Study of the Length of time Window in Emotion Recognition based on EEG Signals / Estudio de la Longitud de Ventana de Tiempo en el Reconocimiento de Emociones Basado en Señales EEG

Abstract The objective of this research is to present a comparative analysis using various lengths of time windows (TW) during emotion recognition, employing machine learning techniques and the portable wireless sensing device EPOC+. In this study, entropy will be utilized as a feature to evaluate the performance of different classifier models across various TW lengths, based on a dataset of EEG signals extracted from individuals during emotional stimulation. Two types of analyses were conducted: between-subjects and within-subjects. Performance measures such as accuracy, area under the curve, and Cohen's Kappa coefficient were compared among five supervised classifier models: K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), and Decision Trees (DT). The results indicate that, in both analyses, all five models exhibit higher performance in TW ranging from 2 to 15 seconds, with the 10 seconds TW particularly standing out for between-subjects analysis and the 5-second TW for within-subjects; furthermore, TW exceeding 20 seconds are not recommended. These findings provide valuable guidance for selecting TW in EEG signal analysis when studying emotions.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es presentar un análisis comparativo empleando diversas longitudes de ventanas de tiempo (VT) durante el reconocimiento de emociones, utilizando técnicas de aprendizaje automático y el dispositivo de sensado inalámbrico portátil EPOC+. En este estudio, se utilizará la entropía como característica para evaluar el rendimiento de diferentes modelos clasificadores en diferentes longitudes de VT, basándose en un conjunto de datos de señales EEG extraídas de individuos durante la estimulación de emociones. Se llevaron a cabo dos tipos de análisis: entre sujetos e intra-sujetos. Se compararon las medidas de rendimiento, tales como la exactitud, el área bajo la curva y el coeficiente de Cohen's Kappa, de cinco modelos clasificadores supervisados: K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF) y Decision Trees (DT). Los resultados indican que, en ambos análisis, los cinco modelos presentan un mayor rendimiento en VT de 2 a 15 segundos, destacándose especialmente la VT de 10 segundos para el análisis entre los sujetos y 5 segundos intrasujetos; además, no se recomienda utilizar VT superiores a 20 segundos. Estos hallazgos ofrecen una orientación valiosa para la elección de las VT en el análisis de señales EEG al estudiar las emociones.

The relationship between stress perception and sleep quality among college students: chain mediating effect of expression inhibition and anxiety emotions / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the relationship between stress perception and sleep quality among college students, as well as the chain mediating role of expression inhibition and anxiety emotions.Methods:From October to December 2022, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 785 college students using the perceived stress scale (PSS-14), emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). SPSS 26.0 software was used for common method bias testing, Pearson correlation analysis, and stratified regression analysis.PROCESS 3.5 macro program was used for mediating effect test.Results:(1) The correlation analysis results indicated that there were significant positive correlations between stress perception (39.22±7.63), expression inhibition (15.95±4.28), anxiety (45.85±11.70) and sleep quality (5.87±3.28)( r=0.120-0.596, all P<0.05). (2) The results of path analysis showed that stress perception could directly predict sleep quality, with a effect size of 0.243 (95% CI=0.172-0.313). Stress perception could indirectly affect sleep quality through anxiety emotion, with a effect size of 0.229 (95% CI=0.178-0.283). Stress perception could affect sleep quality through the chain mediation of expression inhibition and anxiety emotion, and the effect size was 0.010 (95% CI=0.002-0.019). Conclusion:Stress perception can directly predict sleep quality, and can also indirectly predict sleep quality through partial mediating effects of anxiety and chain mediating effects of expression inhibition and anxiety.

The effects of emotion management training on cognitive coping strategies, mental health, and social support among patients with coronary heart disease / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To design a systematic emotion management training (EMT) targeted the characteristics of coping strategies based on rehabilitation assistant and explore the feasibility of online EMT in improving cognitive coping strategies, mental health, and social support of patients with coronary heart disease(CHD).Methods:From June 2021 to December 2022, a total of 106 CHD patients were screened from cardiovascular units of a hospital in Zhengzhou. All participants were divided into the intervention group ( n=53) and control group ( n=53) using the coin toss method. The patients in intervention group received 7 weeks emotion management training on the basis of routine health education, the patients in control group received 7 weeks routine health education. The scores of cognitive coping strategies, anxiety, depression, and social support were measured at baseline and post-intervention. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 24.0 software.The cognitive coping strategies, mental health and social support scores between two groups were compared using independent sample t-tests or paired t-test. Pearson analysis was used to examine the correlation between cognitive coping strategies, mental health and social support. Results:The scores of adaptive coping strategies, maladaptive coping strategies, depression, anxiety, insomnia and social support in patients with CHD were (69.52±7.60), (35.22±6.15), (8.82±2.66), (8.78±1.99), (10.97±2.86), and (57.48±9.79), respectively. After intervention, the scores of maladaptive coping strategies, self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, blaming others, putting into perspective, insomnia, anxiety, and depression in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group( t=-7.742, -4.395, -4.781, -6.105, -6.256, -5.327, -6.017, -7.288, -7.749, all P<0.05). The scores of adaptive coping strategies, positive reappraisal, refocusing on planning and social support were significantly higher than those of the control group( t=7.314, 6.733, 5.874, 3.562, all P<0.05). In the intervention group, there were statistically significant differences in cognitive coping strategies, anxiety, depression, insomnia and social support scores before and after the test(all P<0.05) and they were not statistically significantly different in the control group(all P>0.05). Correlation analysis showed that maladaptive coping strategies were positively correlated with depression and anxiety scores ( r=0.421, 0.408, both P<0.05). Adaptive coping strategies were negatively correlated with depression and insomnia scores ( r=-0.225, -0.240, both P<0.05), and positively correlated with social support ( r=0.219, P=0.034) among patients with CHD. Conclusion:The online EMT based on rehabilitation assistant may be a useful intervention for patients with CHD which can promote psychological health, social support as well as positively transforming maladaptive coping strategies into adaptive coping strategies.

