ABSTRACT

En los presentes lineamientos técnicos se considera que el ambiente de los establecimientos de salud, comprende todas las superficies del entorno inmediato del paciente y áreas administrativas en todos los niveles de atención, incluye objetos fijos dentro y fuera de las habitaciones, repisas, estanterías, pasamanos, escaleras, paredes, lavabos, equipo médico como esfigmomanómetros, monitores de signos vitales, interruptores eléctricos, equipos periféricos de las computadoras, equipo electrónico, mobiliario como mesas, sillas, camas, carros-camillas, canapés, cunas e incubadoras, cuartos de baño de los pacientes, inodoros, entre otros. Estos Lineamientos, contienen disposiciones técnicas, principios y fundamentos de la limpieza y desinfección de las distintas áreas de los establecimientos de salud del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud, con el fin de estandarizar la limpieza y desinfección, integrando los componentes gerencial y operativo

In these technical guidelines, the environment of health facilities is considered to include all surfaces in the patient's immediate environment and administrative areas at all levels of care, including fixed objects inside and outside the rooms, shelves, shelves, handrails. , stairs, walls, sinks, medical equipment such as sphygmomanometers, vital signs monitors, electrical switches, computer peripheral equipment, electronic equipment, furniture such as tables, chairs, beds, stretcher carts, canapés, cribs and incubators, patient bathrooms, toilets, among others. These Guidelines contain technical provisions, principles and foundations for cleaning and disinfection of the different areas of health facilities of the National Integrated Health System, in order to standardize cleaning and disinfection, integrating the managerial and operational components

ABSTRACT

Objetivo:construir e validar um instrumento de avaliação do processamento de produtos para saúde em centro de materiais e esterilização. Método:estudo metodológico realizado com 22 profissionais de saúde, sendo oito juízes especialistas e 14 enfermeiros responsáveis pelo setor de apoio. Foram realizadas quatro rodadas da técnica Delphi e posteriormente, as propriedades psicométricas foram analisadas por meio do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e do teste Alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: o tempo de experiência dos juízes especialistas variou de 2 a 18 anos, com média de 7,7 (±6,1). A validação de conteúdo obteve média global de 0,95 (±0,05) e mediana de 0,97. O teste Alfa de Cronbach apresentou boa consistência interna após aplicação do pré-teste. Ao final, a versão do instrumento foi consolidada em 43 questões, divididas em três eixos de avaliação. Conclusão: este instrumento poderá ser utilizado em nível nacional, visto que suas propriedades psicométricas apresentaram valores satisfatórios.

Objective: to develop and validate an assessment instrument for the processing of healthcare products in a central materials and sterilization centers. Method:a methodological study was conducted with 22 healthcare professionals, comprising eight expert judges and 14 nurses responsible for the support sector. Four rounds of the Delphi technique were carried out, and subsequently, the psychometric properties were analyzed using the Content Validity Index and Cronbach's Alpha test.Results: the experience of the expert judges ranged from 2 to 18 years, with an average of 7.7 (±6.1). Content validation yielded a mean score of 0.95 (±0.05) and a median of 0.97. The Cronbach's Alpha test showed good internal consistency. Atthe end, the instrument version was consolidated into 43 questions.Conclusion: this instrument can be used nationally, asits psychometric properties showed satisfactory values.

Objetivo: construir y validar un instrumento para evaluar el procesamiento de productos sanitarios en centrosde materiales y esterilización.Método: estudio metodológico realizado con 22 profesionales de la salud, ocho de los cuales fueron jueces expertos y 14 enfermeros responsables del sector de apoyo. Se realizaron cuatro rondas de la técnica Delphi y posteriormente se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas mediante el Índice de Validez de Contenido y la prueba Alfa de Cronbach. Resultados:la experiencia de los jueces expertos osciló entre 2 y 18 años, con una media de 7,7 (±6,1). La validación de contenido obtuvo una media global de 0,95 (±0,05) y una mediana de 0,97. La prueba Alfa de Cronbach mostró buena consistencia interna luego de aplicar el pretest.Conclusión: este instrumento puede ser utilizado a nivel nacional, ya que sus propiedades psicométricas presentaron valores satisfactorios.

