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Introducción. La hipercalcemia es infrecuente en pediatría, de etiología diversa y con morbilidad multiorgánica. Objetivo. Describir etiología, bioquímica, clínica y tratamiento en pacientes pediátricos con hipercalcemia. Población y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de una cohorte de pacientes con hipercalcemia entre 2008 y 2022. Se clasificaron en tres grupos (G): hipercalcemia de causa iatrogénica (G1), paratohormona (PTH) independiente (G2) o PTH dependiente (G3). Resultados. Se incluyeron 147 pacientes; el 57 % eran varones, edad mediana de 3,7 años, calcemia mediana 11,8 mg/dl y fosfatemia media 4,9 mg/dl. El 29,9 % de los pacientes fueron sintomáticos y el 28,6 % requirió tratamientos adicionales a los de la primera línea. En G1 se incluyeron 76 pacientes (51,7 %); en G2, 58 (39,4 %), y en G3, 13 (8,8 %). La calcemia mediana fue menor en G1 vs. G2 y G3 (11,6 mg/dl, 12,6 mg/dl y 12,3 mg/dl). La fosfatemia media fue menor en G3 vs. G1 y G2 (3,7 mg/dl, 5,3 mg/dl y 4,9 mg/dl). La mayoría de los pacientes con hipercalcemia fueron asintomáticos sin requerimientos de tratamientos adicionales. El porcentaje de pacientes sintomáticos y el de requerimiento de tratamientos adicionales fue menor en G1 que en los otros dos grupos. Conclusiones. La iatrogenia fue la causa más frecuente, y se presentó con calcemias más bajas; mientras que las causas PTH dependientes presentaron las fosfatemias más bajas. Las causas PTH independientes representaron un desafío diagnóstico y terapéutico por la falta de un perfil bioquímico característico.

Introduction. Hypercalcemia is infrequent in pediatrics, of diverse etiology, and with multiorgan morbidity. Objective. Describe the etiology, biochemistry, clinical, and treatment in pediatric patients with hypercalcemia. Population and methods. Retrospective and descriptive study of a cohort of patients with hypercalcemia between 2008 and 2022. They were classified into three groups (G): hypercalcemia of iatrogenic cause (G1), parathyroid hormone (PTH) independent (G2), or PTH-dependent (G3). Results. One hundred forty-seven patients were included; 57% were male, with a median age of 3.7 years, median calcemia of 11.8 mg/dl, and mean phosphatemia of 4.9 mg/dl. Symptoms were present in 29% of patients, and 28.6% required additional treatments to those of the first line. In G1, 76 patients (51.7%) were included; in G2, 58 (39.4%), and in G3, 13 (8.8%). Median calcemia was lower in G1 vs. G2 and G3 (11.6 mg/dl, 12.6 mg/dl, and 12.3 mg/dl), and mean phosphatemia was lower in G3 vs. G1 and G2 (3.7 mg/dl, 5.3 mg/dl, and 4.9 mg/dl). Most of the patients with hypercalcemia were asymptomatic and did not require additional treatments. The percentage of symptomatic patients and the percentage requiring additional treatment were lower in G1 than in the other two groups. Conclusions. Iatrogenesis was the most frequent cause, presenting lower calcemia, while PTH-dependent causes presented the lowest phosphatemia. PTH-independent causes represented a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to lacking a characteristic biochemical profile.

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We report a case of pleural amoebiasis, diagnosed on the basis of radioclinical findings and positive amoebic serology. Amebic pleuropulmonary disease is the most frequent extra-intestinal expression of amebiasis after liver disease. A 71-year-old male of rural origin, with no recent tuberculosis contagion, who presented purulent pleurisy with a dysenteric syndrome. The patient was treated by antibiotic and pleural decortication under U-VATS. Serological testing and radiological examination will be more useful in the early detection of cases of Entamoeba hystolitica infection. The medical treatement based on a combination of a tissue amoebicide (Metronidazole, etc.) and a contact amoebicide (Hydroxyquinoline, etc.). Surgery may be considered when purulent drainage does not show improvement in the patient's condition.