Comparison of esketamine versus dexmedetomidine in improving adverse mood after cesarean section / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To compare esketamine versus dexmedetomidine in improving the adverse mood after cesarean section.Methods:One hundred and fourteen pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean section, aged 20-45 yr, with body mass index≤33 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅱ or Ⅲ, were divided into 3 groups ( n=38 each) by the random number table method: esketamine group (group S), dexmedetomidine group (group D) and control group (group C). After delivery, esketamine was intravenously injected as a bolus of 0.3 mg/kg, followed by an infusion of 0.3 mg·kg -1·h -1 throughout the surgery in group S, dexmedetomidine was intravenously injected as a bolus of 0.6 μg/kg, followed by an infusion of 0.6 μg·kg -1·h -1 throughout the surgery in group D, while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead, followed by an infusion of 14 ml/h throughout the surgery in group C. Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia was performed after the end of surgery. Esketamine 50 mg, sufentanil 50 μg and ondansetron 8 mg were given in group S, dexmedetomidine 200 μg, sufentanil 50 μg and ondansetron 8 mg were given in group D, while sufentanil 50 μg and ondansetron 8 mg were given in group C. When the visual analog scale score ≥4 within 48 h after operation, flurbiprofen axidate was intravenously injected as a rescue analgesic. Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) scores and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores were assessed at 1 day before surgery and 2 and 7 days after surgery. Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 1 day before surgery and 2 days after surgery. The effective pressing times of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and requirement for rescue analgesia after operation were recorded. The occurrence of adverse reactions during operation and within 48 h after operation was also recorded. Results:Compared with group C, SAS scores and EPDS scores were significantly decreased at 2 and 7 days after surgery, serum BDNF concentrations were increased at 2 days after surgery, the effective pressing times of PCA were reduced, the requirement for rescue analgesia was decreased, and the incidence of intraoperative nausea and vomiting was reduced in S and D groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group D, SAS scores and EPDS scores were significantly decreased at 7 days after surgery, the effective pressing times of PCA were reduced ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in serum BDNF concentrations at 2 days after surgery and requirement for rescue analgesia in group S ( P>0.05). The incidence of dreaminess was significantly higher in group S than in group C and group D ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Esketamine is better than dexmedetomidine in improving the adverse mood after cesarean section.

Relationship between self-perceived noise intensity and sleep quality in noise-exposed workers—A mediating role of negative emotions / 环境与职业医学

