Relación del consumo de calcio con el síndrome metabólico en adultos de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana / Relationship of calcium consumption with metabolic syndrome in adults from the Ecuadorian Amazon

Introducción. El Síndrome Metabólico (SM) comprende un conjunto de factores de riesgo cardiometabólico representado por obesidad central, dislipidemia, hipertensión arterial y glucosa alterada, se ha evidenciado que el consumo adecuado de calcio representa una disminución del riesgo para este síndrome. Objetivo. Analizar la relación entre el consumo de calcio total, de origen animal y vegetal con el SM y sus indicadores. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal de eje correlacional, con una muestra de 100 adultos de la región amazónica ecuatoriana, durante el último trimestre del 2020. La ingesta dietética de calcio se determinó mediante un recordatorio de 24 horas y el SM según los criterios de Adult Treatment Panel-IV (ATP-IV). Resultados. La población estuvo conformada por adultos maduros (40 a 60 años) que evidenciaron una ingesta de calcio deficiente (182,50 mg y 228,60 mg en mujeres y hombres respectivamente). Se evidenció, además, una relación directamente proporcional entre la circunferencia abdominal (r=0,391 ­ p=0,000), presión arterial sistólica (r=0,290 ­ p=0,000) y glucosa en ayuno (r=0,326 ­ p=0,000) con la edad. La ingesta de calcio total se relacionó positivamente con los triglicéridos, (r=0,221 ­ p=0,027). Conclusiones. La ingesta dietética de calcio en ambos sexos no alcanza el requerimiento diario y se relaciona positivamente con los triglicéridos(AU)

Introduction. The Metabolic Syndrome (MS) comprises a set of cardiometabolic risk factors represented by central obesity, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure and altered glucose, it has been shown that adequate calcium intake represents a decreased risk for this syndrome. Objective. To analyze the relationship between the consumption of total calcium, animal and vegetable origin, with MS and its indicators. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study of correlational axis, with a sample of 100 adults from the Ecuadorian Amazon region, during the last quarter of 2020. Dietary calcium intake was determined through a 24-hour recall and the diagnosis of MS according to the Adult Treatment Panel- IV (ATP-IV) criteria. Results. The population consisted of mature adults (40 to 60 years) who showed a deficient calcium intake in both sexes (182.50 mg and 228.60 mg in women and men respectively). There is also evidence of a directly proportional relationship between abdominal circumference (r=0.391 - p=0.000), systolic blood pressure (r=0.290 - p=0.000) and fasting glucose (r=0.326 - p=0.000) with age. Total calcium intake was positively related to triglycerides (r=0.221 ­ p=0.027). Conclusions. Calcium dietary intake in both sexes does not reach the daily requirement and is positively related to triglycerides(AU)

Major cardiovascular risk factors and serious mental disorders, a double-edged sword: literature review

Background. The burden of mental disorders continues to grow with significant impacts on health. Their prevalence is higher in patients presenting cardiovascular risk factors.This review takes stock of the frequency, the mechanisms, and the implications of major cardiovascular risk factors in patients with serious mental disorders. Methods. A literature search was done in PubMed from 1980 to 2021 using various combinations of Mesh termslike tobacco, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia. Results. People with serious mental disordershave a greater prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors compared to the general population. Conversely, people with cardiovascular diseases more frequently suffer from serious mental disorders. More specifically, we note that 45 to 88% of patients suffering from schizophrenia are tobacco users, Depression is reported to be 3 times higher in hypertensives than in non-hypertensives while around 19% of type 2 diabetic patients suffer from major depressive disorderwhich is 3 times greater than in the general population, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia among persons with severe and persistent mental illness is higher than the prevalence in the general population and ranges from 25% to 70%. The concomitant presence of these different pathologies can be explained either by their intertwined pathophysiological mechanisms, or by the side effects of the various medications taken in the context of these chronic diseases. Conclusion. The predisposing factors for the coexistence of mental illnesses and cardiovascular diseases are often entangled. It would be interesting to carry out more studies to elucidate precisely the different pathophysiological mechanisms of these diseases.

Contexte. La prévalence des maladies mentales est plus élevée chez les patients présentant des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire. Cette revue fait le point sur la fréquence, les mécanismes et les implications des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire majeurs chez les patients atteints de pathologies psychiatriques graves. Méthodologie. Une recherche documentaire a été effectuée dans PubMed de 1980 à 2021 en utilisant diverses combinaisons de termes MeSH comme tabac, diabète, hypertension, dyslipidémie, trouble dépressif majeur, trouble bipolaire, schizophrénie. Résultats. Les personnes atteintes de maladie mentales graves ont une plus grande prévalence de facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire majeurs comparé à la population générale. A l'inverse, les personnes atteintes de maladies cardiovasculaires souffrent plus fréquemment de troubles mentaux graves. Plus précisément, on note que 45 à 88% des patients souffrant de schizophrénie consomment du tabac. La dépression serait 3 fois plus élevée chez les hypertendus que chez les non hypertendus. Par ailleurs, environ 19% des patients diabétiques de type 2 souffrent d'un trouble dépressif majeur ce qui est 3 fois plus élevée que dans la population générale. La prévalence des dyslipidémies chez les personnes atteintes d'une maladie mentale grave est supérieure à la prévalence dans la population générale et varie de 25 % à 70 %. La présence concomitante de ces différentes pathologies s'explique soit par leurs mécanismes physiopathologiques imbriqués, soit par les effets secondaires des différents médicaments pris dans le cadre de ces maladies chroniques. Conclusion. Les facteurs prédisposant à la coexistence des maladies mentales et des maladies cardiovasculaires sont souvent intriqués. Il serait intéressant de mener plus d'études pour élucider précisément les différents mécanismes physiopathologiques de ces maladies.

