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1.
Archiv. med. fam. gen. (En línea) ; 20(3): 26-35, nov. 2023. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1524383

ABSTRACT

Determinar el gasto de bolsillo en salud en las familias con diabetes mellitus y/o hipertensión arterial y el porcentaje del ingreso familiar durante la pandemia del Covid-19. Estudio de gasto de bolsillo en salud que incluyó muestreo consecutivo de 268 familias de México. El ingreso trimestral familiar se definió como la suma de ingresos de cada uno de los integrantes de la familia, el gasto en salud se definió como el total de erogaciones que tuvo la familia para cubrir los diferentes servicios de salud, y porcentaje de gasto en salud se definió como la relación del gasto total trimestral y el gasto corriente del hogar, valores expresados en pesos mexicanos. El promedio trimestral del gasto de bolsillo en salud en la familia con diabetes mellitus y/o hipertensión arterial en la dimensión consulta fue $975,82 y en la dimensión medicamentos $1,371.22; el gasto promedio total trimestral fue $3,133.08. El ingreso trimestral de la familia después de la pandemia del covid-19 fue $85,348.86 lo que representa 5,93% menos del ingreso trimestral antes de la pandemia. El gasto trimestral en salud fue $3,133.08, lo cual corresponde a 3,45% y 3,67% del ingreso trimestral familiar antes y después de la pandemia del Covid-19 respectivamente (AU)


Determine out-of-pocket health spending in families with diabetes mellitus and/or high blood pressure and the percentage of family income during the Covid-19 pandemic. Study of out-of-pocket health spending that included consecutive sampling of 268 families in Mexico. The quarterly family income was defined as the sum of income of each of the family members, health spending was defined as the total expenses that the family had to cover the different health services, and percentage of health spending. It was defined as the relationship between total quarterly expenditure and current household expenditure, values expressed in Mexican pesos. The quarterly average of out-of-pocket health expenditure in the family with diabetes mellitus and/or arterial hypertension in the consultation dimension was $975.82 and in the medication dimension $1,371.22; The average total quarterly expense was $3,133.08. The family's quarterly income after the covid-19 pandemic was $85,348.86, which represents 5.93% less than the quarterly income before the pandemic. The quarterly health expenditure was $3,133.08, which corresponds to 3.45% and 3.67% of the family's quarterly income before and after the Covid-19 pandemic respectively (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Diabetes Mellitus , Financing, Personal , Hypertension , Income/statistics & numerical data , COVID-19 , Mexico
2.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 157(3): 273-280, may.-jun. 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1346107

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: Históricamente, las pandemias han tenido como resultado tasas de mortalidad más altas en las poblaciones más vulnerables. Los determinantes sociales de la salud (DSS) se han asociado a la morbimortalidad de las personas en diferentes niveles. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los DSS, la severidad de COVID-19 y la mortalidad por esta enfermedad. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en el que se recolectaron datos de pacientes con COVID-19 en un hospital público de Chile. Las variables sociodemográficas relacionadas con los DSS estructurales se clasificaron según las siguientes categorías: sexo, edad (< 65 años, ≥ 65 años), educación secundaria (completada o no), condición de trabajo (activo, inactivo) e ingreso económico (< USD 320, ≥ USD 320). Resultados: Fueron incluidos 1012 casos con COVID-19 confirmados por laboratorio. La edad promedio fue de 64.2 ± 17.5 años. La mortalidad de la muestra total fue de 14.5 %. La edad, nivel educativo, desempleo e ingresos tuvieron fuerte asociación con la mortalidad (p < 0.001). Conclusiones: Los hallazgos refuerzan la idea de que los DSS deben considerarse una prioridad de salud pública, por lo que los esfuerzos políticos deben centrarse en reducir las desigualdades en salud para las generaciones futuras.