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Iatrogenic cardiac injuries are potential complications arising from diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in cardiology, including interventions like cardiac catheterization, coronary angioplasty, and pacemaker implantation ­­[1,2]. Pericardial tamponade can occur, with a prevalence of 0.12%, often requiring urgent intervention such as pericardiocentesis. Patients with chronic pericardial effusion and signs of tamponade may adapt to gradual fluid accumulation, but vigilance for iatrogenic injuries remains crucial. Transthoracic echocardiography aids in rapid diagnosis and guides timely interventions [3]. Therefore, the right ventricular perforation seems to be one of these complications, and it may occur during pericardiocentesis. Surgical approaches for acute tamponades vary, with median sternotomy enabling comprehensive exploration [4]. Echocardiographic monitoring can signal clinical deterioration, necessitating prompt fluid management and early intervention to optimize outcomes. Although, the therapies in right ventricular perforation are variable. In our case, we emphasize about the conservative approach.

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Introducción. El edema pulmonar por reexpansión es una complicación poco frecuente, secundaria a una rápida reexpansión pulmonar posterior al drenaje por toracentesis o toracostomía cerrada. Al día de hoy, se ha descrito una incidencia menor al 1 % tras toracostomía cerrada, con mayor prevalencia en la segunda y tercera década de la vida. Su mecanismo fisiopatológico exacto es desconocido; se ha planteado un proceso multifactorial de daño intersticial pulmonar asociado con un desequilibrio de las fuerzas hidrostáticas. Caso clínico. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que desarrolló edema pulmonar por reexpansión posterior a toracostomía cerrada. Se hizo una revisión de la literatura sobre esta complicación. Resultados. Aunque la clínica sugiere el diagnóstico, la secuencia de imágenes desempeña un papel fundamental. En la mayoría de los casos suele ser autolimitado, por lo que su manejo es principalmente de soporte; sin embargo, se han reportado tasas de mortalidad que alcanzan hasta el 20 %, por tanto, es importante conocer los factores de riesgo y las medidas preventivas. Conclusión. El edema pulmonar de reexpansión posterior a toracostomía es una complicación rara en los casos con neumotórax, aunque es una complicación que se puede presentar en la práctica diaria, por lo cual debe tenerse en mente para poder hacer el diagnóstico y un manejo adecuado.

Introduction. Re-expansion pulmonary edema is a rare complication secondary to rapid pulmonary re-expansion after drainage by thoracentesis and/or closed thoracostomy. As of today, an incidence of less than 1% has been described after closed thoracostomy, with a higher prevalence in the second and third decades of life. Its exact pathophysiological mechanism is unknown; a multifactorial process of lung interstitial damage associated with an imbalance of hydrostatic forces has been proposed. Clinical case. We present the case of a patient who developed pulmonary edema due to re-expansion after closed thoracostomy, conducting a review of the literature on this complication. Results. Although the clinic suggests the diagnosis, the sequence of images plays a fundamental role. In most cases, it tends to be a self-limited disease, so its management is mainly supportive. However, mortality rates of up to 20% have been recorded. Therefore, it is important to identify patients with major risk factors and initiate preventive measures in these patients. Conclusions. Re-expansion pulmonary edema after thoracostomy is a rare complication in cases with pneumothorax; however, it is a complication that can occur in daily practice. Therefore, it must be kept in mind to be able to make the diagnosis and an adequate management.

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Drug-induced (iatrogenic) Cushing's syndrome results from excessive or prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids, commonly prescribed for autoimmune, inflammatory, and hematological disorders due to their anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and proapoptotic effects. Despite their therapeutic benefits, these medications can lead to a range of multisystemic symptoms mirroring those of endogenous Cushing抯 syndrome. This review aims to elucidate the causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome, emphasizing awareness of medications that can trigger its onset. The following review covers cortisol physiology, Cushing's syndrome etiology and subtypes, hypercortisolism complications and prognosis, and strategies for glucocorticoid withdrawal. This article synthesizes key findings and recommendations, highlighting challenges and controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome.