Profil glucido-lipidique et risque cardiovasculaire chez les diabétiques de type 2 / Carbohydrate and lipid profile associated with cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetics

Introduction-Le diabète est un véritable problème de santé publique du fait de ses nombreuses complications potentielles, notamment cardiovasculaires. Notre objectif était de décrire le profil clinico-biologique chez une population de diabé tique type 2 et d'étudier la relation entre l'équilibre glycémique et les anomalies lipidiques avec les complications micro et macroangiopathiques. Matériels et méthodes -Nous avons mené une étude rétrospective portant sur 341 pa tients diabétiques type 2.Les données ont été analysées par le logiciel IBM® SPSS statis tics 20.0. Seules, les associations significatives (p ≤ 5%) étaient retenues. Résultats - quatre-vingt deux pourcent et demi des patients ont un taux d'HbA1c ≥7 %. Plus de 60 % ont une dyslipidémie. Cinquante deux pourcent des patients ont un taux du LDLc ≤ 1 g/l, et 64,4 % ont un taux du Non-HDLc >1g/l. Environ 66 % des patients ont une hypertension artérielle. quarante pourcent des patients ont présenté une macroangio pathie et 66,8 % une microangiopathie (p=0,0001). L'analyse par régression logistique, a montré que l'HbA1c est le paramètre biologique le plus associé aux complications macroangiopathiques (p=0,008), alors que pour les complications micro-angiopathiques, l'HTA était le seul facteur associé (p = 0,03). Pour la cardiopathie ischémique, la dyslipi démie et l'HTA étaient les facteurs les plus associés. Conclusion -Notre étude a montré une fréquence élevée des complications micro et macroangiopathiques et des anomalies lipidiques, ainsi qu'un très mauvais équilibre glycémique. L'HbA1c, la dyslipidémie et l'HTA sont les facteurs les plus associés au risque cardiovasculaire.

Background-Diabetes is a real health public problem because of its many potential complications, particularly the cardiovascular ones.The aim of this work was to describe the clinical and biological profile in type 2 diabetic population, then to study the relationship between glycemic control and lipid abnormalities with micro and macro vascular complications. Methods - It was about a retrospective study of 341 type 2 diabetes patients' with an average age of 60.1 ± 11.71 years.The IBM® SPSS statistics 20.0 software was used for analyzing data. Only significant associations (p ≤ 5%) were retained. Results -An HbA1c level ≥7% was observed in 82,5% of patients, More than 60% have dyslipidemia. 52,8% of them have an LDLc level ≤ 1 g/l, and 64,4% have a Non-HDLc level >1g/l. Sixty-six percent of patients have high blood pressure. The macrovascular disorders were observed on 30,9% of patients and microvascular ones on 66,8% of them (p = 0.0001).The logistic regression analysis showed that HbA1c was the most significant biological parameter (p=0,008). while for micro-vascular complications, high blood pressure was the only associated factor (p = 0.03). For ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure were the most associated factors. Conclusion - this study showed a high frequency of micro and macrovascular complications, lipid abnormalities and a very poor glycemic control. The elevation of HbA1c level, the high blood pressure and dyslipidemia are the most associated factors with a high cardiovascular risk.

Estresse percebido em mulheres com síndrome metabólica: um estudo transversal / Perceived stress in women with metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study / Estrés percibido en mujeres con síndrome metabólico: un estudio transversal

Introdução: o estresse percebido foi sugerido como um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da Síndrome Metabólica (SM). No entanto, pouco se sabe desta associação entre mulheres. Objetivo: avaliar o estresse percebido em mulheres com SM. Materiais e Métodos: estudo transversal, a partir do recorte de um ensaio clínico não-randomizado, com pacientes de um centro de saúde público (RBR-43K52N). A variável de desfecho foi a SM, utilizando os critérios do NCEP/ATPIII. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos, bioquímicos, hemodinâmicos e aplicação da PSS. Resultados: A amostra constituiu-se de 75 mulheres acometidas por SM (47,69±8,15 anos de idade; 155,65±0,07 cm; 82,43±17,79 kg; IMC de 33,54±7,28). Encontrou-se valores elevados de RCQ entre as mulheres estressadas e não-estressadas. A pontuação média da PSS foi de 27,73±9,17. Nos agrupamentos, verificou-se diferença significativa para PSS entre as mulheres estressadas e não-estressadas (35,24±5,22 e 20,42±5,53, respectivamente; p=0,001). Observou-se também que mulheres estressadas tinham níveis mais elevados de triglicerídeos e níveis mais baixos de HDL-c quando comparadas com mulheres não estressadas, embora sem diferença estatística. Discussões: Os achados sugerem que as mulheres categorizadas como estressadas tinham maior pontuação da PSS, níveis mais elevados de triglicerídeos e níveis mais baixos de HDL-c quando comparadas com mulheres não estressadas. Conclusões: a pontuação da PSS foi significativamente maior entre mulheres com parâmetros lipídicos da SM alterados, com menores níveis de HDL- e aumento de triglicerídeos.

Introduction: Perceived stress has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of Metabolic Syndrome (MS). However, little is known about this association among women. Objective: to evaluate perceived stress in women with Metabolic Syndrome (MS). Materials and Methods: cross-sectional study, based on a non-randomized clinical trial, with patients from a public health center (RBR-43K52N). The outcome variable was MS, using the NCEP/ATPIII criteria. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, biochemical, hemodynamic data and PSS application were collected. Results: The sample consisted of 75 women affected by MetS (47.69± 8.15 years old; 155.65±0.07 cm; 82.43±17.79 kg; BMI of 33.96±6 ,42). High WHR values were found among stressed and non-stressed women. The average PSS score was 27.73±9.17. In the groups, there was a significant difference for PSS between stressed and non-stressed women (35.24±5.22 and 20.42±5.53, respectively; p=0.001). It was also observed that stressed women had higher levels of triglycerides and lower levels of HDL-c when compared to non-stressed women, although without statistical difference. Discussions: The findings suggest that women categorized as stressed had higher PSS scores, higher levels of triglycerides and lower levels of HDL-c when compared to non-stressed women. Conclusions: the PSS score was significantly higher among women with altered MS lipid parameters, with lower levels of HDL- and increased triglycerides.

Introducción: El estrés percibido ha sido sugerido como un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo del Síndrome Metabólico (SM). Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre esta asociación entre las mujeres. Objetivo: evaluar el estrés percibido en mujeres con Síndrome Metabólico (SM). Materiales y Métodos: estudio transversal, basado en un ensayo clínico no aleatorizado, con pacientes de un centro de salud pública (RBR-43K52N). La variable resultada fue SM, utilizando los criterios NCEP/ATPIII. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, antropométricos, bioquímicos, hemodinámicos y aplicación de PSS. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 75 mujeres afectadas por SMet (47,69± 8,15 años; 155,65±0,07 cm; 82,43±17,79 kg; IMC de 33,96±6,42). Se encontraron valores altos de WHR entre mujeres estresadas y no estresadas. La puntuación media de PSS fue de 27,73±9,17. En los grupos, hubo una diferencia significativa para PSS entre mujeres estresadas y no estresadas (35,24±5,22 y 20,42±5,53, respectivamente; p=0,001). También se observó que las mujeres estresadas tenían niveles más altos de triglicéridos y niveles más bajos de HDL-c en comparación con las mujeres no estresadas, aunque sin diferencia estadística. Discusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren que las mujeres categorizadas como estresadas tenían puntajes PSS más altos, niveles más altos de triglicéridos y niveles más bajos de HDL-c en comparación con mujeres no estresadas. Conclusiones: la puntuación de PSS fue significativamente mayor entre las mujeres con parámetros lipídicos de SM alterados, con niveles de HDL más bajos y triglicéridos elevados.

