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Background: Amid the COVID-19 lockdown during the second wave, a crucial investigation into Vitamin D deficiency among undergraduate students gained significance. Recognizing the potential impact on immune health, our objective was to explore serum Vitamin D status and its correlations with gender, diet, body mass index, and sunlight exposure in undergraduate medical students, considering the unique circumstances of restricted outdoor activities during the lockdown. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess serum Vitamin D levels in undergraduate medical students during the COVID-19 lockdown. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from February 2021 to June 2021 at Guntur Medical College, Andhra Pradesh. The cross-sectional study involved 68 undergraduate medical students aged 18–24 years. Ethical clearance was secured. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were collected through interviews and a Google Forms questionnaire. Biochemical analyses, considering the lockdown’s impact, were performed to categorize Vitamin D status. Results: The study showed a profound impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on Vitamin D status, revealing high prevalence due to restricted sun exposure. Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent, particularly among obese and overweight students. No association between Vitamin D and calcium levels emphasized the need for tailored interventions considering the unique circumstances of lockdown. Parathormone levels were significantly elevated in Vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: The study revealed a 61.8% prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency, with no statistically significant gender difference. A significant inverse correlation was identified between Vitamin D and parathormone parathyroid hormone levels. A positive correlation was noted between sun exposure duration and Vitamin D levels.
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Background: The aggressive COVID-19 restrictive mitigation measures of lockdown by nations are with consequent effects on the populations. This study aimed to assess the psychological and socio-economic effects of COVID-19 lockdown among families in Enugu metropolis, Enugu state, Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study of 409 household heads in Enugu metropolis. Data were analyzed using IBM statistical package 23.0 and test of significance set at 0.05. Results: The mean age of respondents was 37.2±8.7 years. Majority, 83.1% were restricted in movement. Stress (5.9%) and sexual abuse (6.5%) were noted psychological effects. About 44.3% were not satisfied with life, basic social services of market (34.2%), banking (23.5%) and educational services (9.3%). Also 44.5% were not satisfied with their economic situation as 35.2% had their working conditions affected, 30.3% complain of price increase and 20.0% had restriction to basic needs. Coping strategies adopted were reduced food ration (27.9%), low wages (22.5%) and sale of assets (6.8%). Conclusions: The psychological and socio-economic effects of COVID-19 lockdown significantly affected quality of life. Population will benefit from economic subsidies, psychotherapy and information, communication and technology (ICT) skills for learning and working from home.
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Background: The antenatal care had suffered across the globe during COVID-19 pandemic. This study was undertaken to elicit knowledge, attitude and practices adopted by pregnant women for antenatal care during the pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken (N=126) at a purposively selected community health center Nalagarh of Solan district in north India. Self-administered pilot tested standardized questionnaire was employed. Results: 46 percent of women were in age group of 21-25 years and had secondary level of education. 60 percent were primigravida. 47 percent of pregnant women significantly undertook antenatal care from civil hospital and 33 percent availed these services from the public health facility of the level of Primary Health Centre or Community Health Centre, ?2 (1, N=126) =7.7, p=0.02. All pregnant women had taken complete antenatal care for four times and as per schedule. Only one tested positive for the disease COVID-19. Majority of the pregnant women studied were asymptomatic. The participants had the knowledge about symptoms of disease and COVID-19 appropriate behavior. About 25 percent also had difficulty in approaching the public health sector due to lack of accessible transportation. 18 and 33 percent of pregnant women suffered from stress and anxiety respectively. All undertook iron and folic acid along with tetanus prophylaxis. 21 and 18 percent practiced wearing of face mask and frequent hand washing with soap respectively. Conclusions: COVID pandemic did not hinder antenatal care adopted by pregnant women. Lockdown and isolation were important perceived worrisome aspects of the disease.
