ABSTRACT
El shunt portosistémico congénito es una anomalía vascular venosa que comunica circulación portal y sistémica, por la que se deriva el flujo sanguíneo, salteando el paso hepático. Es una entidad poco frecuente, cuya incidencia varía entre 1/30 000 y 1/50 000 recién nacidos. Puede cursar de forma asintomática o presentarse con complicaciones en la edad pediátrica o, menos frecuente, en la edad neonatal. Ante el diagnóstico, se deberá definir la necesidad de intervención quirúrgica o intravascular para el cierre. Esta decisión depende de las características anatómicas de la malformación, de las manifestaciones clínicas y complicaciones presentes. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de un mes de vida derivado a nuestro centro para estudio de hepatitis colestásica neonatal, con diagnóstico de shunt portosistémico extrahepático. Se realizó cierre intravascular de la lesión con mejoría significativa posterior.
Congenital portosystemic shunt is a venous vascular abnormality that connects portal and systemic circulation, resulting in diversion of the blood flow, bypassing the hepatic passage. It is a rare malformation; its incidence varies from 1:30 000 to 1:50 000 newborns. It may be asymptomatic or present with complications in the pediatric age or, less frequently, in the neonatal age. Upon diagnosis, the need for a surgical or an intravascular intervention for closure should be defined. This decision depends on the malformation anatomical characteristics, clinical manifestations, and complications. We present the case of a 1-month-old patient referred to our center for the study of neonatal cholestatic hepatitis, with a diagnosis of extrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Intravascular closure of the defect was performed with significant subsequent improvement.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant, Newborn , Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic , Vascular Malformations/complications , Endovascular Procedures , Hepatitis/diagnosis , Hepatitis/etiology , Portal Vein/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the twelfth most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of worldwide cancer related death. Chronic hepatitis B infection, caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and exposure to aflatoxins is fundamental in the formation of HCC in developing countries. This review of scientific publications aims to establish the detrimental effects of aflatoxin-contaminated foods and highlights the correlation between aflatoxin and hepatitis B viral-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Research has shown a significant increase in the occurrence of HCC in HBV-infected individuals exposed to fungal toxins. HBV demonstrates the ability to integrate and bind to p53 protein in the host DNA and propagate hepatocyte vulnerability through carcinogenic aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) damage. Although there has been clear evidence about the synergistic interaction of exposure to AFB1 and HBV infection in the induction of HCC, other literature has shown otherwise, mainly because incomplete and vague findings and hypotheses were made in regions where AFB1 and HBV pose a public health risk. Vaccination against hepatitis B and measures such as robust food safety systems to avoid hepatotoxicity and hepatocellular carcinogenesis induced by AFB1 is the most effective methods in the prevention of HCC induced by HBV and AFB1
Subject(s)
Hepatitis B virus , Vaccination , Aflatoxin B1 , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Hepatitis B, Chronic , Aflatoxins , HepatitisABSTRACT
A nivel mundial, 300 millones de personas están infectadas por el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB). A pesar de que existe una vacuna que previene la infección y se dispone de tratamiento antiviral que suprime la replicación del virus, no hay cura aún. El principal problema que evita la recuperación total del paciente, incluso para aquel que recibe tratamiento, es la persistencia de dos formas del genoma viral en los hepatocitos: el ADN circular covalentemente cerrado (ADNccc), el cual se encuentra en forma de episoma y tiene la capacidad de replicarse, y las secuencias lineales subge-nómicas que se integran en el genoma humano, con potencial oncogénico. Hasta el momento se dispone de unos pocos biomarcadores para monitorear o predecir la progresión de la enfermedad y la respuesta al tratamiento. Estos biomarcadores se detectan durante la infección, y son la base para la monitorización de la enfermedad y hacer un diagnóstico de la fase clínica de la infección. Recientemente han surgido nuevos biomarcadores como el antígeno relacionado con el core del virus de la hepatitis B (HBcrAg) y la detección del ARN del VHB, que parecen correlacionarse con los niveles transcripcionales del ADNccc, además, durante el tratamiento parecen ayudar a predecir la respuesta y podrían identificar aquellos a quienes se les puede suspender la terapia sin riesgo de recaída. En esta revisión, se describe la utilidad de los principales biomarcadores convencionales en hepatitis B, y se abordan los dos biomarcadores emergentes más estudiados que prometen evaluar el curso de la infección, al igual que determinar la progresión de la enfermedad y la respuesta al tratamiento.