Abstract Introduction: Historically, pandemics have resulted in higher mortality rates in the most vulnerable populations. Social determinants of health (SDH) have been associated with people morbidity and mortality at different levels. Objective: To determine the relationship between SDH and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Methods: Retrospective study, where data from patients with COVID-19 were collected at a public hospital in Chile. Sociodemographic variables related to structural SDH were classified according to the following categories: gender, age (< 65 years, ≥ 65 years), secondary education (completed or not), work status (active, inactive) and income (< USD 320, ≥ USD 320). Results: A total of 1,012 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases were included. Average age was 64.2 ± 17.5 years. Mortality of the entire sample was 14.5 %. Age, level of education, unemployment and income had a strong association with mortality (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings reinforce the idea that SDH should be considered a public health priority, which is why political efforts should focus on reducing health inequalities for future generations.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Social Determinants of Health , COVID-19/epidemiology , Unemployment/statistics & numerical data , Severity of Illness Index , Chile/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Age Factors , Educational Status , COVID-19/physiopathology , COVID-19/mortality , Hospitals, Public , Income/statistics & numerical data
3.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-888605

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND@#Although the postpartum period is suggested to provide an ideal opportunity for interventions to prevent hazardous drinking, evidence on the associations of education and income with hazardous drinking during this period is limited, including in Japan.@*METHODS@#We analyzed data from 11,031 women who participated in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study in Japan. Hazardous drinking was defined as ethanol intake of ≥20 g/day 1 year after delivery. We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses to examine whether educational attainment or equivalent household income was associated with hazardous drinking, adjusting for age, parity, drinking status during pregnancy, work status, postpartum depression, breastfeeding, and income/education. We also conducted stratified analyses by income and education groups.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of hazardous drinking 1 year after delivery was 3.6%. Lower education was associated with hazardous drinking; the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of high school education or lower compared with university education or higher was 2.17 (1.59-2.98). Lower income was also associated with hazardous drinking, but this association disappeared after further adjustments for education; the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the lowest compared with highest level of income were 1.42 (1.04-1.94) and 1.12 (0.81-1.54), respectively. A significant interaction was detected; lower education and lower income were associated with increased risks of hazardous drinking only in a lower income group and lower education group, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Postpartum women with lower education and lower income had higher risks of hazardous drinking in Japan.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Cohort Studies , Educational Status , Income/statistics & numerical data , Japan/epidemiology , Postpartum Period , Risk Factors
4.
Esc. Anna Nery Rev. Enferm ; 25(5): e20200546, 2021. tab
Article in Portuguese | BDENF, LILACS | ID: biblio-1286374

ABSTRACT

Resumo Objetivo avaliar o impacto econômico domiciliar do adoecimento pela tuberculose no Brasil. Método pesquisa transversal multicêntrica de 2016 a 2018, em cinco capitais do Brasil, em pacientes diagnosticados com tuberculose. Os custos totais foram a soma dos custos diretos e indiretos incorridos antes e durante o diagnóstico e tratamento. A regressão logística foi utilizada para estudar determinantes de custos catastróficos. A pobreza foi medida como renda familiar per capita diária < U$ 5,5. Resultados trezentos e sessenta e um pacientes foram inscritos no estudo. O custo extrapolação foi de R$3.664,47 (DP: R$ 2.667,67) e o custo total de extrapolação foi de R$22.291,82 (DP: R$ 16.259,50). No geral, 29% dos participantes do estudo foram caracterizados como pobres antes da tuberculose, e 39% depois. Em média, a renda diminuiu em 11% dos participantes e 41% tiveram custos catastróficos. Os determinantes estatisticamente significativos de experimentar custos catastróficos foram: participante ser o chefe da família, vivendo na pobreza antes da tuberculose, desemprego e interrupção do trabalho durante o tratamento (p < 0,05). Conclusão e implicações para a prática embora o tratamento seja financiado pelo governo, a tuberculose continua resultando em custos catastróficos e diminuição da renda para muitas famílias no Brasil.


Resumen Objetivo evaluar el impacto económico domiciliario de enfermarse por tuberculosis en Brasil. Método Investigación multicéntrica transversal de 2016 a 2018, en cinco capitales de Brasil, en pacientes diagnosticados con tuberculosis. Los costos totales fueron la suma de los costos directos e indirectos incurridos antes y durante el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Se utilizó la regresión logística para estudiar los determinantes de los costos catastróficos. La pobreza se midió como un ingreso familiar diario per cápita < U$ 5,5. Resultados se inscribieron 361 pacientes en el estudio. El costo de extrapolación fue de R$ 3.664,47 (DE: R$ 2.667,67) y el costo total de extrapolación fue R$ 22.291,82 (DE: R$ 16.259,50). En general, el 29% de los participantes se caracterizaron como pobres antes de la tuberculosis y el 39%, después. En promedio, los ingresos disminuyeron en 11% de los participantes y el 41% tuvo costos catastróficos. Determinantes estadísticos de costos catastróficos: participante ser cabeza de familia; vivir en pobreza antes de la tuberculosis; desempleo; interrupción del trabajo durante el tratamiento (p<0.05). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica aunque el tratamiento es financiado por el gobierno, la tuberculosis sigue teniendo costos catastróficos y una disminución de los ingresos para muchas familias en Brasil.