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Background: COVID-19, a recent global threat, contrasts with tuberculosis (TB), an age-old disease. While prompting a significant global response, COVID-19 has disrupted programs for major diseases like TB and HIV. Approximately one-fourth of the world's population is estimated to have latent TB. The pandemic strained healthcare systems and exacerbated social issues, contributing to the TB epidemic. In 2020, COVID-19 pushed 100 million people into poverty, with developing economies facing an estimated $12 trillion in pandemic-related losses by 2025. Nearly 20% of global TB cases are linked to undernutrition. Methods: In this retrospective analytical study, we aimed to gauge the potential repercussions of lockdowns implemented during and after the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis (TB) in a high-burden country like India. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic saw a rise in annual TB cases, with a significant drop in reporting in 2020. Screening of SARI/ILI patients for TB was minimal that year, gradually increasing in subsequent years. The surge in TB screening may be linked to lockdown effects and COVID-related fears. Government directives on bi-directional screening played a role. Microbiologically/clinically confirmed TB cases peaked in 2020 and gradually decreased. Bi-directional TB-COVID screening revealed a low incidence of coinfections throughout the years. Conclusion: Our study revealed a declining trend in TB diagnoses in our region during the COVID-19 pandemic. This decline is attributed to limited access to diagnostic, treatment, and preventative services, pandemic-induced misdiagnoses, and the global adoption of mask-wearing and social distancing measures.
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As the world continues to grapple with the novel coronavirus, ef?cient responses to the pandemic continues to present a challenge for many countries. Some parts of the world � like Odisha in India � are less talked about and perhaps less well-documented but continue to hold out quiet hope for low caseloads and, even some behavioural changes in the society. India, a country of great diversity, varies greatly in terms of its geographical, social and economical characteristics, from state to state. Odisha, known for its ancient Hindu temples and some scenic areas, has a population of 43.7 million; just a little less than the population of a country like Argentina, living on 1/18th of the geographical area of Argentina. The majority of the population in Odisha depends upon agriculture and allied services, though the major contributor to GDP is the services sector. One third of its population is below the poverty line and 23% fall in the Scheduled Tribe category and face multiple deprivations. Despite having abundant natural resources. The Covid-19 pandemic has made the visibility of the hard times undergone by the people working in the informal sector like the tribal street vendors, in the JODA and BADBIL Block in Keonjhar , Odisha as the tribal society is mostly matriarchal in nature, and we ?nd women heading households, and women are equal bread earners of the family with men. These tribal women cannot avoid the pandemic by working at home or following the norms of social distancing because it will ultimately lead them to poverty and loss of livelihood. Though they are an important inclusion for the development of the economy, the circumstantial lockdown and lack of social protection has somehow marginalised them and made them vulnerable. The pandemic poses a grave threat to these indigenous communities as they have been subject to socio-economic marginalization and at a risk of public health emergency. As we move to the second phase of lockdown with no timeline for a pause, there is a need to rethink about the livelihood of these women-headed households, their captivity and burden of responsibility
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Introducción. La enfermedad hepática esteatósica asociada a disfunción metabólica (MASLD) es una condición clínica frecuente, relacionada con el sobrepeso, la dislipidemia y la diabetes. Como estos factores de riesgo están a su vez asociados al sedentarismo y la ganancia de peso, se esperaría un impacto como resultado del confinamiento por COVID-19 en la prevalencia de dicha condición. Metodología. Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo en un panel de datos de 132 pacientes de 2017 a 2022, en donde fueron incluidos pacientes con una ecografía hepática y una valoración médica y paraclínica 1,5 años antes y después del periodo de confinamiento (25 de marzo de 2020 a 28 de febrero de 2021). El desenlace primario fue un cambio significativo en la prevalencia de la MASLD, y se utilizó un modelo exploratorio de regresión logística de efectos fijos con panel de datos para hallar los predictores de cambio. Resultados. En un total de 132 pacientes analizados, la prevalencia global de la MASLD antes (31 %; IC95%: 23-39) y después (35,6 %; IC95%: 27,4-43,8) del confinamiento por COVID-19 no cambió significativamente, sin embargo, en las mujeres sí hubo un aumento significativo (RR: 4; IC95%: 1,0004-16). Se encontró una marcada diferencia de prevalencia entre sexos (17 % en mujeres y 46 % en hombres; p=0,001). El confinamiento se asoció a incrementos en la masa corporal (diferencia: +1 kg; IC95%: 0,1-1,9), el colesterol LDL (diferencia: +9,7 mg/dL; IC95%: 4,9-14,4) y al diagnóstico de prediabetes (RR: 2,1; IC95%: 1,4-3,1). La MASLD se asoció positivamente a la preferencia nutricional por la comida rápida (p=0,047). Solo el índice de masa corporal resultó predictor independiente de MASLD (RR: 1,49; IC95%: 1,07-1,93). Conclusión. La prevalencia global de la MASLD no varió después del confinamiento por COVID-19, pero sí se incrementó en mujeres, y algunos de sus factores de riesgo también aumentaron significativamente. Se encontró equivalencia numérica entre la MASLD y la definición previa de la enfermedad. Se requiere un estudio local más grande para desarrollar y validar un mejor modelo predictor del cambio de la MASLD a través del tiempo.