Background Studies on the relationships of environmental noise exposure with negative emotions and sleep quality have long been reported. Self-perceived noise intensity is not only related to environmental noise exposure, but also reflects an individual's susceptibility to noise; however, few studies on self-perceived noise intensity, negative emotions, and sleep quality have been reported, and it is not clear whether negative emotions play a mediating role in the relationship between self-perceived noise intensity and sleep quality. Objective To analyze the mediating role of negative emotions (anxiety, depression, and stress) in the relationship between self-perceived noise intensity and sleep quality in noise-exposed workers, and to provide a scientific basis for addressing psychological problems and sleep quality induced by noise exposure. Methods Stratified cluster sampling was used to select noise-exposed workers from a large equipment manufacturing plant in Chengdu from May to June 2023, and demographic characteristics were investigated using a self-designed general information questionnaire; self-perceived noise intensity was reported by the study subjects as the noise intensity of their workplaces; sleep quality was synthesized from three indicators: night sleep duration, self-perceived sleep quality, and sleep-related symptoms; the Anxiety-Depression-Stress Scale (DASS-21 scale) was used to evaluate anxiety, depression, and stress of a worker. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the pathways of negative emotions (anxiety, depression, and stress) between self-perceived noise intensity and sleep quality. Results The positive rates of negative emotions were 33.1% (anxiety symptoms, 215/649), 26.0% (depression symptoms, 169/649), and 14.0% (stress symptoms, 91/649), respectively in a total of 649 noise-exposed workers. Self-perceived noise intensity was positively correlated with sleep quality score (r=0.218, P<0.001) and negative emotions (anxiety, depression, and stress) (r=0.167, 0.145, 0.167, P<0.001); sleep quality score was positively correlated with negative emotions (anxiety, depression, and stress) (r=0.512, 0.447, 0.513, P<0.001). The results of path analysis showed that the negative emotions (anxiety, depression, and stress) partially mediated between self-perceived noise intensity and sleep quality (β=0.123，P<0.001). Self-perceived noise intensity was positively correlated with negative emotions and sleep quality, and there was a path of self-perceived noise intensity → negative emotion → sleep quality (P<0.001), and the mediating effect accounted for 42.71%. Conclusion The positive rates of anxiety, depression, and stress are high among the noise-receiving workers in this manufacturing industry, and negative emotions characterized by anxiety, depression, and stress partially mediate the relationship between self-perceived noise intensity and sleep quality.

Influence of play-based metaphors on negative emotion and behavior in children recovering from brain injury / 中国儿童保健杂志

【Objective】 To explore the effect of metaphors based on children′s games on the negative emotion and behavior of children during the recovery period of traumatic brain injury, in order to provide reference for making intervention strategy for these children. 【Methods】 From May 2021 to October 2022, a total of 60 children aged 6-12 years who underwent rehabilitation in the rehabilitation center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University were selected into this study, and were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, with 30 cases in each group.The control group was given routine nursing, while the experimental group was given metaphorical intervention based on children′s games.The scores of social living ability, abnormal behavior detection rate, depression score, anxiety score and cognitive function were compared between the two groups. 【Results】 The scale score of the two groups was not significantly different before intervention(P>0.05).After intervention, the infant-junior high school students′ social living ability score, Mini-Mental State Examination and the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment score in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group (t=3.175, 5.265, 7.835, P<0.001).The scores of Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the children′s depression inventory and the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group (Z=7.823, t=6.398, 6.248, P<0.001). 【Conclusions】 Metaphorical intervention based on children′s games can reduce the negative emotions of anxiety and depression in children with traumatic brain injury, improve their social life ability, reduce the CBCL score, and improve the cognitive function.

Effects of victimization, bullying tolerance on anxiety/depression in adolescents and moderating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies / 中国儿童保健杂志

【Objective】 To explore the relationship of victimization, bullying tolerance and anxiety/depression in adolescents, and to examine the moderating effect of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between bullying tolerance and anxiety/depression, in order to provide basis for intervention. 【Methods】 From January 2019 to July 2020, 1 768 adolescents were selected into this survey, and completed Bully/Victim Questionnaire, Primary and Secondary School Bullying Tolerance Questionnaire, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the 28 General Health questionnaires. 【Results】 Adolescents′ victimization was relatively common and serious, the proportion of verbal bullying, relational bullying, and physical bullying was 57.64% (1 019/1 768), 36.60% (647/1 768), and 22.40% (396/1 768), respectirely. The scores of anxiety and depression of adolescents with different gender (t=2.00), school stage (F=101.38) and academic performance (F=27.91) were statistically significant (P0.05), while at a low positive strategy level, bullying tolerance had significant predictive effect on anxiety/depression (β=0.28, P0.05). 【Conclusions】 Victimization and bullying tolerance positively predict adolescent anxiety/depression.High levels of positive and low levels of negative strategies effectively inhibit the risk of anxiety/depression, while low levels of positive and high levels of negative strategies amplify the risk of anxiety/depression.

Correlation of parental meta-emotion philosophy and family rearing environment in infants and toddlers / 中国儿童保健杂志

【Objective】 To explore the relationship between parental meta-emotion philosophy and family rearing environment in infants and toddlers, in order to provide guidance for building a positive family rearing environment. 【Methods】 The Parental Meta-Emotion Philosophy Scale was used to measure parents′ social emotions. Family rearing environment of infants was investigated by combining demographic data and Family Rearing Environment Scale. Independent sample t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, Spearman correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression were utilized to analyze the relationship between parental meta-emotion philosophy and the family rearing environment. 【Results】 A total of 370 infant caregivers were included in the study. The average age of infants was (27.81±7.76) months, with 192 boys (51.9%) and 178 girls (48.1%). Parents′ education level (F=4.71), whether they were the only child or not (t=8.85), whether the infant attended nursery or not (t=-2.49), and the per capita monthly income of the family (F=4.77) showed statistical significance in relation to the differences observed among the family rearing environments of infants and toddlers (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that the emotional teaching dimension of parental meta-emotion philosophy had a positive predictive effect on the overall level of the infant′s family rearing environment (β=0.50, 95%CI: 1.11 - 1.59), while the emotional loss dimension had a negative predictive effect (β=-0.15, 95%CI: -0.85 - -0.07). 【Conclusion】 The parental meta-emotion philosophy is closely related to the family rearing environment and serves as an important factor influencing it. It is supposed to improve parents′ emotional literacy and enrich their knowledge of parental meta-emotion philosophy, so as to help build a positive family rearing environment.