ABSTRACT

Objective: To identify studies in the literature that address the processing of flexible endoscopes in the context of the challenges presented regarding the omission and difficulty of the steps and the perception of the process from the perspective of professionals. Method: Integrative review that included original articles, without an initial time frame, published up to February 2023, available in the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), and United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed) databases. Controlled descriptors in Health Sciences and the PICO strategy were used. Results: Five articles were identified for analysis. The sealing test, pre-cleaning, alcohol instillation and manual cleaning were the steps most likely to be omitted (20%). Pre-cleaning (20%), drying (20%), manual cleaning (40%) and connec-ting the device to the automated washer (40%) are the most difficult steps. The lack of internal visibility of the channels (20%), lack of knowledge (40%), excessive use of memory by professionals (40%) and pressure to complete processing (60%) make it difficult to execute the steps. Conclusion: The omit-ted steps, the factors contributing to the omission and the perception of professionals can be valuable indicators for reviewing services and processes, aiming to ensure their effectiveness. (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar estudios en la literatura que aborden el procesamiento de endoscopios flexibles en el contexto de los desafíos presenta-dos en cuanto a omisión y dificultad de las etapas y la percepción del proceso desde la perspectiva de los profesionales. Método: Revisión integradora que incluyó artículos originales, sin marco temporal inicial, publicados hasta febrero de 2023, disponibles en las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, Sistema de Recuperación y Análisis de Literatura Médica en Línea (Medline) y Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de Estados Unidos (PubMed). Se utilizaron descriptores controlados en Ciencias de la Salud y la estrategia PICO. Resultados: Fueron identificados cinco artículos para el análisis. Prueba de sellado, limpieza previa, instilación de alcohol y limpieza manual fueron los pasos que con mayor probabilidad a la omisión (20%). Limpieza previa (20%), secado (20%), limpieza manual (40%) y conexión del aparato a la lavadora automatizados (40%) son los pasos más difíciles. Falta de visibilidad interna de los canales (20%), desconocimiento (40%), uso excesivo de la memoria por parte de los profesionales (40%) y presión para completar el procesamiento (60%) dificultan la realización de los pasos. Conclusión: Los pasos omitidos, los factores que contribuyen a la omisión y la percepción de los profesionales pueden ser indicadores valiosos para evaluar los servicios y procesos, buscando garantizar su efectividad. (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar na literatura estudos que abordem o processamento de endoscópios flexíveis no contexto dos desafios apresentados quanto à omissão e dificuldade das etapas e à percepção do processo sob a ótica dos profissionais. Método: Revisão integrativa que incluiu artigos originais, sem recorte temporal inicial, publicados até fevereiro de 2023, disponíveis nas bases de dados Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science,Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online (Medline) e United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed). Utilizou-se descritores controlados em Ciências da Saúde e estra-tégia PICO. Resultados: Foram identificados cinco artigos para análise. O teste de vedação, a pré-limpeza, instilação de álcool e limpeza manual foram as etapas mais propensas à omissão (20%). Pré-limpeza (20%), secagem (20%), limpeza manual (40%) e conexão do aparelho à lavadora automatizada (40%) são as etapas mais difíceis. A não visibilidade interna dos canais (20%), falta de conhecimento (40%), o uso excessivo da memória pelos profissio-nais (40%) e a pressão para concluir o processamento (60%) dificultam a execução das etapas. Conclusão: As etapas omitidas, os fatores contribuintes para omissão e a percepção dos profissionais podem ser indicadores valiosos para a revisão dos serviços e processos, visando a garantia de sua efetividade. (AU)

ABSTRACT

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia antimicrobiana de um dispositivo fixo emissor de luz UV-C na desinfecção de diferentes superfícies do ambiente hospitalar e sua eficácia antifúngica na qualidade do ar. Métodos Estudo quase-experimental realizado em uma unidade de internação hospitalar, que utilizou o Bioamostrador de ar Andersen® de seis estágios para análise do ar; e na avaliação das superfícies, utilizaram-se três suspensões de microrganismos (Acinetobacter sp. MDR, Escherichia coli e Klebsiella pneumoniae produtora de KPC) para contaminar o ambiente. Para ambos foram feitas coletas pré (controle) e pós-acionamento da luz UV-C (teste). Resultados Na avaliação do ar houve uma redução importante da contagem de colônias após a luz UV-C e não foram encontrados fungos patogênicos ou toxigênicos em nenhum dos dois momentos. Em relação à desinfecção das superfícies, nenhum crescimento bacteriano foi observado após a intervenção da luz, demonstrando 100% de inativação bacteriana nas condições testadas. Conclusão A utilização da tecnologia com emissão de luz UV-C fixa foi eficaz e pode ser considerada uma intervenção promissora para protocolos de desinfecção de superfícies hospitalares.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la eficacia antimicrobiana de un dispositivo fijo emisor de luz UV-C para la desinfección de diferentes superficies del ambiente hospitalario y su eficacia antifúngica en la calidad del aire. Métodos Estudio cuasi experimental realizado en una unidad de internación hospitalaria, en que se utilizó el biomuestreador de aire Andersen® de seis etapas para el análisis del aire. En el análisis de las superficies, se utilizaron tres suspensiones de microorganismos (Acinetobacter sp. MDR, Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de KPC) para contaminar el ambiente. En ambos se tomó una muestra antes (control) y después de accionar la luz UV-C (prueba). Resultados En el análisis del aire hubo una reducción importante del recuento de colonias después de la luz UV-C y no se encontraron hongos patógenos ni toxigénicos en ninguno de los dos momentos. Con relación a la desinfección de las superficies, no se observó ningún crecimiento bacteriano después de la intervención de la luz, lo que demuestra un 100 % de inactivación bacteriana en las condiciones analizadas. Conclusión El uso de la tecnología con emisión de luz UV-C fija fue eficaz y puede ser considerada una intervención prometedora para protocolos de desinfección de superficies hospitalarias.

Abstract Objective To evaluate a fixed UV-C light emitting device for its antimicrobial effectiveness in the disinfection of distinct surfaces and its antifungal effectiveness on air quality in the hospital environment. Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted in a hospital inpatient unit, in which a six-stage air Biosampler (Andersen®) was used for air analysis. In the evaluation of surfaces, three suspensions of microorganisms (Acinetobacter sp. multidrug-resistant, Escherichia coli, and KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae) were used to contaminate the environment. In both evaluations, pre- (control) and post-activation of UV-C light (test) collections were made. Results In the air evaluation, an important reduction was observed in the colony count after irradiation with UV-C light, and pathogenic or toxigenic fungi were not found in either of the two moments. Regarding the disinfection of surfaces, no bacterial growth was observed after the application of UV-C light, showing 100% bacterial inactivation under the tested conditions. Conclusion The use of fixed UV-C light emission technology was effective and can be considered a promising intervention for hospital surface disinfection protocols.

ABSTRACT

Surgery and neonatology rooms must be free of all biotamination. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in the environment of these rooms could lead to infection of patients, resulting in an increase of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to detect the presence of pathogenic resistant bacteria to antibiotics in the surgery and neonatology rooms of the Ngaliema Clinic and the King Beaudoin I Hospital of Masina. Indoor air of the rooms, the swab of the surfaces of the incubators, operating beds and the handles of the doors as well as the nurses' coats were analyzed. Bacteria were identified by standard bacteriology methods and antibiotic sensitivity was performed by the Müller Hinton agar medium diffusion method. 21 swabs and 34 air samples were collected. 63 strains of bacterial were isolated among them 30 at the Ngaliema clinic and 33 at the King Beaudoin I Hospital. The isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (34.9%), Staphylococcus spp (30.2%), Bacillus spp (12.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.5%), Pseudomonas spp (7.90%), Klebsiella ozaenae (1.6%), Providencia alcalifaciens (1.6%) and Acinetobacter spp (1.6%). 52.2% of strains were multi-resistant to the majority of antibiotics tested. The results of the present study showed that multi-resistant bacteria are circulating in the neonatology and surgery rooms of these hospitals. Infection prevention and control measures should be considered.