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@#Objective    To retrospectively analyze the surgical treatment of Stanford type A aortic dissection after coronary artery stenting, and to explore the surgical techniques and surgical indications. Methods    Clinical data of 1 246 consecutive patients who underwent operations on Stanford type A aortic dissection from April 2016 to July 2019 in Beijing Anzhen Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection after coronary artery stenting were enrolled. Results    Finally 19 patients were collected, including 16 males and 3 females with an average age of 54±7 years ranging from 35 to 66 years. There were 11 patients in acute phase, 15 patients with AC (DeBakey Ⅰ) type and 4 patients with AS (DeBakey Ⅱ) type. In AC type, there were 10 patients receiving Sun's surgery and 5 patients partial arch replacement. Meanwhile, coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 7 patients and mitral valve replacement in 1 patient. Stents were removed from the right coronary artery in 4 patients. In this group, 1 patient died of multiple organ failure in hospital after operation combined with malperfusion of viscera. Eighteen patients recovered after treatment and were discharged from hospital. The patients were followed up for 30 (18-56) months. One patient underwent aortic pseudoaneurysm resection, one thoracic endovascular aortic repair, one emergency percutaneous coronary intervention due to left main artery stent occlusion, and one underwent femoral artery bypass due to iliac artery occlusion. Conclusion    Iatrogenic aortic dissection has a high probability of coronary artery bypass grafting at the same time in patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection after coronary artery stenting. Complicated type A aortic dissection after percutaneous coronary intervention should be treated with surgery aggressively.

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Objective To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of right-to-left shunt(RLS)in patients with iatrogenic atrial septal defect(iASD)after atrial septal puncture during in-terventional therapy for atrial fibrillation and analyze the correlation with new onset migraine in order to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of related clinical events.Methods A to-tal of 54 patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent interventional surgery[including radio-frequency catheter ablation(RFCA),left atrial appendage closure(LAAC),and'one-stop'sur-gery]in cardiologic department of our hospital from November 2022 to March 2023 were enrolled in this study.According to existence of RLS in iASD within 48 h after surgery,they were divided into RLS group(24 patients)and non-RLS group(30 patients).The general information and tran-sthoracic echocardiographic data were collected and analyzed for the occurrence and influencing factors of RLS.The incidence of new onset migraine within 3 months after operation was recorded in both groups.Results All these patients had left-to-right shunt of iASD,24 patients had RLS(44.44％),and the defect size was 5.12±0.80 mm.During the 3 months'follow-up period,there was no significant difference in the incidence of new onset migraine between the two groups(P＞0.05).Older age,increased proportion of persistent atrial fibrillation,and larger iASD size was seen in the RLS group than the non-RLS group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Multivariate logistic regres-sion analysis showed that iASD size was a risk factor for RLS(OR=2.245,95％CI:1.040-4.846,P=0.040).Conclusion RLS is common in iASD after interventional treatment of atrial fibrillation,which is not related to the early occurrence of new onset migraine in these patients.The size of iASD is a risk factor for RLS.At the same time,more attention should be paid to the influence of iASD on hemodynamics and clinical events.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, introduced in 1985 by Prof. Dr. Erich Mühe, has become the gold standard for treating chronic symptomatic calculous cholecystopathy and acute cholecystitis, with an estimated 750,000 procedures performed annually in the United States of America. The risk of iatrogenic bile duct injury persists, ranging from 0.2 to 1.3%. Risk factors include male gender, obesity, acute cholecystitis, previous hepatobiliary surgery, and anatomical variations in Calot's triangle. Strategies to mitigate bile duct injury include the Critical View of Safety and fundus-first dissection, along with intraoperative cholangiography and alternative approaches like subtotal cholecystectomy. Methods: This paper introduces the shoeshine technique, a maneuver designed to achieve atraumatic exposure of anatomical structures, local hemostatic control, and ease of infundibulum mobilization. This technique involves the use of a blunt dissection tool and gauze to create traction and enhance visibility in Calot's triangle, particularly beneficial in cases of severe inflammation. Steps include using the critical view of safety and Rouviere's sulcus line for orientation, followed by careful dissection and traction with gauze to maintain stability and reduce the risk of instrument slippage. Results: The technique, routinely used by the authors in over 2000 cases, has shown to enhance patient safety and reduce bile duct injury risks. Conclusion: The shoeshine technique represents a simple and easy way to apply maneuver that can help surgeon during laparoscopic cholecystectomies exposing the hepatocystic area and promote blunt dissection.