ZHANG Yonghua's Theory of Emotion-Mind Pattern Differentiation and Clinical Application / 中医杂志

This article systematically described the background of the construction of Professor ZHANG Yonghua's theory of emotion-mind pattern identification， the theoretical basis and the ideas of pattern identification and treatment， and its application. The theory is guided by the concept of the unity of body and spirit， focusing on individual endowment and the characteristics of the seven emotions and five minds of the individual， especially the "vexation， constraint， consideration， frightening and sorrow" emotional symptoms， and adherence to the three core disease mechanism "qi， phlegm， fire"， then prescribed based on the patterns， which is suitable for treatment of emotion-mind diseases and related symptoms. For those with "fire" as the main disease mechanism， identify the manifestation of their emotion and mind： patients with impatience， violent rage mostly belong to excess fire， treated with Zhizi Chi Decoction （栀子豉汤）， Longdan Xiegan Decoction （龙胆泻肝汤）； patients with vexation， easy to anger， mostly belong to deficiency fire， treated with Huanglian Ejiao Decoction （黄连阿胶汤）； patients with vexation， constraint anger， mostly belong to constraint fire， treated with Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder （丹栀逍遥散）， Qinlian Wendan Decoction （芩连温胆汤）； patients with overjoy， usually due to exuberance of heart fire， or phlegm clouding the pericardium， treated with Wendan Decoction （温胆汤）， or Diankuang Mengxing Decoction （癫狂梦醒汤）. For those with "phlegm" as the main disease mechanism， accompanied by excessive consideration and thinking， treated with Wendan Decoction. For those with "qi" as the main disease mechanism， Ganmai Dazao Decoction （甘麦大枣汤） is the main treatment for shorter duration of disease， while Banxia Houpo Decoction （半夏厚朴汤） is the main treatment for longer duration of disease.

Impact of emotions on cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization study / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of emotions (subjective well-being, depressed effect, worry, and guilt) on cancer (colorectal cancer, hepatic cancer, thyroid cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer). 【Methods】 Two-sample bi-directional Mendelian randomization (MR) method was adopted. All data were based on summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was used to generate the main results, and weighted median (WM) and MR-Egger methods were employed to calculate supplementary results. The outcome measure was odds ratio (OR), and sensitivity analysis was conducted. 【Results】 For depressed effect, a significant association with lung cancer (OR=1.005, 95% CI: 1.001-1.009, P=0.015) was found. For worry, a significant association with breast cancer (OR=1.199, 95% CI: 1.011-1.423, P=0.038) was observed. For guilt, a significant association with thyroid cancer (OR=2.083, 95% CI: 1.080-4.017, P=0.029) was identified. After removing all potentially pleiotropic SNPs detected by MR PRESSO, the association between worry and breast cancer showed no statistical difference (P=0.064), while the association between worry and colorectal cancer remained significant (OR=0.739, 95% CI: 0.571-0.956, P=0.021). No causal relationship was found between cancer and emotions. 【Conclusion】 There is a causal relationship between depression and increased lung cancer incidence, guilt and increased thyroid cancer incidence, as well as anxiety and decreased colorectal cancer incidence.

Morphological study of GABAergic neurons in the ventral zona incerta of mice involved in chronic itch / 神经解剖学杂志

Objective:To detect itching,anxiety,depression behaviors in chronic itch models of mice and observe the activation of γ-aminobutiric acid(GABA)neurons in the ventral sector of the zona incerta(ZIv),and provide mor-phological evidence for their involvement in the modulation of itch information.Methods:Diphenylcyclopropenone(DCP)was used in glutamic acid decarboxylase 67-green fluorescent protein(GAD67-GFP)knock-in mice to establish chronic itch model.Itch behaviors were detected by video tracking system to verify whether the models were successfully established.The anxiety,depression behaviors of chronic itch model mice were detected by using elevated plus maze test(EPM)and tail suspention test(TST).By using GAD67-GFP mice,the distribution of GABAergic neurons in va-rious sectors of the zona incerta(ZI)was observed.And combined with immunofluorescence staining method,double labeling of GABAergic neurons with FOS in ZIv were observed respectively in control and DCP group mice.Results:In brain slices of GAD67-GFP mice,GABAergic neurons can be observed within all sectors of ZI and are more concentrat-ed in ZIv.Compared with control group mice,DCP group mice showed a significant increase in the bouts of scratching(P＜0.001).The time of immobility in TST was significantly higher in DCP group mice than in control group mice,which displayed depression-like behavior.The EPM test showed that the numbers of entries and proportion of time in the cross region in DCP group mice were less than in control group mice.EPM test revealed that DCP group mice exhibited anxiety-like behavior.The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that the number of FOS-positive cells in ZIv was significantly higher in DCP group mice than in control group mice,and abundant co-labeled neurons of FOS and GABAergic neurons were observed in ZIv.Conclusion:GABAergic neurons were predominantly distributed in ZI,and were more concentrated in ZIv.The activation of GABAergic neurons in ZIv of DCP group mice provides morphological evidence on the involvement of GABAergic neurons in chronic itch and associated negative emotions.