Les salles de chirurgie et de néonatologie doivent être exemptes de toute biotamination. La présence des bactéries pathogènes dans l'environnement de ces salles pourrait conduire à l'infection des patients avec comme conséquence une augmentation de la morbidité et de la mortalité. L'objectif de l'étude était de vérifier la présence des bactéries pathogènes résistantes aux antibiotiques dans les salles de chirurgie et de néonatologie de la Clinique Ngaliema et de l'Hôpital Roi Beaudoin Ier de Masina. L'analyse de l'air intérieur des salles et l'écouvillonnage des surfaces des couveuses, des lits opératoires et des poignets des portes ainsi que des blouses des infirmiers ont été réalisés. La sensibilité aux antibiotiques des bactéries isolées par les méthodes classiques de microbiologie a été réalisée par la méthode de diffusion en milieu gélosé de Mueller Hinton. 21 écouvillons des surfaces et 34 prélèvements de l'air ont été réalisés. 63 souches bactériennes ont été isolées dont 30 à la clinique Ngaliema et 33 à l'Hôpital Roi Beaudoin Ier. Les bactéries isolées étaient Staphylococcus aureus (34,9%), Staphylococcus spp (30,2%), Bacillus spp (12,7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9,5%), Pseudomonas spp (7,90%), Klebsiella ozaenae (1,6%), Providencia alcalifaciens (1,6%) et Acinetobacter spp (1,6%). 52,2 % de souches étaient multi-résistantes à la majorité des antibiotiques testés. Les résultats de la présente étude montrent que des bactéries multi-résistantes circulent dans les salles de néonatologie et de chirurgie aseptique de ces hôpitaux. Les mesures de prévention et des contrôles des infections doivent être envisagées.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: A partir de la pandemia de COVID-19 ha aumentado la demanda de la radiación UV-C como agente desinfectante para superficies y espacios cerrados. Si bien este mecanismo de desinfección es muy conocido, los dispositivos utilizados son muy voluminosos y costosos. Este estudio abordó una fuente UV-C fiable, versátil, accesible y de muy bajo costo. El objetivo principal fue caracterizar y evaluar la eficacia germicida de una fuente de UV-C, constituida por un bulbo de cuarzo que se encuentra en el interior de las lámparas comerciales de iluminación pública. MÉTODOS: Para la caracterización espectral, se utilizó un monocromador Acton Research Corporation VM-504 y se midió la irradiancia con un sensor específicamente diseñado y construido. Para analizar la acción germicida, se hicieron estudios de radiación sobre diferentes cepas de bacterias y virus. Se estudiaron y compararon las características espectrales de la fuente elegida respecto a la comercial. Se evaluó el poder bactericida y viricida en muestras de laboratorio, verificado con cuatro tipos de bacterias y un virus. RESULTADOS: Se demostró que la radiación generada por esta fuente eliminó al conjunto de bacterias en 30 segundos de exposición y en 1 minuto para el caso del virus, ambos ensayos a una distancia de 300 mm. DISCUSIÓN: Con esto, se igualó el poder germicida de una fuente comercial e incluso se la superó en algunos casos.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: A partir de la pandemia de COVID-19 ha aumentado la demanda de la radiación UV-C como agente desinfectante para superficies y espacios cerrados. Si bien este mecanismo de desinfección es muy conocido, los dispositivos utilizados son muy voluminosos y costosos. Este estudio abordó una fuente UV-C fiable, versátil, accesible y de muy bajo costo. El objetivo principal fue caracterizar y evaluar la eficacia germicida de una fuente de UV-C, constituida por un bulbo de cuarzo que se encuentra en el interior de las lámparas comerciales de iluminación pública. MÉTODOS: Para la caracterización espectral, se utilizó un monocromador Acton Research Corporation VM-504 y se midió la irradiancia con un sensor específicamente diseñado y construido. Para analizar la acción germicida, se hicieron estudios de radiación sobre diferentes cepas de bacterias y virus. Se estudiaron y compararon las características espectrales de la fuente elegida respecto a la comercial. Se evaluó el poder bactericida y viricida en muestras de laboratorio, verificado con cuatro tipos de bacterias y un virus. RESULTADOS: Se demostró que la radiación generada por esta fuente eliminó al conjunto de bacterias en 30 segundos de exposición y en 1 minuto para el caso del virus, ambos ensayos a una distancia de 300 mm. DISCUSIÓN: Con esto, se igualó el poder germicida de una fuente comercial e incluso se la superó en algunos casos.

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to review the scientific literature to describe the main care and hygiene protocols for different types of maxillofacial prostheses (MFP). Methods: A bibliographic search on the PubMed / Medline database using the following keywords: ["maxillofacial prosthesis" OR "ocular prostheses" OR "palatal obturators"] AND ["Cleaning" OR "disinfection"] AND ["care"] AND ["color stability"] OR ["denture cleansers" OR "cleansing agents"]. Articles addressing materials, cleaning and disinfection protocols, and care related to MFP were included. The following exclusion criteria were applied: no adequate methodology, incompatibility with the area of interest, and unavailability for reading in full. Results: The papers were grouped into the following topics: facial prostheses, ocular prostheses, maxillofacial intraoral prostheses, and retention systems. Conclusion: Despite the MFP changes over time, its degradation decreases upon following the recommendations and post-adaptation care. The guidelines for cleaning and disinfection must be individualized to guarantee the longevity of the prosthesis and the patient health