Introduction. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a common clinical condition, related to overweight, dyslipidemia and diabetes. As these risk factors are in turn associated with sedentary lifestyle and weight gain, an impact as a result of the COVID-19 confinement on the prevalence of MASLD would be expected. Methodology. Retrospective longitudinal study in a data panel of 132 patients from 2017 to 2022. Patients with a liver ultrasound and a medical and paraclinical assessment 1.5 years before and after the confinement period (March 25, 2020 to February 28, 2021) were included. The primary outcome was a significant change in the prevalence of MASLD, and an exploratory fixed-effects logistic regression model with panel data was used to find predictors of change. Results. In a total of 132 patients analyzed, the overall prevalence of MASLD before (31%, 95%CI: 23-39) and after (35.6%, 95%CI: 27.4-43.8) confinement by COVID-19 did not change significantly, however, in women there was a significant increase (RR: 4, 95%CI: 1.0004-16). A marked difference in prevalence was found between sexes (17% in women and 46% in men; p=0.001). Confinement was associated with increases in body mass (difference: +1 kg, 95%CI: 0.1-1.9), LDL cholesterol (difference: +9.7 mg/dL, 95%CI: 4.9-14.4) and the diagnosis of prediabetes (RR: 2.1, 95%CI: 1.4-3.1). MASLD was positively associated with nutritional preference for fast food (p=0.047). Only body mass index was an independent predictor of MASLD (RR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.07-1.93). Conclusion. The overall prevalence of MASLD did not change after the COVID-19 lockdown, but it did increase in women, and some of its risk factors also increased significantly. Numerical equivalence was found between MASLD and the previous definition of the disease. A larger local study is required to develop and validate a better predictor model of MASLD change over time.
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HumansABSTRACT
Abstract Objectives The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and subsequent lockdowns and social distancing measures adopted worldwide raised questions about the possible health effects of human social isolation. Methods We conducted a systematic review on PubMed, Scopus, and Embase electronic databases using terms related to human social isolation - defined as the isolation of an individual from regular routines and usual social contact - and psychological stress, searching for simulated or naturalistic isolation environments. We present the main results, as well as the validity and limitations of each model. PROSPERO registry number: CRD42021241880. Results Despite the diversity of contexts reviewed, some outcomes almost ubiquitously relate to psychological stress, i.e., longer periods, expectation of a longer period, confinement, lack of social interaction, and support. Based on the results, and considering that most studies were not designed for the purpose of understanding isolation itself, we propose a group of recommendations for future experimental or naturalistic research on the topic. Conclusion Evidence on the impact of different situations in which individuals are subjected to social isolation can assist in development of directed preventive strategies to support people under similar circumstances. Such strategies might increase the general public's compliance with social distancing as a non-pharmacological intervention for emerging infectious diseases.