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Introducción: La colocación de sondas pleurales es un procedimiento quirúrgico frecuente que puede tener graves complicaciones, las cuales dependen en la mayoría de los casos de la experiencia del operador, el tamaño del tubo y el uso de imágenes para guiar la inserción. Objetivo: Describir las principales lesiones esplácnicas provocadas durante la inserción de sondas pleurales y presentar algoritmos para el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento oportuno de estas iatrogenias. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión descriptiva narrativa durante el primer trimestre del año 2023. Se utilizaron las bases de datos electrónicas PubMed, LILACS, EBSCO y Cochrane. Se revisaron artículos publicados desde 1984 hasta el 2022. Se procuró que la mayoría de la información se enmarcara en un período no mayor de 10 años de antigüedad. Desarrollo: De las lesiones esplácnicas de la cavidad torácica, la de pulmón es la más frecuente y puede conducir a sangrado o fuga aérea persistente. Las lesiones vasculares son graves y pueden provocar la muerte si no se toman las medidas pertinentes. Se han descrito lesiones de órganos huecos de la cavidad abdominal que suelen ser parte de una hernia diafragmática. Dentro de las lesiones esplácnicas en el abdomen más frecuentes están la hepática y la esplénica. Conclusiones: Estas lesiones son prevenibles y se debe tener en cuenta su mecanismo de producción para evitarlas. Para este fin recomendamos una selección cuidadosa del sitio de inserción, realizar una confirmación adecuada de la posición de la sonda, manipularla cuidadosamente y monitorear constantemente al paciente(AU)

Introduction: Chest tube insertion is a frequent surgical procedure that can have serious complications, which depend mostly on the practitioner's experience, the tube's size and the use of imaging to guide the insertion. Objective: To describe the main splanchnic injuries caused during chest tube insertion, as well as to present algorithms for early diagnosis and timely treatment of these types of iatrogeny. Methods: A descriptive narrative review was performed during the first quarter of the year 2023. The electronic databases PubMed, LILACS, EBSCO and Cochrane were used. Articles published from 1984 to 2022 were reviewed. Most of the information was secured to be framed within a period of no more than 10 years. Development: Among the splanchnic injuries within the thoracic cavity, lung injury is the most frequent and may lead to bleeding or persistent air leak. Vascular injuries are severe and can lead to death if appropriate measures are not taken. Injuries to hollow organs of the abdominal cavity have been described to be usually part of a diaphragmatic hernia. Among the most frequent splanchnic lesions within the abdomen are the hepatic and splenic injuries. Conclusions: These lesions are preventable and their mechanism of production should be taken into account in order to avoid them. To achieve this, we recommend that the insertion site be carefully selected and that the tube's position be adequately confirmed, as well as the careful handling of the tube and the constant monitoring of the patient(AU)

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En la actualidad, la alogenosis iatrogénica es una condición reconocida en todo el orbe, especialmente en Latinoamérica, donde es evidente la ausencia de control en la administración de sustancias no reguladas con fines estéticos, lo que ha devenido un problema emergente por la magnitud de las complicaciones, ya que algunos productos, como aceites minerales, hidrocarburos, silicona industrial, generan graves consecuencias, tanto locales como sistémicas, en el organismo. Muchos países aún no han regulado la prohibición de esta práctica, aunque cada día son más las campañas para prevenirla; sin embargo, al mismo tiempo aumenta la incidencia de la enfermedad en todo el mundo por el incremento de estos procedimientos estéticos. Al respecto, en Cuba, el creciente número de afectados por esta causa evidencia vulnerabilidad en el cumplimiento de lo establecido hasta la fecha, por lo que se impone instaurar un marco legal de estricto cumplimiento que regule la inyección de sustancias modelantes con fines estéticos.

Currently, iatrogenic allogenosis is a condition recognized throughout the world, especially in Latin America, where the absence of control in the administration of unregulated substances for aesthetic purposes is evident, which has become an emerging problem due to the magnitude of complications, since some products, such as mineral oils, hydrocarbons, industrial silicone, generate serious consequences, both local and systemic, in the body. Many countries have not yet regulated the prohibition of this practice, although every day there are more campaigns to prevent it. However, at the same time the incidence of the disease increases worldwide due to the increase in these aesthetic procedures. In this regard, in Cuba, the growing number of people affected by this cause shows vulnerability in compliance with what has been established to date, that is why it is necessary to establish a legal framework of strict compliance that regulates the injection of modeling substances for aesthetic purposes.