Riscos de infecção por SARS-CoV-2 e COVID-19 em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos / Risks of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 infection in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Esta revisão narrativa teve como objetivo avaliar possíveis riscos da associação entre a infecção por SARS-CoV-2 (causa da COVID-19) e as características metabólicas e endócrinas frequentemente encontradas em mulheres com a síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP). A COVID-19 é mais grave em indivíduos com obesidade, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e hipertensão arterial. Como essas condições são comorbidades comumente associadas à SOP, foi hipotetizado que mulheres com SOP teriam maior risco de adquirir COVID-19 e desenvolver formas clínicas mais graves da doença. Considerando vários estudos epidemiológicos, a presente revisão mostra que mulheres com SOP têm risco 28% a 50% maior de serem infectadas pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 em todas as idades e que, nessas mulheres, a COVID-19 está associada a maiores taxas de hospitalização, morbidade e mortalidade, especialmente naquelas com alterações no metabolismo de carboidratos e lipídios, hiperandrogenemia e aumento do tecido adiposo visceral. Os mecanismos que explicam o maior risco de infecção por COVID-19 em mulheres com SOP são considerados.(AU)

Relación de riesgo entre dislipidemia y COVID-19 / Risk relationship between dyslipemia and COVID-19

La presencia de dislipidemia en pacientes con la COVID-19 parece agravar el curso clínico de la enfermedad. En esta revisión bibliográfica se describen los principales mecanismos que las vinculan y sus implicaciones en el tratamiento de los pacientes afectados. Para realizar este trabajo se efectuó una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos, tales como Google académico, SciELO, Annual Reviews y PMC. Los descriptores analizados fueron COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, dislipidemia, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicéridos, hipercolesterolemia y lipoproteínas VLDL. Se revisaron preferentemente artículos de revistas arbitradas por pares y disponibles a texto completo, publicados en inglés y español. A pesar de las controversias, la dislipidemia es un factor de riesgo de pronóstico desfavorable en afectados con la COVID-19 y el tratamiento para los pacientes con esa condición desfavorable mejora dicho pronóstico.

The presence of dyslipemia in patients with COVID-19 seems to increase the clinical course of the disease. In this literature review the main mechanisms that link them and their implications in the treatment of the affected patients are described. To carry out this work a literature search was made in databases, such as academic Google, SciELO, Annual Reviews and PMC. The analyzed describers were COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, dyslipemia, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, hypercholesterolemia and VLDL lipoproteins. Articles of magazines arbitrated by pairs and available to complete text, published in English and Spanish were preferably revised. In spite of the controversies, dyslipemia is a risk factor of unfavorable prognosis in patients affected with COVID-19 and the treatment for the patients with that unfavourable condition improve this prognosis.

Frecuencia de Síndrome Metabólico y sus componentes en pacientes jóvenes del ambulatorio de la Primera Cátedra de Clínica Médica del Hospital de Clínicas / Frequency of Metabolic Syndrome and its components in young patients of the Ambulatory Care of the First Department of Internal Medicine, Clínicas Hospital

Introducción: El Síndrome Metabólico es de alta prevalencia en la población adulta y comprende un conjunto de factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y cardiopatía isquémica. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia, componentes más frecuentes y la diferencia de las mediciones entre hombres y mujeres de Síndrome metabólico en pacientes jóvenes del ambulatorio de la Primera Cátedra de Clínica Médica del Hospital de Clínicas. Materiales y métodos: Diseño observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal, que incluyó a pacientes adultos de 18 a 40 años que consultaron en el ambulatorio de la Primera Cátedra de Clínica Médica del Hospital de Clínicas de enero a diciembre de 2019. Se determinaron las variables demográficas (edad, sexo, procedencia), perímetro de cintura, presión arterial, c-HDL, triglicéridos y la glicemia. El Síndrome Metabólico se determinó de acuerdo a las definiciones de la NCEP-ATP III. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 312 pacientes, la edad media fue de 27,5± 6,2 años, en el sexo masculino fue de 27,4 ± 6,6 años y en sexo femenino de 27,9 ± 6,4 años. El 10,5% de los pacientes cumplieron con los criterios para el diagnóstico de Síndrome Metabólico, de los cuales 60,6% pacientes son del sexo femenino. Los componentes individuales más frecuentes son el perímetro de cintura aumentada y el c-HDL bajo. Conclusión: La frecuencia de Síndrome Metabólico es similar a otro estudio realizado en adultos jóvenes e inferior que, en adultos mayores, más en mujeres que en hombres y los componentes individuales más frecuentes fueron la obesidad y la dislipidemia.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in the adult population and includes a set of risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease. Objectives: To determine the frequency, most frequent components and the difference of the measurements between men and women of Metabolic Syndrome in young patients of the ambulatory of the First Chair of Medical Clinic of the Hospital of Clinics. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional design, which included adult patients aged 18 to 40 who consulted in the outpatient clinic of the First Chair of Medical Clinic of the Hospital de Clínicas from January to December 2019. The demographic variables (age, sex, origin), waist circumference, blood pressure, HDL-C, triglycerides and glycemia. Metabolic syndrome was determined according to the NCEP-ATP III definitions. Results: 312 patients were included in the study, the mean age was 27.5 ± 6.2 years, in males it was 27.4 ± 6.6 years and in females 27.9 ± 6.4. years. 10.5% of the patients met the criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, of which 60.6% patients are female. The most frequent individual components are increased waist circumference and low HDL-C. Conclusion: Frequency of metabolic syndrome similar to another study carried out in young adults and lower than in older adults, more in women than in men and the most frequent individual components were obesity and dyslipidemia.