Abstract Objective to assess the home economics impact of illness from Tuberculosis in Brazil. Method multicenter cross-sectional research from 2016 to 2018, in five capitals of Brazil, in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis. The total costs were the sum of the direct and indirect costs incurred before and during diagnosis and treatment. Logistic regression was used to study determinants of catastrophic costs. Poverty was measured as daily household income per capita < U$ 5.5. Results 361 patients were enrolled in the study. The extrapolation cost was R$ 3,664.47 (SD: R$ 2,667.67) and the total extrapolation cost was R$ 22,291.82 (SD: R$ 16,259.50). Overall, 29% of study participants were characterized as poor before tuberculosis, and 39% afterwards. On average, income declined by 11% among participants and 41% had catastrophic costs. The statistically significant determinants of experiencing catastrophic costs were: participant being the head of the family; living in poverty before tuberculosis; unemployment and interruption of work during treatment (p <0.05). Conclusion and implications for practice although treatment is financed by the government, tuberculosis continues to cause catastrophic costs and decreased of income for many families in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Tuberculosis/economics , Costs and Cost Analysis/economics , Poverty/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/therapy , Brazil/ethnology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Costs and Cost Analysis/statistics & numerical data , Social Protection in Health , Income/statistics & numerical data
5.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 91(6): 899-907, dic. 2020. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1508067

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: En las últimas décadas, Chile ha experimentado una triple transición demográfica, nutricional y eco nómica. OBJETIVO: Explorar la relación entre peso infantil y dos aspectos del nivel socioeconómico, ingreso familiar y educación materna, estudiando el efecto de cada uno por si solo y la manera en que operan juntos para determinar el peso infantil y comparar su efecto en menores obesos y en otro estatus de peso. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Estudio de fuentes secundarias de datos obtenidos de la En cuesta Longitudinal de Primera Infancia de 2012, analizando niños y niñas entre 2 y 6 años de edad (n = 11.339). Se estimaron modelos multivariados de regresión cuantílica para el puntaje z del índice de masa corporal (zIMC). RESULTADOS: En niños, entre 2 y 3 años, el ingreso y peso infantil tuvieron una asociación positiva, mientras que educación materna y peso infantil una negativa. Entre los 4 y 6 años, ingreso y peso infantil tuvieron una asociación negativa entre hijos de madres con estudios superiores, pero positiva entre hijos de madres con más baja educación. CONCLUSIÓN: Ingreso familiar y educación materna tienen efectos opuestos en el peso infantil. El efecto positivo de ingreso sobre zIMC es mitigado en casos de madres con altos logros educativos. Recomendamos estudiar el efecto de ingreso y educación en el peso infantil por separado e investigar los mecanismos causales que ex plican la relación entre determinantes socioeconómicos y peso infantil.


INTRODUCTION: In the last decades, Chile has experienced a triple transition regarding demographic, nutritional, and economic issues. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between childhood weight and two dimen sions of socioeconomic status, family income, and maternal educational level, analyzing the effect of each one by itself and how they operate together to determine childhood weight and comparing their effect on obese and non-obese children. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Study based on data from the 2012 Encuesta Longitudinal de Primera Infancia (Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey), evaluating children between 2 and 6 years old (n=11,399). We estimated multivariate quantile regression models for the z-score of the body mass index (BMI-z). RESULTS: We found that in children aged 2-3 years, income and weight had a positive association, while maternal educational level and weight had a negative one. In children aged 4-6 years, income and weight were negatively associated among chil dren whose mothers have a higher educational level but positive among those with lower educational levels. CONCLUSION: Family income and maternal educational level have opposite effects on childhood weight. The positive effect of income on BMI-z is diminished when mothers have high educational levels. We recommend studying the effects of income and education on child weight separately and exploring the causal mechanisms that explain the relations between socioeconomic determinants and childhood weight.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Body Weight/physiology , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Mothers/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Body Mass Index , Chile , Longitudinal Studies , Educational Status , Income/statistics & numerical data
6.
Buenos Aires; GCBA. Dirección General de Estadística y Censos; nov. 2020. a) f: 20 l:17 p. tab, graf.(Población de Buenos Aires, 17, 29).
Monography in Spanish | UNISALUD, BINACIS, InstitutionalDB, LILACS | ID: biblio-1146286