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Glycemic control in diabetes has shown to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce both microvascular and microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus. In 2020, with the globe facing COVID-19 pandemic the governments and authorities resorted to lockdowns to reduce the spread of infection. We aimed to find the impact of lockdowns during COVID-19 pandemic on glycaemic control of adults suffering with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (T2DM). We systematically searched 5 medical databases MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, web of science and Cochrane library up to 16th November 2021 using key terms. Total of 24899 articles were identified by the search, of which 17571 articles were excluded for duplication, 7303 were excluded after screening for title and abstract, and further 16 articles excluded after full text review. We analyzed the final 9 observational studies fulfilling the criteria. There are 2177 participants from final 9 observational studies, 5 studies showed worsening glycemic control during lockdown period, 2 reported improvement and 2 showed no significant change. We noticed that weight was correlating with glycated hemoglobin change. Studies with lockdown period >10weeks reported greater HbA1c deterioration and farther HbA1c when done from start of lockdown, the higher HbA1c values noticed. Glycemic control overall in type 2 diabetes has worsened due to lockdown measures which may be due to reduced physical activity, change in diet or psychosocial changes. There has also been increase in BMI (Body Mass Index) correlating with raise in HbA1c. More in-depth review is required into long term impact of lockdowns on diabetes.
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Introducción: diversos estudios sugieren que existe una diferencia en el estrés percibido (EP) entre sexos en la población general. Sin embargo, hay escasas publicaciones que describan las diferencias de percepción del estrés entre sexos durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 en personas con diabetes mellitus (DM). Objetivos: evaluar las diferencias entre sexos relacionadas con el EP y la ansiedad en personas con DM durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 en Argentina. Materiales y métodos: estudio multicéntrico, observacional y transversal. Se incluyeron adultos con DM1 y DM2. El grado de estrés se evaluó por la escala de estrés percibido (perceived stress scale, PSS) y la ansiedad por el inventario de ansiedad de Beck (Beck anxiety inventory, BAI). Resultados: se incluyeron 2.273 pacientes (52,5% mujeres). En el análisis univariado, las puntuaciones de BAI y PSS fueron significativamente más altas en las mujeres con DM versus los hombres (BAI 8,9 versus 6,6; p<0,001 y PSS 14,3 versus 11,8; p<0,001). En el análisis multivariado, el sexo femenino se asoció significativamente con mayores puntuaciones de BAI y PSS después de ajustar por tipo de DM, edad, nivel de A1c, nivel educativo, condición de vivir solo/a, y presencia de comorbilidades o complicaciones (p<0,001). En la regresión lineal múltiple, las puntuaciones de BAI y PSS se asociaron significativamente con el sexo femenino (BAI p<0,0001 y PSS p<0,0013). Conclusiones: en los pacientes con DM, el sexo femenino se asoció con puntuaciones más altas de ansiedad y EP en el contexto de aislamiento durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Argentina(AU)
Introduction: many studies suggest that there is a difference among genders in perceived stress (PS) in the general population. Descriptions of gender differences in PS during COVID- 19 lockdown in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) are lacking. Objectives: assess the differences regarding PS and anxiety between genders among people with DM during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Materials and methods: multi-center, cross-sectional observational study. Adults with type 1 DM (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM) were included. Degree of stress was evaluated by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and anxiety by the Beck anxiety inventory (BAI). Results: 2,273 patients (52.5% female) were included. Univariate analysis: BAI and PSS scores were significantly higher in women with diabetes vs. men (BAI 8.9 vs 6.6, p<0.001, PSS 14.3 vs 11.8, p<0.001). Multivariate analysis: female gender was significantly associated with BAI and PSS scores after adjustments to the type of DM, age, A1c, educational level, living alone condition and the presence of comorbidities or complications (p<0.001). In multiple linear regression, BAI and PSS scores were significantly associated with female gender a (BAI p<0.0001 and PSS p<0.0013]. Conclusions: in patients with DM female gender was associated with higher scores of anxiety and PS, in a context of isolation due to COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina(AU)
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Diabetes Mellitus , Anxiety , Sex , Adaptation, Psychological , COVID-19ABSTRACT