Criterios predictores en el diagnóstico de la hipercolesterolemia familiar / Predictive criteria in the diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia

Introducción: La hipercolesterolemia familiar es una enfermedad con alta prevalencia, no tratada acorta la esperanza de vida, por lo que el diagnóstico a edades tempranas resulta fundamental. Las pruebas genéticas constituyen el gold standard para el diagnóstico de hipercolesterolemia familiar, sin embargo, la no disponibilidad del test genético no debe constituir un impedimento para la adecuada conducta en estos casos. Objetivo: Identificar criterios clínicos predictores en el diagnóstico por pesquisa de la hipercolesterolemia familiar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo a partir de una muestra de 393 pacientes (casos índices) de HF en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras; durante el período 2008-2018. Resultados: En la pesquisa familiar fueron identificados 177 (15,66 por ciento) nuevos casos de hipercolesterolemia familiar, de ellos se clasifican como casos positivos 35 (19,77 por ciento), casos probables 58 (32,77 por ciento) y casos posibles 84 (47,46 por ciento). Las categorías del estrato Make early diagnosis to prevent early death MEDPED y la edad del caso índice resultaron ser las variables clínicas de interés con mayor probabilidad para identificar nuevos casos de hipercolesterolemia familiar. Conclusiones: los criterios clínicos estandarizados de la escala make early diagnosis to prevent early death P y la edad del caso índice resultaron ser indicadores predictivos de gran valor para identificar y estratificar casos con variantes fenotípicas de hipercolesterolemia familiar(AU)

Introduction: Familial hypercholesterolemia is a disease with high prevalence; it shortens life expectancy if it is not treated, so early diagnosis is essential. Genetic tests are the gold standard for the diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia, however, the unavailability of the genetic test should not be an obstacle to proper conduct in these cases. Objective: To identify predictive clinical criteria in the diagnosis by screening of familial hypercholesterolemia. Methods: A prospective descriptive study was carried out from a sample of 393 patients (index cases) of FH at Hermanos Ameijeiras Surgical Clinical Hospital from 2008 to 2018. Results: In the family investigation, 177 (15.66 percent) new cases of familial hypercholesterolemia were identified, 35 of them (19.77 percent) are classified as positive cases, 58 (32.77 percent) as probable cases and 84 as possible cases (47.46 percent)The stratum categories of Make Early Diagnosis to Prevent Early Death (MEDPED) and the age of the index case turned out to be the clinical variables of interest with the greatest probability to identify new cases of familial hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions: The standardized clinical criteria of the make early diagnosis to prevent early death P scale and the age of the index case turned out to be highly valuable predictive indicators to identify and stratify cases with phenotypic variants of familial hypercholesterolemia(AU)

Anthropometric markers of abdominal adiposity and its relation to dyslipidemia and insulin resistance among overweight/obese schoolchildren and adolescents / Marcadores antropométricos de adiposidade abdominal e sua relação com dislipidemia e resistência à insulina em escolares e adolescentes com sobrepeso/obesidade

Objective: to assess the relationship between anthropometric indicators and laboratorial markers of cardiovascular risk in overweight/obese children and adolescents, in order to verify whether any anthropometric indicator has a better potential for use in screening cardiovascular risk in the population. Method: retrospective cross-sectional study enrolling 237 individuals aged 7 to 18 years. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist circumference/height index (WC/H), glucose, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol (TC), LDL, HDL, triglycerides and TC/HDL and LDL/HDL indexes were obtained. Associations between anthropometric and laboratory markers were tested in contingency tables using the chi-square test. Correlations were tested by Spearman's correlation. Results: higher WC (Freedman cutoffs) was associated with lower levels of HDL and higher score in the TC/HDL and LDL/HDL indexes, but, using +2 z-scores as the cutoff, there were associations with low HDL and higher HOMA-IR. WC/H indicator (0.5 cutoff) was not associated with any of the outcomes, but, using +2 z-scores, an association was found with HOMA-IR. Z-scores of WC, WC/H and BMI showed positive correlation with HOMA-IR, TC/HDL and HOMA-IR, respectively. Negative correlations were found between WC and WC/H z-scores with HDL. WC and WC/H z-score were related to changes in HDL and HOMA-IR. Conclusions: there seems to be an advantage in using WC alone as a possible predictor of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in children and adolescents. It is not possible to state that WC, WC/H or BMI measurements differ in their abilities to identify Brazilian children and adolescents with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (AU)

Objetivo: avaliar a relação entre indicadores antropométricos e marcadores laboratoriais de risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso / obesidade, a fim de verificar se algum indicador antropométrico tem melhor potencial para uso no rastreamento de risco cardiovascular na população. Método: estudo transversal retrospectivo com 237 indivíduos com idades entre 7 e 18 anos. Índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), índice de circunferência da cintura / altura (CC / H), glicose, HOMA-IR, colesterol total (CT), LDL, HDL, triglicerídeos e índices CT/HDL e LDL/HDL foram obtidos. As associações entre marcadores antropométricos e laboratoriais foram testadas em tabelas de contingência por meio do teste do qui-quadrado. As correlações foram testadas pela correlação de Spearman. Resultados: CC mais elevado (pontos de corte de Freedman) foi associado a níveis mais baixos de HDL e maior pontuação nos índices TC/HDL e LDL/HDL, mas, usando +2 escores z como ponto de corte, houve associações com HDL baixo e HOMA-IR mais alto. O indicador CC/H (0,5 ponto de corte) não foi associado a nenhum dos desfechos, mas, usando +2 escores z, foi encontrada associação com o HOMA-IR. Os escores Z de CC, CC/E e IMC mostraram correlação positiva com HOMA-IR, TC/HDL e HOMA-IR, respectivamente. Correlações negativas foram encontradas entre CC e escores z de CC/H com HDL. CC e escore z de CC/H foram relacionados a mudanças em HDL e HOMA-IR. Conclusões: parece haver vantagem em usar a CC isoladamente como possível preditor de dislipidemia e resistência à insulina em crianças e adolescentes. Não é possível afirmar que as medidas de CC, CC/E ou IMC diferem na capacidade de identificar crianças e adolescentes brasileiros com fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (AU)