Globally, 300 million people are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Although there is a vaccine that prevents infection and antiviral treatment that suppresses the replication of the virus, there is still no cure. The main problem that prevents the total recovery of the patient, even for those who recei-ve treatment, is the persistence of two forms of the viral genome in hepatocytes: covalently close circular DNA (cccDNA), which is in the form of an episome that has the ability to replicate, and linear subgenomic sequences that are integrated into the human genome, with oncogenic potential. Few biomarkers are currently available to monitor or predict disease progression and response to treatment. These biomarkers are detected during infection and are the basis for monitoring the di-sease and making a diagnosis of the clinical phase of the infection. New biomarkers have recently emerged, such as hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) and HBV RNA detection, which seem to correlate with cccDNA transcriptional levels while during treatment seem to help predict response, and could identify those for whom therapy can be discontinued without risk of relapse. In this review, the usefulness of the main conventional biomarkers in hepatitis B is described, and the two most studied emerging biomarkers are mentioned, which promise to evaluate the course of the infection, as well as to determine disease progression and treatment response.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomarkers , Hepatitis B virus , Hepatitis , Hepatitis B , DNA, Circular , RNA , Risk , Genome , Diagnosis , AntigensABSTRACT
El síndrome de Stajano, Fitz-Hugh, Curtis es una rara presentación clínica de las infecciones genitales altas, caracterizada por dolor en hipocondrio derecho, escasa sintomatología pelviana, y adherencias hepatofrénicas en forma de "cuerdas de violín". Esta rara presentación clínica lleva a frecuentes diagnósticos tardíos o erróneos, como colecistitis, apendicitis, urolitiasis o abscesos hepatofrénicos. A propósito de un caso clínico, se realiza una revisión histórica y cronológica de los conocimientos y publicaciones que se fueron sucediendo en el tiempo, de esta presentación clínica tan particular.
The Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is a rare clinical presentation of upper genital infections, characterized by pain in the right hypochondrium, few pelvic symptoms, and "violin strings" hepatophrenic adhesions. This unusual clinical presentation leads to frequent late or erroneous diagnoses, such as cholecystitis, appendicitis, urolithiasis or hepatophrenic abscesses. Based on the clinical case presented, a historical and chronological review of knowledge and publications over time, on this particular clinical presentation was conducted.
A síndrome de Stajano, Fitz-Hugh, Curtis é uma apresentação clínica rara de infecções genitais superiores, caracterizada por dor no quadrante superior direito, poucos sintomas pélvicos e aderências hepatofrênicas em forma de "cordas de violino". Esta rara apresentaçap leva a diagnósticos tardios ou errôneos, como colecistite, apendicite, urolitíase ou abscessos hepatofrênicos. Apresenta-se um caso clínico e uma revisão histórica e cronológica do conhecimento e das publicações ocorridas ao longo do tempo, desta apresentação clínica tão particular.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Gonorrhea , Pelvic Inflammatory Disease , HepatitisABSTRACT
Se presenta brevemente la situación mundial y regional de hepatitis virales y de hepatitis de etiología desconocida, con su correspondiente análisis de los casos residentes en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires durante el período 2020-2021. Describe la cobertura de vacunación en los años 2018-2021.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis/diagnosis , Hepatitis/epidemiology , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/diagnosis , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/transmission , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/epidemiology , Disease Notification , Epidemiological MonitoringABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Cirrhosis of the liver is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America; the increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our population could be changing the epidemiological profile of patients with advanced chronic liver disease. Aim: To characterize a group of patients with cirrhosis of the liver at an outpatient hepatology care center in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, and determine the contribution of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as an etiological factor in this population. Materials and methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional, analytical study. All patients who attended the hepatology follow-up with a diagnosis of cirrhosis of the liver were in the six-monthly follow-up protocol that included screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and esophageal varices. Results: 346 patients were included, most were women (54.3 %). The first and second causes of cirrhosis were cryptogenic (35 %) and NASH (30.9 %), respectively, followed by viral hepatitis (17 %) and autoimmune diseases (9 %). Of these patients, 87.4 % were within categories A and B of the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score, and only 12.5 % (33 patients) were in stage C. Also, 60 % had at least one clinical decompensation, 38 % a history of variceal hemorrhage, and 4 % a diagnosis of HCC; 80.6 % of patients with NASH cirrhosis had diabetes, and 46.7 % were overweight. Conclusion: NASH cirrhosis is an emerging cause of advanced chronic liver disease in Colombia.