Effect of Combined Frequency Stimulation on The Electrophysiology of Granule Neurons in The Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Area of Hindlimb Unloading Mice / 生物化学与生物物理进展

ObjectiveIn recent years, the negative impact of microgravity on astronauts’ nervous systems has received widespread attention. The repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) technology has shown significant positive effects in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The potential benefits of combined frequency stimulation (CFS) which combines different frequency stimulation patterns in ameliorating neurological dysfunctions induced by the microgravity environment, still require in-depth investigation. Exploring the therapeutic effects and electrophysiological mechanisms of CFS in improving various neurological disorders caused by microgravity holds significant importance for neuroscience and the clinical application of magnetic stimulation. MethodsThis study employed 40 C57BL/6 mice, randomly divided into 5 groups: sham group, hindlimb unloading (HU) group, 10 Hz group, 20 Hz group, and combined frequency stimulation (10 Hz+20 Hz, CFS) group. Mice in all groups except the sham group received 14 d of simulated microgravity conditions along with 14 d of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. The effects of CFS on negative emotions and spatial cognitive abilities were assessed through sucrose preference tests and water maze experiments. Finally, patch-clamp techniques were used to record action potentials, resting membrane potentials, and ion channel dynamics of granule neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) region. ResultsCompared to the single-frequency stimulation group, behavioral results indicated that the combined frequency stimulation (10 Hz+20 Hz) significantly improved cognitive impairments and negative emotions in simulated microgravity mice. Electrophysiological experiments revealed a decrease in excitability of granule neurons in the hippocampal DG region after HU manipulation, whereas the combined frequency stimulation notably enhanced neuronal excitability and improved the dynamic characteristics of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels. ConclusionThe repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with combined frequencies (10 Hz+20 Hz) effectively ameliorates cognitive impairments and negative emotions in simulated microgravity mice. This improvement is likely attributed to the influence of combined frequency stimulation on neuronal excitability and the dynamic characteristics of Na+ and K+ channels. Consequently, this study holds the promise to provide a theoretical basis for alleviating cognitive and emotional disorders induced by microgravity environments.

Modulation of Social Information Processing on Pupil Size and Its Mechanisms / 生物化学与生物物理进展

Pupil size, as a window into the minds of others, plays a crucial role in social interaction. While previous studies have focused on the influence of non-social factors, such as the physical properties of stimuli, on pupil diameter, recent research has emphasized the significant connection between social information processing and pupil size. In this comprehensive review, we aim to explore how the processing of social stimuli (e.g., face, biological motion) and their emotional characteristics affect pupil size. In essence, pupil size is believed to reflect an individual’s perception of social stimuli. It goes beyond simple physical properties and encompasses the processing of complex social information, including social contexts and interactions. The modulation of pupil size in response to social stimuli is believed to be driven by two key mechanisms: emotional arousal and social attention. When individuals encounter emotionally charged social cues, their pupils tend to dilate, indicating heightened emotional engagement. Similarly, the dilation of pupils when individuals focus on specific social cues suggests an increased allocation of cognitive resources to process relevant social information. Furthermore, the connection between pupil size and social information processing has provided intriguing findings in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Known for their significant social deficits, individuals with ASD exhibited abnormal pupillary responses when presented with social stimuli. These findings raise the possibility of utilizing pupillary responses as a potential index for identifying individuals with ASD at a relatively younger age. Moreover, the incorporation of pupillary response measurements in the diagnosis holds great promise in transcending the limitations of the minimum diagnostic age. This can have important implications both in terms of theoretical understanding and practical applications related to the diagnosis and intervention of ASD.