High Dilution in Dyslipidemia treatment in Dogs and Rabbits

Excess weight causes disorders in locomotor, cardiorespiratory and reproductive systems and increases the incidence of endocrinopathies, as well it can often cause dyslipidemias, leading to atherosclerosis. Aims: Report the evolution of homeopathic treatment in 4 overweight patients, being 2 female dogs and 2 female rabbits with hypertriglyceridemia, analyzing the values in biochemical test. Methodology:Homeopathic treatment was chosen, based on the principle of similitude, using Cholesterinum due to its action to decrease cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Results:The same protocol was made for all of the four patients, included 2 globules of Cholesterinum 30CH direct in its mouth, every 12 hours for 30 days. The first dog attended on 01/09/2019, and presented 328 mg/dL of triglycerides, decreasing this level to 132 mg/dL after just one-monthtreatment. The second dog attended on 04/05/2019, presented higher hypertriglyceridemia with 617 mg/dL that decreased to 259 mg/dL. Likewise, on 02/06/2019, the first rabbit attended, presented 445mg/dL of triglycerides, which were reduced to 337 mg/dL, while the second rabbit, on 06/27/2019, presented 372 mg/dL of triglycerides, decreasing to 274 mg/dL after. Although the values of cholesterol in all patients were in agreement with the reference, the treatment still proved improvements. In the beginning of the treatment, the first dog showed 207 mg/dL of cholesterol and in the end, it reduced to 170 mg/dL, as well with the second dog with 218 mg/dL in the beginning and 200 mg/dL after. Regarding rabbits, the first one presented an initialvalue of 60 mg/dL, which decreased to 52 mg/dL, while the second started with 57 mg/dL and went to 41 mg/dL. Conventionally, Bezafibrate is indicated as a lipid-lowering agent, but it is contraindicated in patients with liver or kidney failure, vesicular diseases,and for pregnant or lactating. Conclusion:Dyslipidemia can be controlled with High dilution. (The exposed information is consented by the tutors)

Overview of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults in São Paulo, Brazil: Prevalence and Associated Factors in 2008 and 2015

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Objective To provide population-based data on prevalence and factors associated with CVD risk factors. Methods Individuals aged ≥20 years from two editions of the cross-sectional Health Survey of São Paulo focusing on Nutrition (ISA-Nutrition), performed in Sao Paulo city in 2008 (n=590) and 2015 (n=610), were evaluated for: obesity, central obesity, waist/height ratio, high blood pressure (HBP), dyslipidemia, diabetes, and number of CVD risk factors ≥3. Prevalence was estimated according to complex survey procedures. Factors associated with cardiovascular risk factors were assessed using logistic regression, with statistical significance of p<0.05. Results Obesity and older age were associated with higher odds of all cardiovascular risk factors investigated, except for dyslipidemia. HBP was positively associated with being Black/Brown and negatively associated with being physicaly active in leisure time. Women were more likely to have increased adiposity indicators and three or more cardiovascular risk factors than men. Those with higher education had lower chances of having diabetes, HBP and dyslipidemia, and those with higher income had higher chances of having three or more risk factors. Former smokers had higher odds of diabetes, obesity, and high waist/height ratio, and smokers had higher odds of high non-HDL cholesterol levels. From 2008 to 2015, there was an increase (p<0.001) in the prevalence of diabetes (6.9% to 17.3%), HBP (31.9% to 41.8%), dyslipidemia (51.3% to 67.6%), and number of CVD risk factors ≥3 (18.9% to 34.1%). Conclusion This study shows increasing prevalence of CVD risk factors in adult population in Sao Paulo and may support the definition of target groups and priority actions on CVD prevention and treatment.

Interferência de medicamentos na avaliação do perfil lipídico: uma revisão de literatura / Interference of medications in the evaluation of the lipid profile: a review of the literature

A estrita relação entre doenças cardiovasculares e dislipidemias exige o monitoramento periódico do perfil lipídico através de dosagens séricas de colesterol total, triglicérides, colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (c-LDL) e colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade (c-HDL). Contudo, esses testes laboratoriais estão sujeitos à interferência medicamentosa in vivo e in vitro. O objetivo desta revisão da literatura foi disponibilizar os principais medicamentos que podem interferir nos exames de avaliação do perfil lipídico, com seus respectivos mecanismos de interferência in vivo ou in vitro. Alguns fármacos podem causar como reação adversa o aumento dos níveis de c-LDL e triglicérides, ou a redução dos níveis de c-HDL, o que está associado a um maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Por outro lado, outros fármacos podem reduzir os níveis de c-LDL e triglicérides, ou aumentar os níveis de c-HDL. Alguns medicamentos ainda podem interferir in vitro na dosagem dos biomarcadores de avaliação do perfil lipídico. O monitoramento e diagnóstico das dislipidemias devem levar em consideração estas interferências medicamentosas, já que a interpretação equivocada dos exames laboratoriais pode resultar em tratamento desnecessário ou falta de tratamento farmacológico, gastos desnecessários e prejuízo na qualidade de vida do paciente.

The strict relationship between cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia requires periodic monitoring of the lipid profile through serum measurements of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). However, these laboratory tests are subject to drug interference in vivo and in vitro. The purpose of this literature review was to make available the main drugs that can interfere with lipid profile assessment tests, with their respective in vivo or in vitro interference mechanisms. Some drugs can cause as adverse reaction the increase of LDL-c and triglycerides levels, or the reduction of HDL-c levels, which is associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular events. On the other hand, other drugs can reduce LDL-c and triglycerides levels, or increase HDL-c levels. Some medications can still interfere in vitro in the dosage of biomarkers to assess the lipid profile. The monitoring and diagnosis of dyslipidemia should take into account these drug interferences, since the misinterpretation of laboratory tests may result in unnecessary treatment or lack of pharmacological treatment, unnecessary expenses and damage to the patient's quality of life.

Asociación entre enfermedades cardiometabólicas y depresión en un hospital de referencia peruano / Association between cardiometabolic diseases and depression in a Peruvian reference hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se ha postulado la relación entre la presencia de enfermedades cardiometabólicas con problemas de salud mental, en particular la depresión. OBJETIVOS: Determinar la asociación entre la presencia de enfermedades cardiometabólicas y la presencia de sintomatología depresiva evaluada mediante el cuestionario PHQ-9 en pacientes atendidos en consultorios externos de medicina interna del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio observacional, analítico, transversal. Se definió enfermedad cardiometabólica como la presencia de diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial, dislipidemia, y/u obesidad. Se utilizó el cuestionario PHQ-9 para evaluar la presencia de síntomas sugerentes de depresión. Se evaluó la asociación cruda y ajustada a posibles confusores. Para el análisis multivariado se utilizó un modelo de regresión de Poisson para hallar razones de prevalencia con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95%. Se consideró un p<0,05 como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 252 pacientes, de los que 205 (81,4%) presentaron enfermedades cardiometabólicas y 181 (71,9%) presentaron síntomas consistentes con algún grado de depresión. La presencia de enfermedades cardiometabólicas se asoció a síntomas depresivos tanto en el análisis crudo (RPc 1,43; IC 95% 1,08-1,89; p=0,012) como en el ajustado (RPa 1,31; IC 95% 1,00-1,71; p=0,048). Adicionalmente se encontró asociación entre el sexo femenino y sintomatología depresiva (RPa 1,35; IC 95% 1,11-1,63; p=0,002). CONCLUSIONES: La presencia de enfermedades cardiometabólicas se asoció con la presencia de síntomas depresivos en pacientes atendidos en la consulta externa de medicina interna. El abordaje de la salud mental debe ser parte integral del manejo multidisciplinario del paciente con enfermedad cardiometabólica.