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had a tremendous effect on surgical practice and surgical outcomes, especially in Gynaecology which had led to an increase in operative interferences like hysterectomies, which is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures for uterine leiomyomas. Aim of this study was to determine the impact of covid lockdown on hysterectomies performed on AUB–L in perimenopausal and post-menopausal women based on clinical, radiological, and operative aspects.Methods: A retrospective study on perimenopausal and post-menopausal women who underwent hysterectomy for AUB-L was compared based on their clinical, radiological, and operative findings in the pre COVID period (April 2019-March 2020) and post COVID lockdown period of one year (July 2021-June 2022), at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SVS Hospital, Telangana.Results: The post-covid group has a significant increase in the severity of clinical symptoms such as menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea (VMSS-GRADE 2). Radiological findings (US AND MRI)-The size (>5cms) and number (>2) of fibroids increased significantly in post COVID group. The operative duration (1-3hrs), intraoperative blood loss (150-300ml), need for blood transfusion (>24%), postoperative pain (VAS pain score 5), and mean hospital stay (72-120hrs) were significantly increased in the post-COVID group as compared to pre COVID group attributable to delay in seeking medical advice due to COVID-19 lockdown.Conclusions: This study clearly states that the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown was significant in worsening clinical features, increasing the size and number of fibroids which in turn increased the number of hysterectomies, operative time and complications.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had a tremendous effect on surgical practice and surgical outcomes, especially in Gynaecology which had led to an increase in operative interferences like hysterectomies, which is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures for uterine leiomyomas. Aim of this study was to determine the impact of covid lockdown on hysterectomies performed on AUB–L in perimenopausal and post-menopausal women based on clinical, radiological, and operative aspects.Methods: A retrospective study on perimenopausal and post-menopausal women who underwent hysterectomy for AUB-L was compared based on their clinical, radiological, and operative findings in the pre COVID period (April 2019-March 2020) and post COVID lockdown period of one year (July 2021-June 2022), at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SVS Hospital, Telangana.Results: The post-covid group has a significant increase in the severity of clinical symptoms such as menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea (VMSS-GRADE 2). Radiological findings (US AND MRI)-The size (>5cms) and number (>2) of fibroids increased significantly in post COVID group. The operative duration (1-3hrs), intraoperative blood loss (150-300ml), need for blood transfusion (>24%), postoperative pain (VAS pain score 5), and mean hospital stay (72-120hrs) were significantly increased in the post-COVID group as compared to pre COVID group attributable to delay in seeking medical advice due to COVID-19 lockdown.Conclusions: This study clearly states that the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown was significant in worsening clinical features, increasing the size and number of fibroids which in turn increased the number of hysterectomies, operative time and complications.
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Background: Lockdown was used as a tool to control COVID-19 but it has resulted in the disruption of routine immunization services both in India and globally. Present study aimed to estimate the effect of COVID-19 lockdown periods during years 2020 and 2021 on routine immunization at tertiary-care hospital in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.Methods: A retrospective record-based observational study was conducted at paediatric tertiary-care hospital, Jaipur. Data were collected from the immunization records of the centre for the vaccines administered to children (0-16 years) under the universal immunization programme (UIP) from January 2019 to December 2021. Doses administered were assessed as a proxy measure of vaccine coverage. The vaccination trends were compared with base year 2019. unpaired 憈� test of significance and percent change were used for statistical analysis.Results: The effect of lockdown was maximum in the second quarter of both years 2020 and 2021 with the declination of the total vaccine doses administered by -49.9% and -36.2% respectively. The first lockdown period in year 2020 recorded maximum negative difference in dose of Td (10 years) (-98.4%) followed by DPT booster-2 (-83.6%). The second lockdown in year 2021 recorded maximum negative difference in dose of Td (16 years) (-62.5%) followed by Td-10 years (-58.1%) and DPT booster-2 (-56.5%).Conclusions: This study concludes that the least vaccine doses were administered in second quarter of both years which coincides with lockdown period. Hence during emergencies like lockdown other alternative arrangement for continuance of routine immunization may be implemented.