Cultivation of "Emotion" Element in Red Doctors Spirit in Medical Students’ Humanistic Quality / 中国医学伦理学

The red doctors spirit is a special cultural form formed by the Chinese Communist Party in the long-term revolutionary struggle practice, and it has important practical significance and value of the times in the new era. Medicine is a subject integrating natural science and humanities. The element of "emotion" is the embodiment of traditional Chinese medical culture. It plays a role in cultivating doctors’ spirit and solving practical problems in current medical activities. By digging the four aspects of the "emotion" element in red doctors spirit of political loyalty to the party, the moral sentiment of saving the dying and healing the wounded, the rational decision-making under the transformation of medical situation, the response and processing ability of bad public opinion, and integrating it into the humanistic education of medical students. This paper explored the effective ways and promotion models of the element of "emotion" education in the growth of medical talents, so as to promote the cultivation of medical talents’ moral cultivation and ethical decision-making ability, enhance the professionalism and humanistic cultivation of medical students, and cultivate a group of medical talents with political firmness and reasonable consideration for the country.

Analysis of Moral Emotion from the Perspective of Moral Injury Research / 中国医学伦理学

Moral emotion is a kind of psychological activity that generated when dealing with realistic moral relationship or analyzing human behaviors, expressed as emotional emotions of love and hatred. From the perspective of moral injury research, on the one hand, moral emotion expresses as emotional collapse, which reflects the huge gap between reality and moral cognition, and deviates from values; on the other hand, it shows the typical symptoms of moral injury, such as shame, guilt, anger, apathy and so on. Based on this, the therapy of moral injury should start from solving the ethical conflict of moral injury, and carry out the healing process of "ethical and moral cognitive education, enlightening the thinking of core value issues, encouraging and guiding independent moral practice" in stages according to the different levels of individual moral emotion. As a result, moral emotion can be rational enough to promote healing moral injury.

Mediating effect of negative emotions on visual impairment and resilience among middle-aged and elderly populations / 预防医学

Objective @#To investigate the mediating effect of negative emotions on visual impairment and resilience among middle-aged and elderly populations, so as to provide insights into improving psychological health among middle-aged and elderly populations.@*Methods@#Demographic information, visual impairment, negative emotions and resilience in the residents at ages of 45 years and older were collected through the database of the Yushu Physical and Mental Health Survey carried out by Institute of Psychology of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Structural equation model was used to analyze the effects of visual impairment and resilience and the mediating role of negative emotions. @*Results@#Totally 2 997 middle-aged and elderly populations were enrolled, with the median age of 50.00 (interquartile range, 47.00) years. There were 1 320 males (44.04%) and 1 677 females (55.96%), 1 627 illiterate persons (54.29%), and 2 780 married persons (92.76%). The scores of visual impairment, negative emotions and resilience were (6.79±2.59), (6.35±3.05) and (33.38±10.41) points, respectively. The results of structural equation model analysis showed that after adjusting for age, gender, educational level and marital status, visual impairment had a direct negative positive effect on resilience, with a direct effect value of -0.157 (95%CI: -0.177 to -0.137), and visual impairment could also negatively affect residence through negative emotions, with a mediating effect value of -0.112 (95%CI: -0.126 to -0.104), and the mediating effect contributed 41.64% to the total effect.@*Conclusion@#visual impairment could reduce residence directly or indirectly through the mediating effect of negative emotions among middle-aged and elderly populations.

Effect of obesity on mood regulation and eating attitudes in mental disorders

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The precise relationship between obesity and eating habits, attitudes, and emotion regulation is still ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible correlations among body mass index, challenges related to managing emotions, and attitudes toward eating among adult participants with known psychiatric diagnoses. METHODS: The body mass indices of participants were calculated, and data on eating styles were collected using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. The level of difficulty in managing emotions was evaluated using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. RESULTS: The research findings indicated a meaningful positive association. An observation was made between body mass index and results from the Eating Attitude Test-40, as well as the restrained eating subdimension of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Conversely, a meaningful reverse relationship was identified between the scores of the "strategies" subdimension of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. No meaningful differences in eating attitudes and emotion regulation were found between non-obese and obese patients. CONCLUSION: While a partial and meaningful correlation was observed among body mass index, eating attitudes, and emotion regulation difficulties, it is suggested that factors such as patients' age, disease duration, current body mass index, and the simultaneous presence of depression and anxiety should be considered.

Avaliação e ensino de emoções com crianças e jovens adultos com autismo ou síndrome de down mediado pela família / Assessment and teaching of emotions with children and young adults with autism or down syndrome mediated by family / Evaluación y enseñanza de las emociones con niños y jóvenes con autismo o síndrome de down mediadas por la familia