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar os níveis de motivação e satisfação de trabalhadores responsáveis pela limpeza e desinfecção de superfícies. Método: estudo transversal, quantitativo, realizado com 69 trabalhadores da saúde em uma Unidade de Tratamento de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave, em Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Dados coletados entre abril e maio de 2022, com questionário sociodemográfico, profissional e Escalas de Motivação e Satisfação no Trabalho. Variáveis categóricas representadas por frequências absolutas e relativas, numéricas pela média, desvio padrão, mediana e intervalo interquartil. Resultados: Variáveis 'Porque eu gosto muito desse trabalho' (5,5), 'Porque esse trabalho se encaixa nos meus valores pessoais' (5,16) e 'Porque meu trabalho é minha vida e não quero falhar' (4,25) apresentaram maiores médias de motivação. Houve concordância quanto à satisfação com o trabalho (4,07) e não almejar outro emprego (2,6). Conclusão: Amplia-se o conhecimento sobre o cotidiano organizacional em serviços de saúde, possibilitando planejamento de ações que repercutam nas condições de trabalho.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the levels of motivation and satisfaction of workers responsible for cleaning and disinfecting surfaces. Method: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative study of 69 healthcare workers at a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Treatment Unit in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Data was collected between April and May 2022, using a sociodemographic and professional questionnaire and Motivation and Job Satisfaction Scales. Categorical variables are represented by absolute and relative frequencies, numerical by mean, standard deviation, median, and interquartile range. Results: The variables 'Because I like this job' (5.5), 'Because this job fits in with my personal values' (5.16), and 'Because my job is my life, and I don't want to fail' (4.25) showed the highest mean scores for motivation. There was agreement on job satisfaction (4.07) and not wanting another job (2.6). Conclusion: Knowledge about everyday organizational life in health services has increased, enabling actions to be planned that have an impact on working conditions.

RESUMEN Objective: verificar los niveles de motivación y satisfacción de los trabajadores encargados de la limpieza y desinfección de superficies. Método: Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo transversal de 69 trabajadores de la salud de una Unidad de Tratamiento del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo en Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados entre abril y mayo de 2022, utilizando un cuestionario sociodemográfico y profesional y Escalas de Motivación y Satisfacción en el Trabajo. Variables categóricas representadas por frecuencias absolutas y relativas, numéricas por media, desvío estándar, mediana y rango intercuartil. Resultados: Las variables "Porque me gusta mucho este trabajo" (5,5), "Porque este trabajo encaja con mis valores personales" (5,16) y "Porque mi trabajo es mi vida y no quiero fracasar" (4,25) obtuvieron las puntuaciones medias más altas de motivación. Hubo acuerdo en la satisfacción laboral (4,07) y en no querer otro trabajo (2,6). Conclusión: Han aumentado los conocimientos sobre la vida organizativa cotidiana en los servicios sanitarios, lo que permite planificar acciones que repercuten en las condiciones de trabajo.

ABSTRACT

A partir de la declaración de la Organización Mundial de la Salud del comienzo de la pandemia COVID-19 causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 en marzo de 2020, los profesionales de la salud se vieron expuestos a esta enfermedad altamente contagiosa y potencialmente mortal que generó múltiples desafíos a toda la comunidad científica. Provocando cambios de paradigmas en la atención de los pacientes y en el uso de las barreras de protección personal. A nivel mundial se crearon múltiples protocolos para la atención odontológica a medida que se iba desarrollando e investigando el comportamiento del virus. Esta revisión bibliográfica resume las indicaciones y recomendaciones basadas en las evidencias disponibles para disminuir las posibilidades de contaminación ante la exposición a este virus, incluyendo medidas a utilizar desde el ingreso del paciente, los métodos de protección personal, la descontaminación y esterilización del material, así como también la desinfección del área de trabajo. Aunque se ha hecho un gran esfuerzo por mejorar los procesos de bioseguridad a nivel científico tecnológico, hay evidencias de que el factor humano sigue siendo el eslabón más débil de esta cadena.

Since the declaration by the World Health Organization of the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in March 2020, health professionals were exposed to this highly contagious and potentially fatal disease that generated multiple challenges to the entire scientific community. It caused paradigm shifts in patient care and in the use of personal protective barriers. Multiple protocols for dental care were created worldwide as the behavior of the virus was developed and investigated. This bibliographic review summarizes the indications and recommendations based on the available evidence to reduce the possibilities of contamination when exposed to this virus, including measures to be used from patient admission, personal protection methods, decontamination and sterilization of material, as well as disinfection of the work area. Although a great effort has been made to improve biosafety processes at the scientific and technological level, there is evidence that the human factor continues to be the weakest link in this chain.

Desde a declaração pela Organização Mundial da Saúde do início da pandemia de COVID-19 causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 em março de 2020, os profissionais de saúde foram expostos a essa doença altamente contagiosa e potencialmente fatal, que criou vários desafios para toda a comunidade científica. Ela causou mudanças de paradigma no atendimento ao paciente e no uso de barreiras de proteção individual. Em todo o mundo, vários protocolos para atendimento odontológico foram criados à medida que o comportamento do vírus foi desenvolvido e pesquisado. Esta revisão da literatura resume as indicações e recomendações baseadas em evidências para reduzir a probabilidade de contaminação por exposição a esse vírus, incluindo medidas a serem usadas desde a admissão do paciente, métodos de proteção individual, descontaminação e esterilização de equipamentos, bem como desinfecção da área de trabalho. Embora muitos esforços tenham sido feitos para melhorar os processos de biossegurança em nível científico e tecnológico, há evidências de que o fator humano continua sendo o elo mais fraco dessa cadeia.