Resumen Introducción: la cirrosis hepática es una importante causa de morbimortalidad en América Latina; el incremento de la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en nuestra población podría estar cambiando el perfil epidemiológico de los pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica avanzada. Objetivos: caracterizar un grupo de pacientes con cirrosis hepática y determinar la contribución de la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (NASH) como factor etiológico de esta población en la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, en un centro de atención ambulatoria de hepatología. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, transversal, analítico. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes que acudieron al seguimiento de hepatología con diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática que se encontraban en el protocolo de seguimiento semestral que incluía el cribado de hepatocarcinoma y várices esofágicas. Resultados: se incluyeron 346 pacientes. La mayoría fueron mujeres (54,3 %). La primera y segunda causa de cirrosis fue la criptogénica (35 %) y la NASH (30,9 %), respectivamente; seguidas de las hepatitis virales (17 %) y enfermedades autoinmunes (9 %). De estos pacientes, el 87,4 % se encontraba dentro de las categorías A y B de la escala pronóstica de Child-Turcotte-Pugh, y solo el 12,5 % (33 pacientes) en estadio C. El 60 % había presentado al menos una descompensación clínica, 38 % tenía antecedentes de hemorragia por várices y 4 %, diagnóstico de hepatocarcinoma. El 80,6 % de los pacientes con cirrosis NASH era diabético y el 46,7 % tenía exceso de peso. Conclusión: La cirrosis NASH es una causa emergente de enfermedad hepática crónica avanzada en Colombia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Metabolic Syndrome , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease , Liver , Liver Cirrhosis , Varicose Veins , Hepatitis , Liver DiseasesSubject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Hepatitis/diagnosis , Hepatitis/etiology , Hepatitis/epidemiology , Acute Disease , Diagnosis, DifferentialSubject(s)
Child , Epidemiologic Studies , Public Health Surveillance , Epidemiological Monitoring , HepatitisABSTRACT
A Comunicação de risco tem como objetivo apoiar na divulgação rápida e eficaz de conhecimentos às populações, parceiros e partes intervenientes possibilitando o acesso às informações fidedignas que possam apoiar nos diálogos para tomada de medidas de proteção e controle em situações de emergência em saúde pública. Na presente versão apresentaremos a situação epidemiológica e as medidas a serem adotadas mediante o aumento de casos de hepatite aguda grave de etiologia desconhecida em crianças, em diversos países do mundo
Risk communication aims to support the rapid and effective dissemination of knowledge to populations, partners and stakeholders, enabling access to reliable information that can support dialogues for taking protection and control measures in public health emergency situations. In this version, we will present the epidemiological situation and the measures to be adopted in view of the increase in cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children in several countries around the world
Subject(s)
Hepatitis/epidemiology , Hepatitis/diagnosisABSTRACT
Introdução:O Serviço de Assistência Especializada é um serviço responsável pela assistência ambulatorial às pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDSe Hepatites Virais. Em meio à importância desses serviços, é primordial instituir estratégias de avaliação do seu desempenho.Objetivo:Assim, objetivou-se construir e validar um modelo lógico para o Serviço de Atenção Especializada do município de Natal.Metodologia:Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um estudo metodológico para validação de um modelo lógicoconstruído com técnicas de abordagem qualitativa. Os profissionais participaram da fase de construção e validação do modelo. Para construção do modelo lógico foram realizadas duas técnicas; revisão de literatura para uma construção prévia ao grupo focal eo grupo focal para viabilizar a construção participativa do modelo e posterior validação de conteúdo. Os dados colhidos foram analisados de forma qualitativa, buscando identificar nos discursos, a pertinência dos elementos do modelo, bem como a possível inserção de outros elementos. Resultados:O modelo construído com base na Revisão de literatura foi aprovado por consenso dos participantes, não sendo sugeridas modificações. No caso, a missão, recursos, processos, resultados, contexto foram considerados adequados e o modelo ilustrativo do funcionamento esperado. Conclusões:O modelo lógico pretende viabilizar uma auto avaliação do serviço, auxiliando a administração e os profissionais a identificarem problemas, buscando estratégias de melhoria. Espera-se que a reflexão propiciada no grupo focal possa sensibilizar os profissionais para buscar estratégias de enfrentamento das dificuldades elencadas e aprimoramento dos pontos positivos (AU).