Este estudo avaliou o reconhecimento (imitação, identidade e identificação) e a nomeação de estímulos emocionais de valência negativa (raiva e tristeza) e positiva (alegria e surpresa) em conjunto com a influência dos tipos de estímulos utilizados (social-feminino, social-masculino, familiar e emoji) em crianças e jovens adultos com autismo ou síndrome de Down, por meio de tarefas aplicadas pela família e mediadas por recursos tecnológicos durante a pandemia de covid-19. Participaram cinco crianças e dois jovens adultos com autismo e uma criança e dois jovens adultos com síndrome de Down. Foram implementadas tarefas de identidade, reconhecimento, nomeação e imitação, com estímulos faciais de função avaliativa (sem consequência diferencial) e de ensino (com consequência diferencial, uso de dicas e critério de aprendizagem), visando a emergência da nomeação emocional por meio do ensino das tarefas de reconhecimento. Os resultados da linha de base identificaram que, para os participantes que apresentaram menor tempo de resposta para o mesmo gênero, a diferença de tempo de resposta foi em média 57,28% menor. Em relação à valência emocional, 50% dos participantes apresentaram diferenças nos acertos, a depender da valência positiva e negativa, sendo que 66,66% apresentaram diferenças para o tempo de resposta a depender da valência emocional. Após o procedimento de ensino, os participantes mostraram maior número de acertos nas tarefas, independentemente do gênero de estímulo e valência emocional, criando ocasião para generalização da aprendizagem de reconhecimento e nomeação de emoções, além de consolidar a viabilidade de estratégias de ensino mediadas por recursos tecnológicos e aplicadas por familiares.(AU)

This study evaluated the recognition (imitation, identity, and identification) and naming of negative (anger and sadness) and positive (joy and surprise) emotional stimuli alongside the influence of the types of stimuli (social-female, social-male, family, and emoji) in children and young adults with autism and Down syndrome, via tasks applied by the family and mediated by technological resources, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Five children and two young adults with autism and one child and two young adults with Down syndrome participated. Identity, recognition, naming, and imitation tasks were planned and implemented using facial stimuli with evaluative (without differential consequence) and teaching (with differential consequence, tips, and learning criteria) functions, aiming at the emergence of emotional naming from the recognition teaching tasks. The baseline results showed that, for participants who had a shorter response time for the same gender, the response time difference was on average 57.28% lower. Regarding the emotional valence, 50% of the participants showed differences in the correct answers, depending on the positive and negative valence, and 66.66% showed differences in the response time depending on the emotional valence. After the teaching procedure, the participants showed a greater number of correct answers in the tasks, regardless of the stimulus type and emotional valence, creating an opportunity for generalizing learning of emotion recognition and naming, in addition to consolidating the feasibility of teaching strategies mediated by technological resources and applied by family members.(AU)

Este estudio evaluó el reconocimiento (imitación, identidad e identificación) y la denominación de estímulos emocionales negativos (enfado y tristeza) y positivos (alegría y sorpresa) y la influencia de los tipos de estímulos utilizados (social-femenino, social-masculino, familiar y emoji ) de niños y jóvenes con autismo o síndrome de Down, a través de tareas aplicadas por la familia, mediadas por recursos tecnológicos durante la pandemia de la covid-19. Participaron cinco niños y dos adultos jóvenes con autismo, y un niño y dos adultos jóvenes con síndrome de Down. Se planificaron e implementaron tareas de identidad, reconocimiento, nombramiento e imitación con estímulos faciales con función evaluativa (sin consecuencia diferencial) y enseñanza (con consecuencia diferencial, uso de ayudas y criterios de aprendizaje), buscando la emergencia del nombramiento emocional después de la enseñanza de tareas de reconocimiento. Los resultados de la línea de base identificaron que para los participantes que tenían un tiempo de respuesta más corto para el mismo género, la diferencia en el tiempo de respuesta fue un 57,28% menor. En cuanto a la valencia emocional, el 50% de los participantes mostraron diferencias en las respuestas correctas, en función de la valencia positiva y negativa, y el 66,66% tuvieron diferencias en el tiempo de respuesta, en función de la valencia emocional. Después del procedimiento de enseñanza, los participantes mostraron mayor número de aciertos en las tareas evaluadas, independientemente del tipo de estímulo o valencia emocional, lo que genera una oportunidad para la generalización del aprendizaje de reconocimiento y denominación de emociones, además de consolidar la viabilidad de estrategias de enseñanza mediadas por recursos tecnológicos y aplicadas por la familia.(AU)

Microanalytic Method to Investigate the Training of Psychotherapy Skills and Narrative-Emotion Processes / Método Microanalítico para Investigar o Ensino de Habilidades Psicoterapêuticas e Processos Narrativo-Emocionais

Abstract The study proposes a microanalytic sequential process design to investigate humanistic-experiential psychotherapy skills in a training program. An illustrative simulated session was generated during an undergraduate clinical psychology course. External judges utilized the Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System 2.0 (NEPCS 2.0) and the Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapy Scale (PCEPS) for microanalytical analysis of the role-play session. The results demonstrate a higher adherence to the person-centered model of empathic reflective responses while showing lower adherence to experiential specificity and psychotherapy decisions guided by narrative-emotion markers. The findings underscore the methodological potential of this investigation in enhancing training programs and contributing to the field of Psychotherapy Change Process Research.