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RESUMO Os Problemas de Saúde Mental (SM) e o uso indiscriminado de psicofármacos são problemas de grande relevância para a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) e a saúde pública. O objetivo deste ensaio é apresentar uma fundamentação atualizada da tese de Robert Whitaker, desenvolvida no livro 'Anatomia de uma epidemia: pílulas mágicas, drogas psiquiátricas e o aumento assombroso da doença mental'. É apresentada uma síntese do livro, acrescida de comentários sobre determinados temas, visando à melhor ancoragem científica dos argumentos. A tese defendida é que se deve evitar prescrever o uso de psicofármacos; e, caso seja iniciado o uso, que seja como sintomático agudo pelo menor tempo possível. Os argumentos giram em torno de que há evidências favoráveis apenas para redução de sintomas, para algumas dessas drogas e para curtos períodos de uso. Com seu uso crônico, há piora em longo prazo quanto à estabilidade, autonomia e funcionalidade social, com problemas graves de abstinência. Especialmente na APS (e também nos serviços especializados em SM), os profissionais deveriam ter uma abordagem mais crítica dos psicotrópicos e investir em outras abordagens terapêuticas, para fazerem algo melhor, menos iatrogênico e tão ou mais eficaz para os pacientes com problemas de SM no longo prazo.

ABSTRACT Mental Health (MH) issues and the indiscriminate use of psychotropic drugs are a great deal of a problem for the Primary Health Care (PHC) and public health. The aim of this article is to show an updated basis from Robert Whitaker theses in his book 'Anatomy of an epidemic: magic bullets, psychiatric drugs and the astonishing rise of mental illness'. It is presented a synthesis of the book, with specific comments about some topics, aiming for better scientific base of the arguments. The thesis endorses that prescribing psychotropic drugs must be avoided; and, if required, it must be as an acute symptomatic scenario for the least time as possible. The study has positive evidence that a few of these drugs only reduces symptoms, for a short period of time. If chronic used, in a long-term scenario, it seems to actually reduce stability, autonomy and social functionality, leaving the user with serious abstinence from the drug. Specially in PHC (and also in MH specialized services), professionals should have a mindful and discerning approach to psychotropic drugs, and invest in other therapeutic strategies, in order to do something better, less iatrogenic and as effective or more for the mental health patients in the long term.

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As irregularidades menstruais representam uma série de desordens na quantida- de, duração, frequência ou regularidade do sangramento uterino. Entre suas cau- sas destaca-se o sangramento secundário ao uso de anticoncepcionais, uma razão frequente de descontinuidade dos contraceptivos, podendo aumentar as taxas de gestações não planejadas. Boa parte dos contraceptivos pode levar a mudanças no padrão de sangramento uterino, e a abordagem inicial do sangramentos irregula- res inclui a avaliação de outras possíveis causas, o reforço do uso correto da medi- cação, a tranquilização da paciente quanto à benignidade do quadro e à tendência a melhora com a continuidade do uso. Os anti-inflamatórios podem ser usados como estratégia inicial, e, não havendo resposta satisfatória, há alternativas espe- cíficas para cada método. Este trabalho visa identificar as recomendações atuais sobre o manejo do sangramento anormal decorrente de contraceptivos, por meio de revisão narrativa de estudos publicados sobre o tema nos últimos vinte anos.

Abnormal uterine bleeding represents a series of disorders in the amount, du- ration, frequency and or regularity of uterine bleeding. Among its causes, uterine bleeding secondary to the use of contraceptives stands out as a frequent reason for contraceptive discontinuity, which could lead to unplanned pregnancies. Most contraceptives can cause changes in the pattern of uterine bleeding, and the ini- tial approach of the abnormal bleeding includes assessing other possible cau- ses, reinforcing the correct use of medication, and reassuring the patient about the benignity of the condition and the tendency to improve with the continuity of the treatment. Anti-inflammatory drugs can be used as an initial strategy, and, if there is no satisfactory answer, there are specific alternatives for each contracep- tive method. This work aims to identify them current recommendations on the management of abnormal bleeding resulting from contraceptives use, through a narrative review of studies published on the subject in the last twenty years.

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Intraoperative bile duct injuries often are difficult to be identified intraoperatively can lead to a variety of complications and require complex surgical procedures for their definitive treatment. With multiple complicated treatment options, these injuries become a therapeutic challenge. We present a case of a 49-year-old lady diagnosed with symptomatic gallstone disease who underwent open cholecystectomy in an outside hospital, during which she had an iatrogenic bile duct injury which was diagnosed postoperatively. She was promptly referred to a higher centre. After investigations, the patient underwent a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy with a subhepatic drain. The patient was discharged post-successful recovery on post-op day 7. Iatrogenic bile duct injury can be missed intraoperatively in a cholecystectomy. The patient provides non-specific symptoms, and a high degree of suspicion can help in early diagnosis. Prompt treatment by an experienced hepatobiliary surgeon is necessary for the successful treatment of the condition.