ABSTRACT

Objetivo ­ Verificar a suscetibilidade de criação de fômites de Sars-Cov-2 de acordo com temperatura, umidade e período de exposição. Métodos ­ Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura, entre março de 2021 e junho de 2022, utilizando-se a Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), PubMed e Medline, através do cruzamento dos termos SARS-COV-2 AND desinfecção AND higienização AND fômites AND superfícies. Resultados ­ Dos 295 artigos encontrados, 24 foram selecionados e divididos em 3 categorias temáticas, "A influência das condições ambientais", "detecção por período de exposição" e "amostragens não experimental". Conclusões ­ Foi observado que existe a possibilidade da formação de fômites de Sars-Cov-2 e as condições ambientais influenciam diretamente, exigindo assim cuidado com superfícies possivelmente contaminadas. Descritores: Sars-Cov2; Desinfecção; Fômites; Superfícies

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE@#To study the effectiveness and feasibility of cryogenic disinfectants in different cold scenarios and analyze the key points of on-site cryogenic disinfection.@*METHODS@#Qingdao and Suifenhe were selected as application sites for the manual or mechanical spraying of cryogenic disinfectants. The same amount of disinfectant (3,000 mg/L) was applied on cold chain food packaging, cold chain containers, transport vehicles, alpine environments, and article surfaces. The killing log value of the cryogenic disinfectant against the indicator microorganisms ( Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) was used to evaluate the on-site disinfection effect.@*RESULTS@#When using 3,000 mg/L with an action time of 10 min on the ground in alpine regions, the surface of frozen items, cold-chain containers, and cold chain food packaging in supermarkets, all external surfaces were successfully disinfected, with a pass rate of 100%. The disinfection pass rates for cold chain food packaging and cold chain transport vehicles of centralized supervised warehouses and food processing enterprises were 12.5% (15/120), 81.67% (49/60), and 93.33% (14/15), respectively; yet, the surfaces were not fully sprayed.@*CONCLUSION@#Cryogenic disinfectants are effective in disinfecting alpine environments and the outer packaging of frozen items. The application of cryogenic disinfectants should be regulated to ensure that they cover all surfaces of the disinfected object, thus ensuring effective cryogenic disinfection.

ABSTRACT

Experimental model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm was established in vitro by using biofilm reactor. The aim of this study was evaluating the removal effect of two kinds of water flowing through bactericide resin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm, and exploring the effectiveness of continuous treatment with low concentration disinfection factor on dental unit waterlines. The experimental group selected 1-2 mg/L iodinated resin (IR) filtered water and bromined hydantoin resin (BHR) filtered water with the control group selecting the sterile distilled water. Biofilms were treated by using the immersion method for 3, 7, 10, 20, and 40 days. Total viable count (TVC) and laser confocal microscopy method (CLSM) were selected to evaluate the biofilm removal effect. The result of TVC showed that in group IR, the bacterial clearance after the treatment of 3, 7, 10, and 20 days was lower than 99.9% and unqualified. The bacterial clearance after the treatment of 40 days was 99.9%,which is qualified. In group BHR, it was lower than 99.9% and unqualified after the treatment of 3, 7, and 10 days. It was and 99.99%, 100.00% after the treatment of 20, 40 days, respectively. The result of CLSM showed that before treatment, Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm showed a sheet and mass distribution. The bacterial coverage was 19.24%±1.97%. The proportion of viable bacteria was 93.91%±1.39%, and the biofilm matrix coverage was 17.69%±1.11%. After 20 days of treatment, the biofilm was decreased in the IR group, with the biofilm bacterial coverage reducing to 6.77%±1.61%, the proportion of live bacteria reducing to 54.85%±5.65%, and the biofilm matrix coverage reducing to 2.41%±0.85%.There was significant difference from the pre-treatment and the control (F=359.996,P<0.001). No biofilm-like structure was found in the BHR group. After 40 days of treatment, there was still a small amount of biofilm matrix residue in the IR group, with no bacterial coverage observed. The biofilm matrix coverage was 0.67%±0.47% (F=1 021.373,P<0.001). No biofilm-like structure was found in the BHR group. In conclusion, the continuous application of BHR filter water has more advantages in killing microorganisms in biofilms, removing live and dead bacteria and biofilm matrix in biofilms. Treatment water containing corresponding low concentration disinfection factors can play an important role in the field of biofilm control in dental unit waterlines.

ABSTRACT

Experimental model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm was established in vitro by using biofilm reactor. The aim of this study was evaluating the removal effect of two kinds of water flowing through bactericide resin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm, and exploring the effectiveness of continuous treatment with low concentration disinfection factor on dental unit waterlines. The experimental group selected 1-2 mg/L iodinated resin (IR) filtered water and bromined hydantoin resin (BHR) filtered water with the control group selecting the sterile distilled water. Biofilms were treated by using the immersion method for 3, 7, 10, 20, and 40 days. Total viable count (TVC) and laser confocal microscopy method (CLSM) were selected to evaluate the biofilm removal effect. The result of TVC showed that in group IR, the bacterial clearance after the treatment of 3, 7, 10, and 20 days was lower than 99.9% and unqualified. The bacterial clearance after the treatment of 40 days was 99.9%,which is qualified. In group BHR, it was lower than 99.9% and unqualified after the treatment of 3, 7, and 10 days. It was and 99.99%, 100.00% after the treatment of 20, 40 days, respectively. The result of CLSM showed that before treatment, Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm showed a sheet and mass distribution. The bacterial coverage was 19.24%±1.97%. The proportion of viable bacteria was 93.91%±1.39%, and the biofilm matrix coverage was 17.69%±1.11%. After 20 days of treatment, the biofilm was decreased in the IR group, with the biofilm bacterial coverage reducing to 6.77%±1.61%, the proportion of live bacteria reducing to 54.85%±5.65%, and the biofilm matrix coverage reducing to 2.41%±0.85%.There was significant difference from the pre-treatment and the control (F=359.996,P<0.001). No biofilm-like structure was found in the BHR group. After 40 days of treatment, there was still a small amount of biofilm matrix residue in the IR group, with no bacterial coverage observed. The biofilm matrix coverage was 0.67%±0.47% (F=1 021.373,P<0.001). No biofilm-like structure was found in the BHR group. In conclusion, the continuous application of BHR filter water has more advantages in killing microorganisms in biofilms, removing live and dead bacteria and biofilm matrix in biofilms. Treatment water containing corresponding low concentration disinfection factors can play an important role in the field of biofilm control in dental unit waterlines.