ABSTRACT

En este artículo analizamos los rasgos que asumió la estructura de clases de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) en el período 2004-2015. Utilizando como fuente de datos, principalmente, la Encuesta Anual de Hogares (EAH) relevada anualmente por la Dirección General de Estadística y Censos del Gobierno de la CABA, nos preguntamos acerca de cómo han evolucionado las clases sociales en términos de tamaño y composición, y cuánto se han distanciado o acercado respecto al bienestar material de los hogares que las conforman. Del análisis de los datos se desprende que la estructura de clases mantiene la configuración signada durante los años noventa, aunque con una relativa composición de la clase obrera calificada y la clase directivo-profesional. Por otro lado, el estudio de los ingresos y el acceso a la vivienda, en tanto dos activos del bienestar material de los hogares, muestra cierta reducción de la desigualdad respecto al primero, pero un fortalecimiento en las brechas respecto a la propiedad de la vivienda. (AU)


Subject(s)
Social Class , Social Mobility/trends , Social Mobility/statistics & numerical data , Social Welfare/trends , Social Welfare/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , /history , /statistics & numerical data , Housing/trends , Income/statistics & numerical data
7.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 23: e200002, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092615

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To estimate the magnitude of gender differences in disability among adults aged 60 and older and to evaluate whether they can be associated with social gender inequality and socioeconomic contextual factors at the level of Brazilian federative units. Methods: This is a multilevel study that used data from 23,575 older adults of 27 federative units who participated in the 2013 Brazilian Health Survey. The activity limitation index was developed from the item response theory, using activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living variables. The association of individual and contextual variables with disability was estimated by assessing the magnitude of differences between genders, using cross-level interaction effects in multilevel generalized linear models, including only the variables that were statistically significant in the final model. Results: The prevalence of disability was higher among women (37.6%) than among men (26.5%), totaling 32.7% of the older adults. In the adjusted multilevel analysis, disability was influenced by income inequality (γgini = 0.022, p < 0.001) among federative units. In addition, gender differences in disability were associated with social gender inequalities (γmgiiXsex = 0.020, p = 0.004). Conclusion: Women had higher disability disadvantages compared to men, and those differences were associated with social gender inequalities among the Brazilian federative units influenced by income inequality.


RESUMO: Objetivos: Estimar a magnitude das diferenças de gênero na incapacidade entre adultos com 60 anos ou mais e avaliar se elas podem estar associadas à desigualdade social de gênero e aos fatores contextuais socioeconômicos no nível das unidades federativas brasileiras. Métodos: Estudo multinível que utilizou dados de 23.575 adultos mais velhos das 27 unidades federativas que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013. O índice de limitação de atividades foi desenvolvido a partir da teoria de resposta ao item, utilizando-se variáveis de atividades básicas e instrumentais da vida diária. Foram estimadas as associações das variáveis individuais e contextuais com a incapacidade, avaliando-se a magnitude das diferenças entre os gêneros, ao utilizar efeitos de interação de nível cruzado em modelos lineares generalizados multiníveis, incluindo-se apenas as variáveis que foram estatisticamente significantes no modelo final. Resultados: A prevalência de incapacidade foi mais elevada entre as mulheres (37,6%) do que entre os homens (26,5%), totalizando 32,7% dos adultos mais velhos. Na análise multinível ajustada, a incapacidade foi influenciada pela desigualdade de renda (γgini = 0,022, p < 0,001) entre as unidades federativas. Além disso, as diferenças de gênero na incapacidade foram associadas com as desigualdades sociais de gênero (γmgiiXsex = 0,020, p = 0,004). Conclusões: As mulheres tiveram desvantagens maiores de incapacidade quando comparadas aos homens, e estas diferenças foram associadas às desigualdades sociais de gênero entre unidades federativas brasileiras, influenciadas pelas desigualdades de renda.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Health Surveys/statistics & numerical data , Disabled Persons/statistics & numerical data , Disability Evaluation , Income/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Activities of Daily Living , Linear Models , Sex Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Sex Distribution , Health Status Disparities , Multilevel Analysis , Middle Aged
8.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 23: e200042, 2020. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1101582