Introduction:The Specialized Care Service is a service responsible for outpatient care for people living with HIV/AIDSand Viral Hepatitis. In the midst of the importance of these services, it is essential to institute performance evaluation strategies.Objective:Thus, the objective was to build and validate a logical model for the Specialized Care Service of the municipality of Natal.Methodology:Therefore, a methodological study was developed to validate a logical model built with qualitative approach techniques. Theprofessionals participated in the model construction and validation phase. To build the logical model, two techniques were performed; literature review for prior construction of the focus group and focus group to enable participatory model construction and subsequent content validation. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively, seeking to identify in the speeches, the pertinence of the model elements, as well as the possible insertion of other elements.Results:The model constructed based on the literature review was approved by consensus of the participants, and no modifications were suggested. In this case, the mission, resources, processes, results, context were considered adequate and the illustrative model of the expected functioning. Conclusions:The logical model aims to enable a self-assessment of the service, helping management and professionals to identify problems, seeking improvement strategies. It is hoped that the reflection provided in the focus group can sensitize professionals to seek strategies to cope with the difficulties listed and improvement of positive points (AU).
Introducción: El Servicio de Asistencia Especializada es un servicio responsable de la atención ambulatoria para personas que viven con VIH / SIDA y Hepatitis Virales. En medio de la importancia de estos servicios, es fundamental establecer estrategias para evaluar su desempeño. Objetivo: Así, el objetivo fue construir y validar un modelo lógico para el Servicio de AtenciónEspecializada del municipio de Natal. Metodología: Para ello se desarrolló un estudio metodológico para validar un modelo lógico construido con técnicas de enfoque cualitativo. Profesionales participaron en la fase de construcción y validación del modelo. Se utilizaron dos técnicas para construir el modelo lógico; revisión de la literatura para una construcción previa al focus group y al focus group que posibilite la construcción participativa del modelo y posterior validación de contenido. Los datos recolectados fueron analizados de manera cualitativa, buscando identificar en los discursos, la pertinencia de los elementos del modelo, así como la posible inserción de otros elementos.Resultados: El modelo construido a partir de la revisión de la literatura fue aprobado por consenso de los participantes, sin que se sugirieran modificaciones. En este caso se consideró adecuado la misión, recursos, procesos, resultados, contexto y el modelo ilustrando el funcionamiento esperado. Conclusiones: El modelo lógico pretende posibilitar una autoevaluación del servicio, ayudando a la dirección y profesionales a identificar problemas, buscando estrategias de mejora. Se espera que la reflexión brindada en el grupo focal pueda sensibilizar a los profesionales para buscar estrategias para enfrentar las dificultades enumeradas y mejorar los puntos positivos (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Health Evaluation , HIV , Health Strategies , Basic Health Services , Hepatitis , Organization and Administration , Brazil , Focus Groups , Qualitative Research , Ambulatory Care , PersonsABSTRACT
Los niveles de bilirrubina sérica normal en el adulto varían entre 0,3 mg/dL y 1,2 mg/dL, y su valor está determinado por la tasa de captación hepática, conjugación y excreción. La ictericia se hace evidente cuando los niveles de bilirrubina sérica se elevan por encima de 2,5 mg/dL a 3 mg/dL, siendo un indicador de enfermedad subyacente. La bilis es producida por los hepatocitos y fluye desde los canalículos, canales de Hering, conductos biliares intrahepáticos, conductos hepáticos derechos e izquierdos hasta llegar al duodeno. A nivel histopatológico, cualquier entidad que lleve a la acumulación intrahepática de bilis por disfunción hepatocelular u obstrucción biliar genera colestasis, que se observa en la biopsia hepática como la acumulación de tapones de color marrón verdoso de pigmento biliar en los hepatocitos, y secundariamente se observan los canalículos dilatados. Las causas de colestasis intrahepática son diversas e incluyen enfermedades como colangitis biliar primaria, colangitis esclerosante primaria, hepatitis autoinmune, hepatitis virales y toxicidad medicamentosa. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo analizar algunos tipos de hiperbilirrubinemia, resaltando sus características histopatológicas.