INTRODUCTION: It has been postulated the relationship between presence of cardiometabolic diseases with mental health problems, particularly depression. Objectives: To determine the association between cardiometabolic diseases and presence of depressive symptoms, evaluated by PHQ-9 questionnaire, in patients attended at the outpatient clinic of internal medicine service at Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue. METHODS: Observational analytical cross-sectional study. Cardiometabolic disease was defined as the presence of diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and/or obesity. The PHQ-9 questionnaire was used to evaluate the presence of symptoms suggestive of depression. The association was evaluated crude and adjusted for possible confounders. For the multivariate analysis, a Poisson regression model was used to find prevalence ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: 252 patients were included, of which 205 (81,4%) presented cardiometabolic diseases and 181 (71,9%) presented symptoms consistent with some grade of depression. The presence of cardiometabolic diseases was associated with depressive symptoms both in the crude analysis (PRc 1.43; CI 95% 1.08-1.89; p=0.012) and in the adjusted one (PRa 1.31; CI 95% 1.00-1.71; p=0.048). Additionally, an association was found between female sex and depressive symptoms (PRa 1,35; CI 95% 1,11-1,63; p=0,002). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of cardiometabolic diseases was associated with the presence of depressive symptoms in patients seen at the outpatient clinic of internal medicine. The mental health approach should be an integral part of the multidisciplinary management for the patient with cardiometabolic disease.

Xantomas tuberosos en un paciente pediátrico: la clave en el diagnóstico precoz de una patología grave y poco frecuente / Tuberous xanthomas in a pediatric patient: a clue to the early diagnosis of a severe and infrequent disease

Los xantomas cutáneos reflejan el depósito de lípidos en la piel y pueden ser la única manifestación temprana de dislipidemias de inicio en la infancia. Las características y distribución de los xantomas orientan a la patología de base; los xantomas tuberosos tienen una fuerte asociación con la hipercolesterolemia homocigota familiar, una patología muy infrecuente. Su detección temprana otorga una ventana terapéutica para prevenir la ateroesclerosis acelerada y la mortalidad. Se presenta el caso de una paciente que comenzó a los dos años con xantomas tuberosos, que fueron la clave diagnóstica para identificar la hipercolesterolemia homocigota familiar subyacente.

Cutaneous xanthomas reflect lipid deposition on the skin and may be the only early manifestation of a childhoodonset dyslipidemia. Characteristics and distribution of the xanthomas signalize the underlying pathology, tuberousxanthomas being strongly associated with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, an extremely rare condition. Its early detection provides a therapeutic window to prevent accelerated atherosclerosis and mortality. We present the case of a patient who started at two years with tuberous xanthomas, which were the diagnostic clue to identify the underlying homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.

Lifestyle Intervention in Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Students with Dyslipidemia and Abdominal Obesity: A Randomized Study

Abstract Background The long incubation periods of cardiovascular diseases offer opportunities for controlling risk factors. In addition, preventive interventions in childhood are more likely to succeed because lifestyle habits become ingrained as they are repeated. Objective To investigate the effects of recreational physical activities, in combination or not with a qualitative nutritional counseling, in cardiometabolic risk factors of students with dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity. Methods Students (8-14 years old) were randomly divided into three groups (n=23 each): i ) Control; ii ) PANC, students undergoing Physical Activity and Nutritional Counseling, and iii ) PA, students submitted to Physical Activity, only. Blood samples (12-h fasting) were collected for biochemical analysis and anthropometric markers were also assessed. Two-Way RM-ANOVA and Holm-Sidak's test, and Friedman ANOVA on Ranks and Dunn's test were applied. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Effect sizes were evaluated by Hedges' g and Cliff's δ for normal and non-Gaussian data, respectively. Results Compared to the control group and to baseline values, both interventions caused significant average reductions in total cholesterol (11%; p <0.001), LDL-c (19%; p=0.002), and non-HDL-c (19%; p=0.003). Furthermore, students in the PANC group also experienced a significant decrease in body fat compared to baseline (p=0.005) and to control (5.2%; g=0.541). Conclusions The proposed strategies were effective to reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. The low cost of these interventions allows the implementation of health care programs in schools to improve the students' quality of life.

Caracterización epidemiológica de pacientes diabéticos e hipertensos en consultorio en Quinta Normal, 2018-2019 / Epidemiological features of patients ascribed to a primary care cardiovascular health program in Santiago, Chile

BACKGROUND: Hypertension and diabetes are highly prevalent conditions in Chilean adults. AIM: To describe the demographic and clinical profiles, risk factors and complications associated with arterial hypertension (AH) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients ascribed to a cardiovascular health program at a public primary health care center in Santiago. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of medical records of 583 patients aged 37 to 95 years (56% women). Gender, age, smoking habits, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin levels, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides levels, nutritional status in the last control carried out, and associated cardiovascular complications were recorded. RESULTS: Thirty four percent (201 participants) and 36% (210 participants) had a decompensated DM and AH, respectively. Dyslipidemia was the main associated cardiovascular risk factor. The prevalence of obesity was 43% (249 participants). Twenty percent had chronic kidney disease and 13% had diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: These patients have a high frequency of obesity, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease.