ABSTRACT

RESUMO: Introdução: A aquisição de medicamentos responde por proporção importante dos gastos privados em saúde. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o gasto privado com a compra de medicamentos e o comprometimento da renda familiar por idosos. Métodos: Inquérito populacional realizado em Praia Grande, São Paulo, 2013. O gasto mensal e o comprometimento da renda familiar per capita com a compra de medicamentos foram calculados com base nas informações obtidas nas entrevistas. As variáveis foram descritas em frequências absolutas e relativas, e os testes de hipótese utilizados foram o χ2 de Pearson, o t de Student e a análise de variância (Anova), com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A prevalência de utilização de medicamentos foi de 61,2%, e o gasto médio mensal per capita, de R$ 34,59, sendo significativamente maior o comprometimento da renda para os indivíduos com maior escolaridade, sem doenças crônicas e beneficiários de planos de saúde. Conclusão: A prevalência de utilização de medicamentos foi baixa. O custo gerado pela aquisição de medicamentos é uma das formas pelas quais pode se manifestar a desigualdade na sociedade. A ampliação da provisão gratuita de medicamentos seria necessária para expandir o acesso e evitar gastos, sobretudo àqueles que possuem planos de saúde privados, mas que não conseguem arcar com as despesas de tratamento medicamentoso.


ABSTRACT: Introduction: The acquisition of medicines accounts for a significant proportion of private health expenditures. The objective of this study was to analyse the private spending with the purchase of medicines and the commitment of the family income, by the elderly. Methods: Population survey conducted in Praia Grande, São Paulo, Brazil. The monthly expenditure and the per capita family income commitment with the purchase of medicines were calculated from the information obtained in the interviews. The variables were described in absolute and relative frequencies and the hypothesis test was Pearson's χ2, Student's t and Anova, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The prevalence of drug use was 61.2%. The average monthly expenditure per capita was R$ 34.59, with significantly higher income impairment for individuals with higher levels of education, without chronic diseases and health plan beneficiaries. Conclusion: The prevalence of drug use was low. The cost generated by the purchase of medicines is one of the ways in which inequality can manifest in society. The expansion of free drug provision would be necessary to expand access and avoid spending, especially those who have private health plans but cannot afford drug treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Pharmaceutical Preparations/economics , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Income/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil , Pharmaceutical Preparations/supply & distribution , Cities , Drug Costs/statistics & numerical data , Statistics, Nonparametric , Middle Aged , National Health Programs/economics , National Health Programs/statistics & numerical data
9.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 23: e200068, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1126035

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The relationships between the social indicators (SIs) that determine food insecurity (FI) have not been described yet. This systematic review aims to identify which SIs are associated with FI in Brazilian households and how these relationships are explained. Methods: The research protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO - CRD42018106527). Three independent researchers performed the search in the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and National Library of Medicine (PubMed) databases (June/2018). The study included articles that used the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar - EBIA) to assess FI and that evaluated the association between SIs and FI. Results: We included 18 articles in this review. The Kappa concordance index between the researchers was 0.72 (95%CI 0.42 - 1.00). Most articles were cross-sectional and used multivariate regression for the statistical analysis. At least one income-related SI had a significant association with FI, and, in most studies, they presented the highest values of association measures. We organized the authors' explanation about the relationships between SIs and FI in a conceptual model. The study identified three possible justifications for the association between SIs and FI: direct relationship, relationship mediated by income, or relationship mediated by another SI and income. Conclusion: Income assumed a central role in the mediation between several SIs and FI. However, the analysis methods of the studies did not allow us to investigate this mediation. Therefore, improving data analysis to isolate and understand the effect of SIs on FI is still necessary.