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BACKGROUND A healthy periodontium forms the basis of an aesthetic and functional dentition. Due to the reciprocal dynamic relationship between restorative dentistry and periodontal health, iatrogenic factors arising from restorative procedures are likely to have a negative effect on the periodontium. Awareness of these factors among dentistry students can lead to more progress in taking precautions and being careful against iatrogenic factors. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate failures in restorative treatments using panoramic radiographs as a graduation project. METHODS A total of 2622 PRs were randomly screened. After applying the exclusion criteria, 776 digital images containing at least one iatrogenic factor were analyzed. The measurement of the interrater agreement was calculated using Cohen's kappa coefficient. RESULTS This study included a sample size of 776 patients aged 18-85 years (435 females and 341 males). Most of the patients were in their 40s (27,45%). A total of 1662 treated teeth containing iatrogenic factors that may have possible negative effects on the periodontium were analyzed. Most of the teeth with improper restoration margins were more common in the maxillary molar region and also had bone loss. In addition, among the iatrogenic factors associated with endodontic treatment, inadequate root canal filling was observed the most, while perforation was the least. Interrater agreements were recorded at statistically significant levels of perfect, substantial and fair. CONCLUSIONS It is of great importance for dental students to increase their awareness by evaluating iatrogenic factors clinically and radiographically before graduation. Students also have the opportunity to test their knowledge, attitudes and skills that will be required after graduation, together with the academicians assigned to them as supervisors for the graduation projects.

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Anastomotic bleeding is well known complication after gastrointestinal resection and anastomosis procedures. The percentage of patients experiencing this complication is between 0.5% to 9.6%. Delayed postoperative anastomotic bleeding is even more rare, herein, we report a case of pseudoaneurysm of right external iliac artery with arterio-colonic fistulae in a patient who underwent open right hemicolectomy and presented as delayed postoperative anastomotic bleeding-a complication never reported before related to this procedure.

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Facial foreign body (FB) is common after trauma, but iatrogenic orbital FB is a rare and unexpected complication of facial FB removal surgery. We present the case of a 43-year-old man with a glass FB in his nose. During the operation, this FB broke into two pieces, and the larger one pierced into the left orbit, close to the eyeball. A three-dimensional (3D) model was made that accurately recreated the shape and position of the FB in the orbit, according to which the FB was removed. 3D-printing technology is a great tool when dealing with complex facial FB.

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Objetivo: desenvolver e estimar a evidência de validade de um instrumento para avaliar a percepção dos acadêmicos de medicina sobre a prevenção quaternária. Método: Trata-se de um estudo metodológico desenvolvido em três etapas: 1) construção do instrumento para avaliação do conhecimento sobre Prevenção Quaternária a partir de referenciais teóricos; 2) evidência de validade baseada no conteúdo, realizada por 13 juízes; 3) evidência de validade baseada na estrutura interna, realizada por 180 acadêmicos de medicina. Análises fatoriais foram realizadas para verificar a estrutura hierárquica do modelo a partir das duas dimensões inicialmente construídas: Domínio Conhecimento e Domínio Prático. Resultados: O coeficiente de evidência de validade de conteúdo da escala total (CVCt) foi de 0,98, demonstrando uma alta concordância entre os avaliadores com a conceituação teórica subjacente. Quanto à precisão do instrumento, todos os itens apresentaram valores de Alfa de Cronbach acima de 0,7, indicando boa precisão. Verificou-se bons indicadores de precisão para a escala com dois fatores (Domínio Conhecimento e Domínio Prático) ƛ2= 109.746, gl= 103; p<0,001; ƛ2/gl= 0,30; CFI= 0,98 e RMSEA 0,019. Conclusão: o instrumento IP4-15 apresentou as evidências de validade de conteúdo, estrutura interna, precisão e propriedades dos itens adequadas para avaliar o conhecimento e a prática da prevenção quaternária de acadêmicos do curso de medicina. Serão necessários estudos futuros para investigar a aplicabilidade do IP4-15 para outras populações.(AU)