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Os ortodontistas usam alicates ortodônticos continuamente, e essas ferramentas têm um forte potencial para infecções nosocomiais. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência de três métodos de desinfecção de alicates ortodônticos. Material e Métodos: As pontas ativas de 26 alicates ortodônticos (cortadores distais e alicates Weingart) foram contaminadas com microrganismos, vírus e esporos S. aureus, E. coli e C. albicans. Os métodos de controle microbiano foram desinfecção com álcool 70%, esterilização com esferas de vidro (250 °C calor seco) e irradiação com luz ultravioleta (250 nm UV-C) por 30 e 60 segundos. O número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) e unidades formadoras de placas (UFP) foi quantificado e comparado para cada microrganismo após incubação em placas de cultura. Resultados: Todas as pontas do alicate dos grupos que receberam luz ultravioleta ou foram submetidos à esterilização com esferas de vidro apresentaram número significativamente menor de esporos, bactérias e fungos do que suas respectivas amostras controle (p<0,001). A desinfecção física com luz UV-C pode representar uma alternativa confiável em comparação com outros métodos químicos e físicos devido ao aumento de microrganismos resistentes a produtos químicos e à emissão de subprodutos nocivos após o tratamento químico. Conclusão: Os métodos de controle microbiano testados foram eficazes na desinfecção de alicates ortodônticos, tornando a luz ultravioleta-C uma alternativa promissora para eliminar os microrganismos dos alicates (AU)

Objective: Orthodontists use orthodontic pliers continuously, and these tools have a strong potential for nosocomial infections. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of three methods for disinfecting orthodontic pliers. Material and Methods: The active tips of 26 orthodontic pliers (distal end cutters and Weingart pliers) were contaminated with S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans microorganisms, viruses, and spores. The microbial control methods were 70% alcohol disinfection, glass bead sterilization (250 °C dry heat), and ultraviolet light irradiation (250 nm UV-C) for 30 and 60 seconds. The number of colony-forming units (CFU) and plaque-forming units (PFU) was quantified and compared for each microorganism after incubation in culture plates. Results: All tips of the pliers in the groups that received ultraviolet light or were subjected to glass bead sterilization showed a significantly lower number of spores, bacteria, and fungi than their respective control samples (p<0.001). Physical disinfection with UV-C light may represent a reliable alternative compared to other chemical and physical methods due to the increase in microorganisms resistant to chemical products and the emission of harmful by-products after chemical treatment. Conclusion: The tested microbial control methods were effective in the disinfection of orthodontic pliers, making ultraviolet-C light a promising alternative to eliminate microorganisms from pliers (AU)

ABSTRACT

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different disinfection protocols of dentin on bond strength of an MDP-containing universal adhesive. Twelve extracted mandibular third molars were separated horizontally at the mid-coronal of crown to get smooth and sound dentin surfaces using low-speed diamond saw. The teeth were randomly fallen into four groups: chlorhexidine (CHX), ozone, Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation (LASER) and no treatment (control). After cavity disinfection application, a universal adhesive (G-Premio Bond) was applied to the surface of dentin according to self-etch mode as instructed by the manufacturer. After incremental built-up of composite resin (Charisma Smart), the specimens were immersed in distilled water at 37°C for 24h. Dentin/composite beams with 1 mm² cross sectional area were produced and micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) was applied on these beams (n=20). Failure mods were determined under a stereomicroscope at ×40. The resin penetration of samples stained with Rhodamine B fluorochrome dye was examined with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS-22. Test results were analyzed using One-way Anova and Tukey HSD Post-Hoc tests (p0.5). All applications of cavity disinfection procedures decreased the µTBS of the resin-dentin interface.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue comparar el efecto de diferentes protocolos de desinfección de la dentina sobre la fuerza de unión de un adhesivo universal que contiene MDP. Doce terceros molares mandibulares extraídos se quebraron horizontalmente en la mitad de la corona para obtener superficies de dentina lisas y sólidas utilizando una sierra de diamante de baja velocidad. Los dientes se dividieron aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos: clorhexidina (CHX), ozono, irradiación con láser Er,Cr:YSGG (LASER) y ningún tratamiento (control). Después de la aplicación de la desinfección de la cavidad, se aplicó un adhesivo universal (G-Premio Bond) a la superficie de la dentina según el modo de autograbado indicado por el fabricante. Después de la obturación con resina compuesta (Charisma Smart), las muestras se sumergieron en agua destilada a 37°C durante 24h. Se produjeron porciones de dentina/resina con un área de sección transversal de 1 mm² y se aplicó una fuerza de adhesión microtensile (µTBS) (n=20). Los modos de falla se determinaron bajo un microscopio estereoscópico a ×40. La penetración de la resina de las muestras teñidas con colorante fluorocromo rodamina B se examinó con un microscopio de barrido láser confocal. El análisis estadístico se realizó con SPSS-22. Los resultados de las pruebas se analizaron utilizando las pruebas post-hoc Anova unidireccional y Tukey HSD (p0.5). Todas las aplicaciones de procedimientos de desinfección de cavidades redujeron el µTBS de la interfaz resina-dentina.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Chlorine, ethyl alcohol, and quaternary ammonium are disinfectants with antiviral activity against SARS-Cov2. However, there are no previous reports of their use and handling for cleaning and disinfection in dental offices. Objetive: To determine the use and management of disinfectants in critical and non-critical areas used by dentists in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: A validated cross-sectional survey was applied online to 100 dentists in San Luis Potosí between February and June 2021. Participants were informed about the handling of personal data according to the standard DOF regulations (DOF 07-05-2010). Results: A total of 100 dentists were included in the study, 63% female and 37% male, with a mean age of 26 years. The most widely used disinfectants during the pandemic in critical areas were Lysol® and 0.1% sodium hypochlorite in non-critical areas. Eighty-five percent of dentists know the adverse effects of inappropriate use of disinfectants, 72% did not have any sign or symptom associated with the use of disinfectants. The most used protection barrier was gloves (97%). Sixty-seven per cent of dentists disposed of disinfectant waste down the drain. Conclusion: Sodium hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium compounds and/or ethanol are used to clean non-critical and critical areas in dental offices. However, appropriate measures for their management are not adopted. It is necessary to implement educational strategies to improve the use and management of disinfectants in dental practice.