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BACKGROUND Lockdowns, travel restrictions, and homeschooling during the COVID-19 period contributed to an increased number of foreign bodies being swallowed by children. This single-center study was initiated to determine the incidence of foreign body ingestion in the pediatric age group during the 2-year period of COVID-19 and compare it with an earlier 3-year period in Saudi Arabia. METHODS Medical records and abdominal radiographs of children under 14 were reviewed for the history of foreign body ingestion. The frequency of foreign body ingestion, size, shape, type, and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic was compared with similar events in the 3 years before the COVID-19 pandemic from November 2016 to November 2019. RESULTS Of the n = 161 records, n = 86 cases were reported during the COVID-19 pandemic, and n = 75 in the pre-pandemic period. Most of the ingested foreign bodies were less than 2 cm in size (57.8%), with the prevalence of non-metallic objects (87.6%) and the outcome being spontaneous expulsion (83.2%). There was a significant association between spontaneous expulsion cases and the size of the objects (p = 0.001), number of objects (p = 0.0005), and shape (p = 0.01). An analysis of demographic data showed that more boys than girls were registered, with a predominance of children under the age of five. CONCLUSIONS Treating children who have swallowed foreign bodies require a multi-professional approach with the participation of physicians, nurses, poison control specialists, radiologic technologists, ambulance personnel, and others to provide continuous, child-friendly care and follow-up. Parents and caregivers should be aware of how to keep children away from small items that can be harmful if swallowed, especially coins, disc batteries, small magnets, and other high-risk items.
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Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in India in 2020 having originated from China in late 2019. There is no study on the impact of covid management burden on tuberculosis (TB) management. Study on the effect of lockdown on TB management is also unknown. This is a pilot study. Method:It is hypothesised that only people who are severely symptomatic will get tested for TB and severely sick patients will get admitted during the lockdown period. Data from outpatient TB clinic and inpatient ward were analysed.Results:During the lockdown of 5 months saw severe fall in the attendance of the outpatient to 727 patients which was almost 44.44% of the pre lockdown patients, sputum positive among them were 160, positivity rate was 21.69. The total inpatients admission in thelockdown period of 6 months was 130 with average of 26 per month (36% of normal). The Wald chi-square for outpatient p=0.00 with CI=43.30-63.81. The Wald chi-square test for inpatient admission p=0.00 with CI=31.66-49.52. The results of inpatients admission showed that only sick and serious patients approached hospital in the lockdown period. Conclusions:The results in the outpatient setting showed that mild to moderate symptomatic patients may not seek consultation only severe cases approached healthcare leading to spread.
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Introducción. Desde inicios de la pandemia por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), fue comunicado en varios países un incremento de las consultas de niñas con pubertad precoz central idiopática (PPCI), sin que contáramos con datos argentinos. Este aumento estaría vinculado con los cambios en el estilo de vida y los niveles de estrés resultantes del aislamiento que afectó particularmente a la población infantil. Objetivos. 1) Describir la evolución de la incidencia de PPCI con requerimiento de inhibición del eje hipotálamo-hipófiso-gonadal (EHHG) en niñas entre 2010 y 2021 en una cohorte del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. 2) Comparar las características de las niñas, con dicho diagnóstico realizado durante la pandemia, con las de un grupo control. Métodos. Serie de tiempo interrumpida y estudio de casos y controles. Resultados. La incidencia anual fue estable entre 2010 y 2017. Desde 2017 hubo un ascenso anual que promedió el 59,9 % (IC95 % 18,6-115,5) y pareciera haberse acelerado durante la pandemia. Constatamos asociación entre haber desarrollado PPCI y haber requerido tratamiento inhibitorio entre el 01 de junio de 2020 y el 31 de mayo de 2021, y dos variables: edad de menarca materna (OR 0,46; IC95 % 0,28-0,77) y antecedente familiar de PPCI (OR 4,42; IC95 % 1,16-16,86). Conclusión. Evidenciamos desde 2017 un aumento significativo en la incidencia de PPCI con requerimiento de inhibición del EHHG. El incremento en la exposición a diversos desencadenantes ambientales durante la pandemia por COVID-19 podría haber ejercido mayor influencia en las niñas con alguna predisposición genética.