Normal serum bilirubin levels in adults range from 0.3 mg/dL to 1.2 mg/dL, and its value is determined by the rate of hepatic uptake, conjugation, and excretion. Jaundice becomes apparent when serum bilirubin levels rise above 2.5 mg/dL to 3.5 mg/dL and is an indicator of underlying disease. Bile is produced by hepatocytes and flows from the canaliculi, Hering's canals, intrahepatic bile ducts, and right and left hepatic ducts to the duodenum. Pathologically, any condition that leadsto intrahepatic accumulation of bile due to hepatocellular dysfunction or biliary obstruction, generates cholestasis, which is observed in liver biopsy as the accumulation of greenish-brown deposits of bile pigment in hepatocytes, with dilated canaliculi. The causes of intrahepatic cholestasis are diverse and include diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, and drug toxicity. This review aims to analyze some types of hyperbilirubinemia, highlighting their histopathological characteristics.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pathologists , Hyperbilirubinemia , Jaundice , Bile , Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic , Bile Pigments , Bilirubin , Biopsy , Cholangitis, Sclerosing , Cholestasis , Cholestasis, Intrahepatic , Hepatitis, Autoimmune , Hepatitis , Liver , Liver Cirrhosis, BiliaryABSTRACT
Viral infections is the cause of liver inflammation, cirrhosis and even liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite the availability of HBV vaccine and antiviral treatment for HBV and HCV both remain a major health problem. The aim of this study To determine the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infection among pregnant women in Sharkia governorate, Egypt.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Hepatitis B, Chronic , Liver Cirrhosis , Hepatitis , Hepatitis B Core Antigens , Liver Diseases, ParasiticABSTRACT
La talidomida fue desarrollada e introducida al mercado por los laboratorios Grünenthal en 1953, siendo usada principalmente como sedante y también para el tratamiento de las náuseas durante el embarazo. Los informes dan cuenta de aproximadamente 10.000 niños que nacieron con focomelia, dando lugar a la denominada "tragedia de la talidomida", que obligó a su retiro del mercado en 1962. Luego de casi 60 años, es nuevamente utilizada en otros campos de la medicina, entre ellos, para el tratamiento de la lepra y del mieloma múltiple, debido a sus propiedades antinflamatorias, inmunomoduladoras y antiangiogénicas, con expresas advertencias sobre su utilización durante el embarazo; no obstante, con su nuevo uso han sido reportados múltiples efectos adversos, entre los que se encuentra la hepatitis aguda o crónica inducida por este fármaco. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 34 años con lepra, que estaba en tratamiento con talidomida desde hacía 4 años para combatir las lesiones de piel asociadas a esta enfermedad. Presentó malestar general, vómito, pérdida de peso, artralgias, ictericia, edemas de miembros inferiores, ascitis, coluria y acolia. Se sospechó toxicidad por talidomida, por lo que se suspendió su uso, y se trató con ácido ursodesoxicólico y N-acetilcisteína con mejoría sintomática y de laboratorio, desde la primera semana hasta los 41 días de seguimiento. Las entidades clínicas para las cuales se aprobó talidomida en 1998, pueden traer nuevos problemas y desafíos clínicos. Este caso muestra hepatotoxicidad crónica por talidomida, situación que hasta el momento no se había reportado en la literatura.
Thalidomide was developed and introduced to the market by Grünenthal laboratories in 1953, being used mainly as a sedative and also for the treatment of nausea during pregnancy. Reports give account of approximately 10,000 children who were born with phocomelia, giving rise to the so-called "thalidomide tragedy", which forced its withdrawal from the market in 1962. After almost 60 years, it is usedagain in other fields of medicine, including the treatment of leprosy and multiple myeloma, due to its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic properties, with clear warnings about its use during pregnancy; however, multiple adverse effects have been reported in patients with leprosy and multiple myeloma, including acute or chronic hepatitis. We present the case of a 34-year-old patient with leprosy, who had been on thalidomide therapy for 4 years to treat skin lesions associated with this disease. She presented general malaise, vomiting, weight loss, arthralgia, jaundice, lower limb edema, ascites, choluria and acholia. Thalidomide toxicity was suspected, so its use was suspended, and treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid and N-acetylcysteine was initiated, with symptomatic and laboratory improvement from the first week up until 41 days of follow-up. The new range of medical conditions for which thalidomide was approved for in 1998 may bring clinical challenges. This case shows chronic hepatotoxicity due to thalidomide, a situation that had not been reported previously in the literature.