Ocorrência de dislipidemias e fatores associados em adultos: um estudo de prevalência / Incidencia de dislipidemias y factores asociados en adultos: un estudio de prevalencia / Occurrence of dyslipidemia and associated factors in adults: a prevalence study

RESUMO Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de dislipidemias e os fatores associados em adultos de Rio Branco, Acre. Métodos: estudo de delineamento seccional, populacional, que avaliou adultos (18 a 59 anos) residentes nas zonas urbana e rural de Rio Branco em 2014. As dislipidemias foram definidas conforme os critérios da Atualização da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Prevenção da Ateroscle rose. Empregou-se regressão logística para estimar as odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: a prevalência de dislipidemia, HDL-c baixo, hipertrigliceridemia isolada, hipercolesterolemia isolada e hiperlipidemia mista foi de 56,1%, 37,4%, 23,6%, 9,8% e 3,5%, respectivamente. No modelo final multivariado, apenas a obesidade (OR = 1,86; IC95%: 1,12;3,10) manteve associação estatisticamente significativa com a dislipidemia. Entre os subtipos de dislipidemias, associaram-se à hipertrigliceridemia isolada as variáveis: faixa etária de 40 a 49 anos (OR = 2,17; IC95%: 1,53;4,80); hipercolesterolemia isolada (OR = 2,52; IC95%: 1,23;5,15); HDL-c baixo (OR = 2,53; IC95%: 1,65;3,86); obesidade (OR = 2,10; IC95%: 1,25;3,53); e diabetes mellitus (OR = 5,41; IC95%: 1,46;20,4). Conclusão: a prevalência de alterações lipídicas foi elevada entre adultos. Estratégias de intervenções para diagnóstico, tratamento e intensificação de medidas preventivas e orientações de estilo de vida saudáveis são importantes nessa população.

RESUMEN Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de dislipidemias y los factores asociados en adultos de Rio Branco, Acre-Brasil. Métodos: estudio de investigación seccional, poblacional, que evaluó adultos (18 a 59 años) residentes en las zonas urbana y rural de Rio Branco en 2014. Las dislipidemias fueron definidas conforme a los criterios de la Actualización de la Directriz Brasileña de Dislipidemias y Prevención de la Aterosclerosis. Se empleó regresión logística para estimar las odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: la prevalencia de dislipidemia, HDL-c bajo, hipertrigliceridemia aislada, hipercolesterolemia aislada e hiperlipidemia mixta fue de 56,1%, 37,4%, 23,6%, 9,8% y 3,5%, respectivamente. En el modelo final multivariado, solo la obesidad (OR = 1,86; IC95%: 1,12;3,10) mantuvo una asociación estadísticamente significativa con la dislipidemia. Entre los subtipos de dislipidemias, se asociaron a la hipertrigliceridemia aislada las variables: franja etaria de 40 a 49 años (OR = 2,17; IC95%: 1,53;4,80); hipercolesterolemia aislada (OR = 2,52; IC95%: 1,23;5,15); HDL-c bajo (OR = 2,53; IC95%: 1,65;3,86); obesidad (OR = 2,10; IC95%: 1,25;3,53); y diabetes mellitus (OR = 5,41; IC95%: 1,46;20,4). Conclusión: la prevalencia de cambios lipídicos fue elevada entre adultos. Estrategias de intervenciones para el diagnóstico, tratamiento e intensificación de medidas preventivas y orientaciones de estilo de vida saludables son importantes en esa población.

ABSTRACT Objective: to estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated factors in adults in Rio Branco, Acre. Methods: a cross-sectional, population-based study that assessed adults (age 18 to 59 years) living in urban and rural areas of Rio Branco in 2014. Dyslipidemias were defined according to the criteria of the Brazilian Guidelines Update on Dyslipidemias and Prevention of Atherosclerosis. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI95%). Results: the prevalence of dyslipidemia, low HDL-c, isolated hypertriglyceridemia, isolated hypercholesterolemia and mixed hyperlipidemia was 56.1%, 37.4%, 23.6%, 9.8% and 3.5%, respectively. In the final multivariate model, only obesity (OR = 1.86; CI95%: 1.12; 3.10) maintained a statistically significant association with dyslipidemia. Among the dyslipidemia subtypes, the following variables were associated with isolated hypertriglyceridemia: age group 40 to 49 years (OR = 2.17; CI95%: 1.53; 4.80); isolated hypercholesterolemia (OR = 2.52; CI95%: 1.23; 5.15); low HDL-c (OR = 2.53; CI95%: 1.65; 3.86); obesity (OR = 2.10; CI95%: 1.25;3.53); and diabetes mellitus (OR = 5.41; CI95%: 1.46; 20.4). Conclusion: the prevalence of lipid alterations was high among adults. Intervention strategies for diagnosis, treatment and intensification of preventive measures and healthy lifestyle guidelines are important in this population.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao diagnóstico autorreferido de colesterol alto na população adulta brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019 / Prevalencia y factores asociados con el diagnóstico autoinformado de colesterol alto en la población adulta brasileña: Investigación Nacional de Salud 2019 / Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported diagnosis of high cholesterol in the Brazilian adult population: National Health Survey 2019

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de diagnóstico autorreferido de colesterol alto e analisar os fatores associados à prevalência na população adulta brasileira. Métodos: Estudo transversal utilizando a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019. O diagnóstico de colesterol alto foi autorreferido. Modelos de regressão de Poisson originaram as razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Nos 88.531 adultos, a prevalência de colesterol alto foi de 14,6%. Associaram-se positivamente: sexo feminino (RP = 1,44; IC95% 1,40;1,52), idade ≥ 60 anos (RP = 3,80; IC95% 3,06;4,71), ter plano de saúde (RP = 1,33; IC95% 1,24;1,42), autoavaliação de saúde ruim ou muito ruim (RP = 1,75; IC95% 1,60;1,90), ter hipertensão (RP = 1,78; IC95% 1,68;1,89), ter diabetes (RP = 1,54; IC95% 1,45;1,65), ter insuficiência renal (RP = 1,33; IC95% 1,15;1,53), ter obesidade (RP = 1,27; IC95% 1,18;1,36), ser ex-fumante (RP = 1,13; IC95% 1,07;1,20), consumir álcool abusivamente (RP = 1,11; IC95% 1,01;1,21), ser ativo no lazer (RP = 1,22; IC95% 1,15;1,30). Conclusão: O colesterol alto associou-se a condições sociodemográficas, de saúde e estilo de vida.