Introduction. Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, consultations of girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) increased in several countries, but there were no data from Argentina. This increase may be related to changes in lifestyle and stress levels resulting from the lockdown, which particularly affected the child population. Objectives. 1) To describe the progression of the incidence of ICPP requiring inhibition of the hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in girls between 2010 and 2021 in a cohort from the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. 2) To compare the characteristics of girls diagnosed with ICPP during the pandemic with those of a control group. Methods. Interrupted time-series and case-control study. Results. The annual incidence remained stable between 2010 and 2017. Since 2017, it increased to an average of 59.9% (95% CI: 18.6115.5) and appears to have accelerated during the pandemic. We found an association between ICPP and requiring inhibitory treatment between June 1 st, 2020 andMay 31 st, 2021 and 2 variables: maternal age at menarche (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.280.77) and family history of ICPP (OR: 4.42, 95% CI: 1.1616.86). Conclusion. We evidenced a significant increase in the incidence of ICPP with requirement of HPG axis inhibition since 2017. Increased exposure to various environmental triggers during the COVID-19 pandemic may have had a greater influence in girls with some genetic predisposition.
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Humans , Female , Child , Puberty, Precocious/diagnosis , Puberty, Precocious/epidemiology , COVID-19/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Communicable Disease Control , Incidence , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone , PandemicsABSTRACT
Background: In response to contain the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India, the entire country was declared to be under lockdown from the midnight of 24 March 2020. In this study, we determined the economic impact and availability of health services during sudden lockdown. Methods: A cross sectional study was done in rural and urban health and training centres attached to rural medical college of Chengalpattu district of Tamil Nadu. Sample size was 424. Study participants were out patients, seeking health care services. Data was collected by trained medical social workers (MSW), using field tested semi-structured questionnaire. Percentages were calculated and for assessing difference between proportions, Pearson抯 chi-square test was used as a test of significance. Results: Out of 424 study participants, 223 (52.6%) were male and mean age of participants was 44 years. Socio economically, majority of them belonged to lower and lower middle-class families. 297 (70%) of households reported to have financial loss and 71.2% reported difference due to lockdown. In univariant analysis, the significant risk factors for difference in income were found to be type of house (0.029), loss of job (0.0001), loss of wages (0.0001), having bank loan (0.019) and issues in managing household expenses (0.0001), per capita income (0.008), farming business (0.018) and household with members having non-communicable diseases (0.013). Conclusions: Lockdown has huge economic cost. Underprivileged households were economically impacted. Most of the essential health services were available and accessible to the household even during the strict lockdown.
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Background: Injuries show a significant burden of morbidity, disability and mortality throughout world, especially in lower-middle income nations. Injuries result from road traffic crashes, falls, burns, and acts of violence against oneself or others, among other causes. Road Traffic Accidents are especially dominant among injuries, which are unintentional. The lockdown has resulted in dramatic changes in service provision from emergency departments and hospitals. And the pattern of the injuries has differed because of different reasons being reduced mobility, isolation at home, boredom and so on. The aim of this study was to assess the type of injury cases reaching a tertiary care hospital in Bangalore before, during and after lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic and its profile. Methods: The data was collected from the hospital records of all inpatients of selected tertiary care hospitals. Results: Incidence of RTA and Assaults are observed to be high constituting 52.5% and 31.4% respectively. The change in trend of injuries indicated a dropdown in injury cases during lockdown and the increase of cases after lockdown relaxations. Conclusions: Road traffic accidents was the most common cause of injury observed in this study, with specifically 2-wheeled vehicles were most involved. The development of trauma registries all over the country containing minimum epidemiologically desired data is the need of the time for India. The data in the hospital records should be standardized and centralized.