Introducción: Cloro, alcohol etílico y amonio cuaternario son desinfectantes que muestran actividad antiviral contra el SARS-Cov2, sin embargo, no existen reportes previos de su uso y manejo para la limpieza y desinfección en clínicas dentales. Objetivo: Determinar el uso y manejo de los desinfectantes en áreas críticas y no críticas empleados por los odontólogos en San Luis Potosí durante la COVID-19. Material y Métodos: Encuesta transversal validada y aplicada on-line a 100 odontólogos de San Luis Potosí durante febrero-junio 2021. Se informó a los participantes sobre el manejo de datos personales de acuerdo a la norma (DOF 05-07-2010). Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 100 odontólogos, 63% del sexo femenino y 37% del sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 26 años. Los desinfectantes más utilizados durante la pandemia en las áreas críticas fueron el Lysol® y el hipoclorito de sodio al 0.1% en áreas no críticas. El 85% de los odontólogos conocen los efectos adversos del uso inadecuado de los desinfectantes, 72% no tuvieron algún signo o síntoma asociado al uso de desinfectantes. La barrera de protección más utilizada fueron los guantes (97%). El 67% de los odontólogos eliminó los desechos de desinfectantes por la coladera. Conclusión: Para la limpieza de las áreas no críticas y críticas en las clínicas dentales se utilizan el hipoclorito de Sodio y compuestos de amonio cuaternario y/o etanol, sin embargo, no se utilizan las medidas adecuadas para su manejo. Es necesario implementar estrategias educativas para mejorar el uso y manejo de desinfectantes en la práctica dental.

ABSTRACT

Objetivo:Desenvolver e validar um Protocolo sobre Processamento de Produtos para Saúde na Central de Material e Esterilização de um Hospital Universitário de São Paulo. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo metodológico de desenvolvimento de um protocolo sobre processamento de produtos para a saúde.Realizada a revisão da literatura, elaboração do conteúdo escrito e de imagens. A validação foi feita por meio da Técnica Delphi com a participação de juízes. Para medir a concordância das respostas obtidas, foi utilizado o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC). Resultados: Após a segunda rodada do processo de validação pela Técnica Delphi, o IVC global do protocolo foi de 1.0, alcançando o nível de maior concordância. A versão final do protocolo possui 45 páginas, 8 itens abordados, 32 subitens e 20 ilustrações. Conclusão:O protocolo possibilitou reorganizar processos, estabelecer fluxos e padronizar condutas com embasamento científico para os profissionais de saúde.(AU)

Objective: To develop and validate a Protocol on the Processing of Health Products at the Material and Sterilization Center of a University Hospital in São Paulo. Method: This is a descriptive methodological study of the development of a protocol on the processing of health products. A literature review, written content and images were developed. Validation was performed using the Delphi Technique with the participation of judges. To measure the agreement of the answers obtained, the Content Validity Index (CVI) was used. Results: After the second round of the validation process using the Delphi Technique, the global CVI of the protocol was 1.0, reaching the highest level of agreement. The final version of the protocol has 45 pages, 8 items covered, 32 sub-items and 20 illustrations. Conclusion: The protocol made it possible to reorganize processes, establish flows and standardize scientifically based conducts for health professionals.(AU)

Objetivo: Desarrollar y validar un Protocolo de Procesamiento de Productos de Salud en el Centro de Material y Esterilización de un Hospital Universitario de São Paulo. Método: Se trata de un estudio metodológico descriptivo de la elaboración de un protocolo sobre el procesamiento de productos sanitarios. Se elaboró una revisión de literatura, contenido escrito e imágenes. La validación se realizó mediante la Técnica Delphi con la participación de jueces. Para medir la concordancia de las respuestas obtenidas se utilizó el Índice de Validez de Contenido (IVC). Resultados: Tras la segunda ronda del proceso de validación mediante la Técnica Delphi, el CVI global del protocolo fue de 1,0, alcanzando el mayor nivel de acuerdo. La versión final del protocolo tiene 45 páginas, 8 ítems cubiertos, 32 sub ítems y 20 ilustraciones. Conclusión: El protocolo permitió reorganizar procesos, establecer flujos y estandarizar conductas con base científica para los profesionales de la salud.(AU)

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Se está viviendo en un contexto de pandemia por COVID-19, en donde se evidencia la escasez de equipos de protección personal en salud y se prevé que continuará en el corto y mediano plazo. Por lo que considerar la reutilización o el uso prolongado de algunos equipos de protección personal, en especial de los respiradores, podría ser una alternativa a considerar. Objetivo: Revisar y dar a conocer, en base a evidencia científica, distintas formas de desinfección para poder reutilizar de manera segura y asequible los respiradores N95. Comentarios principales: Los respiradores N95 o sus equivalentes son de uso exclusivo del personal de salud para la atención de pacientes con sospecha o confirmación de COVID-19 y en procedimientos con generación de aerosoles. Su eficacia depende en gran medida del estado del respirador, de la capacidad de filtración, del sellado y de su uso adecuado. Son diversos los métodos para desinfectar, como la luz ultravioleta tipo C, el peróxido de hidrógeno, calor seco y húmedo, ozono, irradiación por microondas, etc. Si estos procedimientos no son realizados adecuadamente, podrían no ser efectivos. Comentarios globales: En escenarios de escasez de equipos de protección personal la reutilización es un procedimiento viable, económico, seguro, potencialmente escalable y fácil de realizar. Los respiradores N95 requieren un procedimiento especial de desinfección para preservar su capacidad de filtración y sellado. Existe un limitado número de ciclos de desinfección y reutilización. La estufa en calor seco podría ser el método más asequible en entornos privados(AU)