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de colesterol alto autodeclarado y analizar factores asociados la prevalencia en adultos brasileños. Métodos: Estudio transversal utilizando la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2019. El diagnóstico de colesterol alto fue autodeclarado. Los modelos de regresión de Poisson produjeron razón de prevalencia (RP) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: En 88.531 adultos, la prevalencia fue 14,6%. Asociaron positivamente: sexo feminino (RP = 1,44; IC95% 1,40;1,52), edad ≥ 60 años (RP = 3,80; IC95% 3,06;4,71), seguro salud (RP = 1,33; IC95% 1,24;1,42), autoevaluación de salud mala o muy mala (RP = 1,75; IC95% 1,60;1,90), hipertensión (RP = 1,78; IC95% 1,68;1,89), diabetes (RP = 1,54; IC95% 1,45;1,65), insuficiencia renal (RP = 1,33; IC95% 1,15;1,53), obesidad (RP = 1,27; IC95% 1,18;1,36), exfumador (RP = 1,13; IC95% 1,07;1,20), abuso de alcohol (RP = 1,11; IC95% 1,01;1,21), estar activo en el tiempo libre (RP = 1,22; IC95% 1,15;1,30). Conclusión: Colesterol alto se asoció con condiciones sociodemográficas, de salud y estilo de vida.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of self-reported high cholesterol diagnosis and to analyze the factors associated with the prevalence in the Brazilian adult population. Methods: Cross-sectional study, using data from the 2019 National Health Survey. The diagnosis of high cholesterol was self-reported. Poisson regression models yielded prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: In the 88,531 adults, the prevalence of high cholesterol was 14.6%. Positively associated: female sex (PR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.40;1.52), age ≥ 60 years (PR = 3.80; 95%CI 3.06;4.71), health insurance (PR = 1.33; 95%CI 1.24;1.42), poor or very poor self-rated health (PR = 1.75; 95%CI 1.60;1.90), hypertension (PR = 1.78; 95%CI 1.68;-1.89), diabetes (RP = 1.54; 95%CI 1.45;1.65), renal failure (PR = 1.33; 95%CI 1.15;1.53), obesity (PR = 1.27; 95%CI 1.18;1.36), former smoker (PR = 1.13; 95%CI 1.07;1.20), alcohol abuse (PR = 1.11; 95%CI 1.01;1.21), physically active during leisure time (PR = 1.22; 95%CI 1.15;1.30). Conclusion: High cholesterol was associated with sociodemographic characteristics, health condition and lifestyle.

Fatores de risco cardiovascular, saberes e práticas de cuidado de mulheres: possibilidade para rever hábitos / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular, conocimientos y prácticas de cuidado de las mujeres: posibilidad de revisar hábitos / Cardiovascular risk factors, knowledge and care practices of women: possibility to review habits

Resumo Objetivo investigar fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e compreender as práticas de cuidado de mulheres. Método paralelo convergente misto. A etapa quantitativa foi transversal descritiva com formulário abordando características demográficas, socioeconômicas, fatores de risco cardiovascular, hábitos de vida e saúde, participaram 289 mulheres e aplicou-se estatística descritiva. A etapa qualitativa foi fundamentada na pesquisa participativa, exploratória descritiva, mediante entrevista semiestruturada, técnica de criatividade e sensibilidade e narrativas, com 30 mulheres. Resultados identificaram-se fatores como sedentarismo (60,9%), uso do anticoncepcional (57,9%), estresse (60,6%), depressão (40,1%), obesidade (38,8%), hipertensão arterial (33,6%), consumo de bebida alcoólica (29,8%), cigarro (16,6%), dislipidemia (25,6%) e diabetes (10,0%). Quanto aos saberes e práticas de cuidado, as participantes mencionaram os fatores, porém algumas relataram realizar os cuidados, e outras não, mesmo reconhecendo os riscos. Assim, compartilharam a falta de tempo para realizar exercícios físicos, dificuldades para cuidar da alimentação e aderir ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e, ainda, relataram sentirem-se estressadas. Conclusão e implicações para a prática identificaram-se fatores modificáveis e as mulheres possuíam conhecimento acerca destes, entretanto divergiam sobre os cuidados, demonstrando a importância de ações voltadas a essa população.

Resumen Objetivo investigar los factores de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares y comprender las prácticas de atención brindadas a las mujeres. Método paralelo convergente mixto. La etapa cuantitativa fue transversal transcriptiva con formulario abordando características demográficas, socioeconómicas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, hábitos de vida y salud. Participaron 289 mujeres y se aplicó estadística descriptiva. La etapa cualitativa fue fundamentada en la investigación participativa, exploratoria descriptiva, mediante entrevista semiestructurada, técnica de creatividad y sensibilidad y narrativas, con 30 mujeres. Resultados se identificaron factores como sedentarismo (60,9%), uso de anticonceptivos (57,9%), estrés (60,6%), depresión (40,1%), obesidad (38,8%), hipertensión arterial (33,6%), consumo de bebidas alcohólicas (29,8%), tabaquismo (16,6%), dislipidemia (25,6%) y diabetes (10,0%). En cuanto a los conocimientos y prácticas de cuidado, las participantes mencionaron los factores, sin embargo, algunas reportaron realizar el cuidado y otras no, inclusive reconociendo los riesgos. Así, compartieron la falta de tiempo para la realización de actividades físicas, dificultades para cuidar su alimentación y la adherencia al tratamiento antihipertensivo e, inclusive, refirieron sentirse estresadas. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica se identificaron factores modificables y las mujeres tenían conocimiento sobre ellos, sin embargo, divergieron sobre el cuidado, demostrando la importancia de las acciones dirigidas a esta población.

Abstract Objective to investigate risk factors for cardiovascular disease and understand the care practices of women. Method mixed convergent parallel. The quantitative stage was descriptive transversal with a form addressing demographic characteristics, socioeconomic, cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle and health habits; 289 women participated and descriptive statistics were applied. The qualitative step was based on participatory research, exploratory descriptive, through semi-structured interviews, creativity and sensitivity technique and narratives, with 30 women. Results factors were identified as sedentarism (60.9%), use of contraceptives (57.9%), stress (60.6%), depression (40.1%), obesity (38.8%), high blood pressure (33.6%), alcohol consumption (29.8%), smoking (16.6%), dyslipidemia (25.6%), and diabetes (10.0%). As for knowledge and care practices, the participants mentioned the factors, but some reported performing the care, and others did not, even though they recognized the risks. Thus, they shared the lack of time to perform physical exercises, difficulties to take care of the diet and adhere to antihypertensive treatment, and also reported feeling stressed. Conclusion and implications for practice modifiable factors were identified and women had knowledge about these, however, they differed on the care, demonstrating the importance of actions aimed at this population.