RESUMO: Introdução: As relações existentes entre os indicadores sociais (IS) que determinam a insegurança alimentar (IA) ainda não foram descritas. Esta revisão sistemática se propõe a identificar os IS que se associam com a IA em domicílios brasileiros e como essa relação é explicada. Metodologia: O protocolo de pesquisa foi registrado no PROSPERO (CRD42018106527). A busca dos artigos foi realizada por três pesquisadoras independentes nas bases Lilacs e PubMed (junho/2018). O estudo incluiu artigos que utilizaram a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA) para avaliar a IA e que analisaram a associação entre IS e IA. Resultados: 18 artigos foram incluídos nessa revisão. O índice de concordância Kappa entre as pesquisadoras foi de 0,72 (IC95% 0,42 - 1,00). A maioria dos artigos foram do tipo transversais e utilizaram regressão multivariada para análise de dados. Pelo menos um IS relacionado à renda teve associação significativa com a IA e, na maioria dos estudos, eles foram os que apresentaram os maiores valores das medidas de associação. A justificativa dos autores sobre as relações entre IS e IA foram organizadas em um modelo conceitual. O estudo identificou 3 possibilidades de explicar a associação entre IS e IA: relação direta, relação mediada pela renda, ou por outro IS e renda. Conclusão: A renda assumiu um papel central na mediação de diversos IS com IA. Entretanto, os métodos de análise dos estudos não possibilitaram lidar com essa mediação, portanto aprimoramentos nas análises de dados são necessários para isolar e compreender o efeito dos IS na IA.


Subject(s)
Humans , Food Supply/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Income/statistics & numerical data
10.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 23: e200001, 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092603

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: Introduction: In high-income countries, persons of high socioeconomic status (SES) have a lower cardiovascular risk. However, in middle and low-income countries, the results are controversial. Objective: To evaluate the association between family income and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults. Methods: A total of 2,063 individuals of a birth cohort initiated in 1978/79 in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, were evaluated at age of 23/25 years. Cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high fibrinogen, insulin resistance, diabetes, abdominal and total obesity, and metabolic syndrome) were evaluated according to family income. Income was assessed in multiples of the minimum wage. Simple Poisson regression models were used to estimate the prevalence ratios (PR) with robust estimation of the variance. Results: High-income women showed lower prevalences of low HDL-cholesterol (PR = 0.47), total obesity (PR = 0.22), abdominal obesity (PR = 0.28), high blood pressure (PR = 0.28), insulin resistance (PR = 0.57), sedentary lifestyle (PR = 0.47), metabolic syndrome (PR = 0.24), and high caloric intake (PR = 0.71) (p < 0.05). High-income men showed lower prevalences of low HDL-cholesterol (PR = 0.73) and sedentarism (PR = 0.81) (p < 0.05). These results may be explained by the fact that high-income women pay more attention to healthy habits and those with the lowest family income are least likely to access health services resources and treatments. Conclusion: Women were in the final phase of the epidemiologic transition, whereas men were in the middle phase.


RESUMO: Introdução: Em países de alta renda, indivíduos de situação socioeconômica elevada apresentam menor risco cardiovascular. Em países de média e baixa rendas, os resultados são controversos. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre renda familiar e fatores de risco cardiovascular em adultos jovens. Metodologia: Estudo seccional em que foram avaliados 2.063 indivíduos aos 23/25 anos de uma coorte de nascimento iniciada em 1978/79 na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, Brasil. Avaliaram-se fatores de risco cardiovascular (hipertensão arterial, sedentarismo, tabagismo, HDL - colesterol baixo, LDL - colesterol elevado, fibrinogênio alto, resistência insulínica, diabetes, obesidade abdominal e total e síndrome metabólica) de acordo com renda familiar. A renda foi avaliada em múltiplos do salário mínimo. As razões de prevalências (RP) foram estimadas em modelos de regressão de Poisson simples, com estimativa robusta da variância. Resultados: Mulheres de maior renda apresentaram menores prevalências de HDL - colesterol baixo (RP = 0,47), obesidade total (RP = 0,22) e abdominal (RP = 0,28), resistência insulínica (RP = 0,57), pressão arterial elevada (RP = 0,28), sedentarismo (RP = 0,47), síndrome metabólica (RP = 0,24) e alta ingestão calórica (RP = 0,71) (p < 0,05). Os homens de maior renda apresentaram menores prevalências de HDL - colesterol baixo (RP = 0,73) e sedentarismo (RP = 0,81) (p < 0,05). Pode ser que mulheres de alta renda prestem mais atenção aos hábitos saudáveis e aquelas com menor renda têm menor probabilidade de acessar recursos e tratamentos de serviços de saúde. Conclusão: As mulheres encontravam-se na fase final da transição epidemiológica, enquanto os homens, na fase intermediária.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Income/statistics & numerical data , Reference Values , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Analysis of Variance , Sex Distribution , Statistics, Nonparametric , Risk Assessment
11.
Braz. oral res. (Online) ; 34: e036, 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1100936