Introduction: We are living in a context of COVID-19 pandemic, where the shortage of personal protective equipment in health is evident and it is expected that it will continue in the short and medium term. So, considering the reuse or prolonged use of some personal protective equipment, especially respirators, could be an alternative to consider. Objective: To review and disseminate, based on scientific evidence, different forms of disinfection in order to safely and affordably reuse N95 respirators. Main comments: N95 respirators or their equivalents are for the exclusive use of health personnel for the care of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and in aerosol generation procedures. Its effectiveness depends to a large extent on the condition of the respirator, the filtration capacity, the sealing and its proper use. There are several methods to disinfect, such as ultraviolet light type C, hydrogen peroxide, dry and humid heat, ozone, microwave irradiation, etc. If these procedures are not performed properly, they may not be effective. Global feedback: In personal protective equipment shortage scenarios, reuse is a viable, economical, safe, potentially scalable and easy-to-perform procedure. N95 respirators require a special disinfection procedure to preserve their filtration and sealing capacity. There are a limited number of disinfection and reuse cycles. Dry heat stove might be the most affordable method in private settings(AU)

ABSTRACT

Background: Beef slaughterhouses must use a carcass decontamination procedure to control pathogens and thus prevent foodborne diseases transmitted by meat. Objectives: This study aimed to characterize beef carcass decontamination procedures at slaughterhouses located in the province of Antioquia (Colombia). All the slaughterhouses were in service, registered, and approved by Invima (Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos in Spanish) at the time of the study. Methods: This descriptive study collected information from 23 beef slaughterhouses between July 2019 and April 2021 through documentary reviews and visits to slaughterhouses, using forms and questionnaires. Results: The study allowed the characterization of the procedures used to decontaminate beef carcasses, showing that the chemical disinfection of the carcasses is used to control microorganisms in at least 73.9% of the slaughterhouses analyzed. According to secondary sources, it was found that most of the slaughterhouses are small (slaughter volume <50,000 heads per year); 10 of them use citric acid, lactic acid, peracetic acid, and a mixture of organic acids in concentrations between 900 and 1,200 ppm, 1.5 and 1.7%, 180 and 190 ppm, and 900 and 1,200 ppm, respectively, as carcass disinfectants and according to the technical data sheet of the product. During the visits and through the application of the questionnaire, it was found that the 12 slaughterhouses had implemented chemical disinfection which is not scientifically based, using manual devices as an intervention method to control pathogenic microorganisms. It was found that the type of company, slaughter volume, and the lack of financial resources are the determining factors in the selection of decontamination procedures. The validation of the beef carcass decontamination procedures in the different slaughterhouses in the study was demonstrated. Conclusions:Although it was established that at least one decontamination procedure, such as chemical disinfection, is used in the slaughterhouses of study, this option is not supported by scientific or technical evidence. The findings support the need for improvements in the slaughterhouses of the province of Antioquia, including the improvement of surveillance programs to reduce pathogens in the meat chain effectively.

Antecedentes: Las plantas de beneficio animal deben utilizar un procedimiento de descontaminación de canales para el control de patógenos y con ello, prevenir la aparición de enfermedades transmitidas por el consumo de carne. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el procedimiento de descontaminación de canales bovinas en las plantas de beneficio animal del Departamento de Antioquia, Colombia, que se encontraban en servicio, inscritas y autorizadas por el Invima al momento del estudio. Métodos: Este estudio descriptivo recolectó información de 23 plantas de beneficio animal de la especie bovina, a partir de revisiones documentales y visitas a las plantas, usando formatos y cuestionarios entre julio de 2019 y abril de 2021. Resultados: El estudio permitió caracterizar los procedimientos y técnicas de descontaminación de canales bovinas, revelando que en al menos el 73,9% de las plantas de beneficio estudiadas se realiza la desinfección química de las canales para el control de microorganismos. A partir de fuentes secundarias, se encontró que la mayoría de las plantas de beneficio animal en el Departamento de Antioquia son muy pequeñas, 10 de ellas utilizan productos de desinfección de canales, tales como el ácido cítrico, ácido láctico, ácido peracético y mezcla de ácidos orgánicos en concentraciones entre 900 y 1200 ppm, 1,5 y 1,7%, 180 y 190 ppm y 900 y 1200 ppm, respectivamente; y estos son utilizados de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la respectiva ficha técnica del producto. Por otro lado, durante la visita a las plantas de beneficio y mediante la aplicación del cuestionario, se constató que las 12 plantas visitadas han implementado la desinfección química como método de intervención para el control de microorganismos patógenos, realizando su aplicación mediante dispositivos manuales, no obstante, estas prácticas no están fundamentadas científicamente. Por otro lado, se estableció que aparentemente el tipo de empresa, volumen de sacrificio y falta de recursos financieros son los factores que determinan la elección del procedimiento de descontaminación de canales. De igual manera, se evidenció la necesidad de realizar estudios para validar la efectividad del procedimiento de descontaminación en las diferentes plantas de beneficio. Conclusiones: Aunque se estableció que en las plantas de beneficio animal visitadas se implementa al menos una técnica de intervención como la desinfección química, esta elección no tiene un sustento con base a fundamentos científicos y técnicos. Estos hallazgos respaldan la necesidad de mejoras en las plantas de beneficio animal del Departamento, incluyendo mejoras al programa de vigilancia de la reducción efectiva de patógenos en la cadena cárnica.