Resumo O estudo apresenta uma proposta metodológica de análise qualitativa microanalítica de sessões psicoterápicas para investigação de habilidades psicoterapêuticas na abordagem humanista-experiencial, no âmbito da formação em psicologia. Uma sessão simulada, gerada no contexto da graduação, foi analisada de forma ilustrativa. Os instrumentos aplicados por juízes externos foram o Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System 2.0 (NEPCS 2.0) e o Person-Centred & Experiential Psychotherapy Scale (PCEPS). Os resultados demonstram uma maior adesão ao modelo humanista de intervenções do tipo resposta-reflexo em detrimento de uma tomada de decisão terapêutica orientada por marcadores narrativos de processo e especificidade experiencial. Os achados ressaltam o potencial metodológico desse tipo de investigação para o aprimoramento de programas pedagógicos de ensino na perspectiva das psicoterapias baseadas em processo.

Efeitos de conteúdos emocionais sobre o raciocínio dedutivo humano: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of emotional content on human reasoning: a systematic review / Efectos de los contenidos emocionales sobre el razonamiento humano: una revisión sistemática / Effets du contenu affectif sur le raisonnement humain: une revue systématique

Resumo: O raciocínio e a emoção apresentam complexas e numerosas relações entre si, podendo prejudicar ou beneficiar o processamento lógico. Visando investigar a influência da tonalidade afetiva sobre o raciocínio, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática advinda da busca de estudos publicados nas bases de dados do Portal de Periódicos da Capes, Scielo, PubMed e Google Acadêmico. Os descritores utilizados foram: (affective content OR evaluative content OR emotion*) AND (reasoning). Após análise e submissão aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, restaram 17 artigos, duas dissertações de mestrado e uma tese de doutorado. Apenas um dos estudos foi realizado no Brasil. Os participantes das pesquisas selecionadas tiveram pior desempenho nas tarefas de raciocínio formadas por conteúdos valorativos negativos. Entretanto, os conteúdos negativos influenciaram de forma positiva o raciocínio dedutivo quando se mostravam relevantes para a realização da tarefa. Assim, os estudos selecionados parecem apontar para a importância das emoções sobre o raciocínio humano.

Abstract: Reasoning and emotions have many complex relations which can hinder or benefit logical processing. Intending to investigate the influence of affective content on reasoning, we conducted a systematic review on scientific articles published on the Capes Journals Portal, Scielo, PubMed and Academic Google databases, retrieved using the descriptors (affective content OR evaluative content OR emotion*) AND (reasoning). After analysis and application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 papers, two master's dissertations and one doctorate thesis remained. Only one study was conducted in Brazil. Research participants showed a worse performance in reasoning tasks composed by negative emotional content. However, negative emotional content influenced deductive reasoning positively when they proved to be relevant to the task. Hence, the reviewed studies suggest an importance of emotions for human reasoning.

Résumé : Le raisonnement et l'émotion entretiennent de nombreuses relations complexes qui peuvent entraver ou favoriser le procès logique. Dans le but d'étudier l'influence du contenu affectif sur le raisonnement, on a effectué une revue systématique des articles scientifiques publiés sur les base des données Portail des Périodiques du Capes, Scielo, PubMed et Google Académique, retrouvés en utilisant les descripteurs (affective content OR evaluative content OR emotion*) AND (reasoning). Après l'analyse et application des critères d'inclusion et d'exclusion, 17 articles, deux mémoires de maîtrise et une thèse de doctorat ont été retenus. Une seule étude a été menée au Brésil. Les participants aux recherches ont montré une pire perfomance dans les tâches de raisonnement composés d'un contenu affectif négatif. Cependant, ce contenu a influencé positivement le raisonnement déductif lorsqu'il s'est avéré pertinent pour la tâche. Les études examinées suggèrent donc que les émotions jouent un rôle important dans le raisonnement humain.

Resumen: El razonamiento y las emociones tienen relaciones complejas entre sí, que pueden perjudicar o ayudar el procesamiento lógico. Para investigar la influencia del tono afectivo sobre el razonamiento, se realizó una revisión sistemática a partir de la búsqueda de estudios publicados en las bases de datos del Portal de Periódicos Capes, SciELO, PubMed y Google Académico. Los descriptores utilizados fueron los siguientes: (affective content OR evaluative content OR emotion*) AND (reasoning). Después de la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 17 artículos, dos disertaciones de maestría y una tesis doctoral. Solo uno de los estudios se llevó a cabo en Brasil. Los participantes de las investigaciones seleccionadas tuvieron un peor desempeño en las tareas de razonamiento formadas por contenidos emocionales negativos. Estos influenciaron de forma positiva el razonamiento deductivo cuando eran relevantes para la realización de la tarea. Los estudios seleccionados parecen evidenciar la importancia de las emociones sobre el razonamiento humano.