ABSTRACT

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with toothache in the adult population of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Individual data from a population sample (age 35 to 44 years) were collected from a secondary database of the SB Minas survey. Sampling was carried out by clusters and with multiple drawing stages. The eligibility criteria were to reside in areas chosen for the research, be within the age group, and accept to participate in the research. The individual variables assessed by a questionnaire and dental exams were sex, income, race/skin color, root caries, periodontal condition, need for dental treatment, and last dental appointment. The contextual variables, assessed by municipal indexes, were Human Development Index (HDI), illiteracy, unemployment, half minimum wage, quarter minimum wage, oral health team coverage, access to individual health care, and supervised tooth brushing average. The dependent variable was toothache in the past six months. A descriptive analysis was made using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling Software was used to perform the multilevel analyses for individual and contextual levels. An association was found between toothache and low income (OR = 2.00; 95%CI = 1.32-3.13), dental caries (OR = 1.86; 95%CI = 1.22-2.86), periodontal condition, and living on a quarter of the minimum wage or less (OR = 1.03; 95%CI = 1.00-1.08). Clinical and social factors were associated with toothache, reinforcing the need to improve public polices in oral health focused on the adult population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Toothache/etiology , Toothache/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , DMF Index , Oral Health/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Sex Distribution , Dental Caries/epidemiology , Multilevel Analysis , Income/statistics & numerical data
12.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 24(11): 3997-4008, nov. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1039516

ABSTRACT

Resumo A violência praticada contra crianças é tema complexo e polissêmico. Estudo de coorte retrospectiva buscou caracterizar o perfil das crianças vítimas de violência doméstica e de seus agressores e avaliar a eficácia das intervenções judiciais. Analisou-se 98 processos da Vara da Infância e Juventude, envolvendo 179 crianças e 121 agressores. Negligência/abandono e violência física foram as violações mais frequentes. Revelou-se a mãe como principal agressora; renda mensal de até um salário mínimo e história de uso de álcool mostraram-se associados à violência. Encontrou-se 71% das vítimas matriculadas em instituições de ensino. Em 25% a gravidade da situação determinou o afastamento da família. Um terço das crianças foram incluídas em programas de apoio, orientação e acompanhamento à família. A intervenção judicial garantiu 93% de interrupção da violência em até dois anos, tempo ainda longo, pelo risco da criança ser revitimizada. Ações efetivas pressupõem o envolvimento da família, da sociedade, das instituições escolares e de saúde. A garantia de direitos tem na execução das políticas públicas, e não na judicialização, o lócus privilegiado de efetivação.


Abstract Child abuse is a complex, multi-faceted and controversial topic. A retrospective cohort study aimed to characterize the profile of children victims of domestic violence and their aggressors and to evaluate the efficiency of judicial interventions. Ninety-eight cases lodged with the Infancy and Childhood Court involving 179 children and 121 perpetrators were analyzed. Negligence/abandonment (62%) and physical violence (30%) were the most frequent violations. Mothers were identified as the most frequent aggressor; monthly income of up to one minimum wage and history of alcohol use have been associated with violence. Seventy-one percent of victims were enrolled in educational institutions. In 25% of the cases the severity of the abuse required the removal of the child from the family. A third of the children were enrolled in official programs designed to provide the family with support, orientation and follow-up. This protective judicial intervention was successful in reducing abuse in 93% of the cases within 2 years. Prevention of child abuse requires the involvement of professionals of multiple fields at an early stage. The promotion and safeguarding of children's rights must come primarily from the implementation of public policy not judicial intervention.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Child Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Human Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Brazil , Child Abuse/legislation & jurisprudence , Retrospective Studies , Cohort Studies , Income/statistics & numerical data , Mothers/statistics & numerical data
13.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 24(11): 4061-4070, nov. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1039524