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Background: Countries across the globe had adopted various prevention and control measures ranging from social distancing and isolation, to shutting down of nonessential services and countrywide lockdowns. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the nation-wide lockdown to prevent or delay the spread of COVID-19 in India. Methods: This was a cross sectional and descriptive study. We used the secondary data from WHO website, from 01 January to 30 October 2020. We calculated mean, median number of new cases, deaths reported per day and case fatality rate, using Microsoft excel spreadsheet. Results: There was a steady rise in number of cases and deaths in India, during the lockdown and unlock period from phase-1 to phase-4. Approximately 10-fold increase in death was reported in the duration of 68 days of lockdown from phase-1 to Phase 4. The number of cases reported in unlock phase-4 were approximately 6 times more compared to unlock phase 1. The case fatality rate per day had declined during the lockdown period, from 3 .4% to 2 .5% deaths per day. The case fatality rate was lowest during the peak of pandemic, 1.27% in September 2020. Indicating good care of hospitalized patients compared to initial stage of pandemic in India. Conclusions: Indian government had imposed complete sudden lockdown at the right time. The peak of pandemic was delayed or slowed down. Indicating the timing of lockdown is an essential step to save the lives in pandemic, in resource limited settings.
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Background: Lockdown had hindered persons’ ability to engage in regular physical activity. Our study analysed bone trauma patients who visited the orthopedic department based on the mode of injury, kind of extremity involved, and the bone implicated. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients visiting the orthopedic surgery department of a North Indian tertiary health care centre. Patient data was recorded from the case sheets. Results: A total of 792 patients’ data was collected, out of which 250 patients were those of during lockdown, and 542 patients were of non-lockdown phase. During the lockdown phase, the patients who have undergone RTA were 37 (14.8%), those admitted for domestic trauma were 128 (51.2%), and those for miscellaneous causes were 85 (34%). During the non-lockdown phase, RTA were 145 (26.739%), domestic were 318 (58.608%) and miscellaneous were 79 (14.652%). During lockdown, the site of injury was upper limb in 59 patients, lower limb in 154 patients, vertebrae in 37 patients. In the non-lockdown phase, the upper limb was injured in 95 patients, lower limb in 377 patients, vertebrae in 52 patients and hip bone in 17 patients. Femur was the most affected bone. Conclusions: There was a decrease in the number of instances during the lockdown. During both the periods, the majority of geriatric patients were from rural areas. Domestic trauma cases were most prevalent in the older age range, and the most common extremity implicated appeared to be the lower limb, with the femur being the most involved bone in both stages.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The current pandemic caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) and lockdown as a strategy to contain and control infections, showed new challenges in mental health care. This study focused on analysing the differences in emotional symptoms, concerns, and satisfaction with life during lockdown due to COVID-19 in young people with mental health problems and without pre-existing conditions. A cross-sectional study of two cohorts (clinical and community) was conducted with 422 young Colombians aged between 20 and 25 years old. Sociodemographic conditions, depression, anxiety, stress, positive and negative emotions and feelings, and life satisfaction were evaluated. Descriptive and comparative analysis were carried out. Young people with a history of mental health problems showed greater symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and less life satisfaction. Differences were observed in concerns about mental health, lockdown, and cohabitation problems. The pandemic and lockdown have had adverse effects on young people's mental health, and as such, it is necessary for health services to develop differentiated care programs, both in the period that the pandemic lasts and in the long term.
Resumen La actual pandemia causada por el coronavirus (COVID-19) y el confinamiento como estrategia para contener y controlar las infecciones, mostraron nuevos retos en la atención a la salud mental. Este estudio se centró en analizar las diferencias en los síntomas emocionales, las preocupaciones y la satisfacción con la vida durante el confinamiento debido al COVID-19 en jóvenes con problemas de salud mental y en jóvenes sin condiciones preexistentes. Se realizó un estudio transversal de dos cohortes (clínica y comunitaria) de 422 jóvenes colombianos de entre 20 y 25 años. Se evaluaron las condiciones sociodemográficas, la depresión, la ansiedad, el estrés, las emociones y sentimientos positivos y negativos y la satisfacción con la vida. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y comparativos. Los jóvenes con antecedentes de problemas de salud mental mostraron mayores síntomas de depresión, ansiedad, estrés y menor satisfacción con la vida. Se observaron diferencias en la preocupación por la salud mental, el encierro y los problemas de convivencia. La pandemia y el confinamiento han tenido efectos adversos en la salud mental de los jóvenes, por lo que es necesario que los servicios de salud desarrollen programas de atención diferenciados, tanto en el periodo que dura la pandemia como a largo plazo.