.81%(4/105), 6.12%(3/49), 10.00%(2/20), 27.27%(3/11), respectively. The ratio of No.110 lymph nodes metastasis in cases with length of esophageal invasion ≤1 cm, >1 cm and ≤2 cm, >2 cm and ≤3 cm, >3 cm and ≤4 cm were 2.86%(3/105), 6.12%(3/49), 5.00%(1/20), 27.27%(3/11), respectively, showing a significant difference among them ( χ2=8.26, P<0.05). Conclusions:Depth of tumor invasion and length of esophageal invasion are independent influening factors affecting inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis in Siewert type Ⅱ and Ⅲ AEG. The rate of inferior mediastinal lymph node metastasis increases with the increase of the length of esophageal invasion.