Objective: to develop and estimate the evidence of validity of an instrument to assess the perception of medical students about Quaternary Prevention. Method: this is a methodological study carried out in three steps: 1) construction of the instrument to assess knowledge about Quaternary Prevention based on theoretical references; 2) content-based evidence of validity, performed by 13 judges; 3) internal structure-based evidence of validity, performed by 180 medical students. Factor analyzes were performed to verify the hierarchical structure of the model based on the two dimensions initially constructed: Knowledge Domain and Practical Domain. Results: The total scale content validity evidence coefficient (CVCt) was 0.98, demonstrating a high inter-rater agreement with the underlying theoretical conceptualization. As for instrument precision, all items had Cronbach's Alpha values above 0.7, indicating good precision. Good precision indicators were found for the scale with two factors (Knowledge Domain and Practical Domain) ƛ2= 109,746, gl= 103; p<0.001; ƛ2/gl=0.30; CFI=0.98 and RMSEA 0.019. Conclusion: the IP4-15 instrument presented adequate evidence of content validity, internal structure, precision, and properties of the items to assess the knowledge and practice of Quaternary Prevention of medical students. Future studies will be needed to investigate the applicability of IP4-15 to other populations.(AU)

la percepción de los estudiantes de medicina sobre la Prevención Cuaternaria. Método:se trata de un estudio metodológico desarrollado en tres etapas: 1) construcción de un instrumento para evaluar el conocimiento sobre Prevención Cuaternaria basado en referencias teóricas; 2) prueba de validez basada en el contenido, realizada por 13 jueces; 3) prueba de validez basada en la estructura interna, realizada por 180 estudiantes de Medicina. Se realizaron análisis factoriales para verificar la estructura jerárquica del modelo a partir de las dos dimensiones construidas inicialmente: Dominio del conocimiento y dominio práctico. Resultados: el coeficiente de evidencia de validez de contenido de la escala total (CVCt) fue de 0,98, lo que demuestra...(AU)

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A 73-year-old man who had undergone right common iliac-right femoral-left femoral artery bypass, and left femoral-popliteal artery bypass at 60, and stent graft for abdominal aortic aneurysm at 69, had a pseudoaneurysm repaired at the left femoral artery anastomosis site at 72. Retention of fluid continued around the prosthesis, so drainage and sartorius muscle flap were carried out at 72. Due to the occlusion of the left popliteal bypass, a cross over bypass was performed from the right iliac artery position to the left above knee popliteal artery through the left obturator foramen route. One month later, CT revealed that the prosthesis had penetrated the bladder. In open surgery, the bladder was incised, and the prosthesis was taken out of it. The postoperative course was uneventful. Oral antibiotics were continued for 3 months. Currently, there are no signs of infection. There are very few opportunities to choose an obturator foramen route. It was necessary to identify the bladder wall under direct vision with great care.

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A 70-year-old woman diagnosed with angina pectoris was scheduled to undergo off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) using the left internal thoracic artery and the saphenous vein (SVG). We performed a proximal anastomosis of the SVG to the ascending aorta using a clampless proximal anastomotic device. When this device was removed from the ascending aorta after completion of the SVG proximal anastomosis, we noticed the extensive appearance of an ascending aortic adventitial hematoma. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a flap in the ascending aorta, which was diagnosed as an iatrogenic aortic dissection. The decision was made to immediately perform an additional aortic replacement. There was an intimal tear consistent with the device insertion site, which was identified as the site for the development of aortic dissection. After performing an ascending aortic replacement, coronary artery bypass grafting was performed. Her postoperative course was uneventful, and enhanced CT on postoperative day 12 showed aortic dissection up to the level of the abdominal aorta, but the false lumen was completely thrombosed. Iatrogenic aortic dissection caused by proximal anastomotic device during OPCAB is a very rare but serious complication, and early intraoperative diagnosis and prompt additional surgical treatment were considered necessary to save the patient's life.

ABSTRACT

Benign gallbladder diseases are common in general surgery practice, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the standard treatment for these conditions. With the widespread adoption of LC and the improved understanding of gallbladder disease, it is necessary to re-evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of benign gallbladder disease. Based on the latest expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of benign gallbladder disease, this review aims to provide an overview of the diagnostic and treatment strategies for benign gallbladder diseases. Specifically, it focuses on enhancing our understanding of the role of benign gallbladder diseases in the development of gallbladder cancer, the impact of congenital biliary anomalies on the diagnostic and treatment processes of benign gallbladder diseases, and the significance of the preoperative examinations.