ABSTRACT

Resumo O objetivo do artigo foi verificar associação do capital social de adolescentes com os fatores condições de vida e participação em atividades coletivas. No estudo transversal, aplicou-se questionário validado (SCQ-AS) para medir o capital social de escolares do sétimo ano de escolas públicas e privadas de um município brasileiro. Os pais responderam a um questionário sobre condições de vida e participação dos filhos em atividades coletivas. Após teste qui-quadrado, fez-se regressão logística múltipla com os domínios do capital social, variáveis dependentes e variáveis independentes (p≤0.20). Observou-se maior frequência de coesão social na escola, em adolescentes de escolas privadas (OR= 4.08; IC 95% 1.39 - 11.96) e com renda familiar de 1 a 3 salários mínimos, maior rede de amigos entre os que tinham pais vivendo juntos (OR= 2.21; IC 95% 1.28 - 3.78) e maior frequência de confiança na escola/bairro em escolares de escolas privadas (OR=2.71; IC 95% 1.16 - 6.32). Não houve associação com coesão social no bairro. Estudar em escola privada e ter renda familiar de 1 a 3 salários mínimos podem impulsionar a coesão social na escola, bem como a pratica de atividade esportiva. Os pais viverem juntos pode favorecer maior rede de amigos.


Abstract The article aimed to verify the association of adolescent social capital with living conditions factors and participation in collective activities. In the cross-sectional study, a validated questionnaire (SCQ-AS) was used to measure the social capital of seventh grade students from public and private schools in a Brazilian city. The parents answered a questionnaire on living conditions and children's participation in collective activities. After chi-square test, multiple logistic regression was performed with social capital' domains, dependent variables and independent variables (p≤0.20). There was higher frequency of social cohesion at school in adolescents from private schools (OR=4.08, 95% CI 1.39-11.96) and who have a family income of 1 to 3 minimum wages, a larger network of friends among those with parents living together OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.28 - 3.78) and higher school/neighborhood confidence in private school students (OR=2.71, 95% CI 1.16 - 6.32). There was no association with neighborhood social cohesion. Studying in private school and having a family income of 1 to 3 minimum wages can boost social cohesion in school, as well as practice sports. Parents living together can favor larger network of friends.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Students/statistics & numerical data , Friends , Social Capital , Interpersonal Relations , Parents , Schools , Brazil , Residence Characteristics , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Income/statistics & numerical data
14.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 24(3): 749-760, mar. 2019. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-989599

ABSTRACT

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a qualidade de vida da mulher trabalhadora e verificar a suas relações com aspectos sociodemográficos e ocupacionais. Estudo transversal, em uma amostra de 579 mulheres trabalhadoras de um município de 318.000 habitantes. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário para caracterização sociodemográfica, ocupacional e do WHOQOL-BREF. Para análise utilizou-se estatística descritiva, Teste t-student e correlação de Pearson. As mulheres trabalhadoras apresentaram 42,70 ±13,74 anos, houve predomínio de escolaridade entre 09 a 12 anos, cor da pele branca, renda individual mensal de até um salário mínimo, com apenas um emprego com vínculo celetista ou funcionalismo público. A média da Qualidade de Vida foi de 72,87, com melhor resultado no domínio das Relações Sociais e o menor do Meio Ambiente. O domínio Meio Ambiente foi significativamente comprometido nas mulheres que não tinham pausas para descanso durante o trabalho, não tinham bom relacionamento com os colegas, apresentavam maior número de doenças ou lesões, possuíam menor escolaridade e renda mensal. O Domínio das Relações sociais foi significativamente afetado pelo número de lesões ou doenças.


Abstract This article aims to evaluate the quality of life of working women and its relationship with sociodemographic and occupational aspects. Cross-sectional study in a sample of 579 working women in a city with a population of 318,000. Data was collected by means of questionnaires for sociodemographic, occupational and WHOQOL-BREF characteristics. For the analysis, we used descriptive statistics, t-student test and the Pearson correlation. The working women on average were 42.70 ±13.74 years old; there was a predominance of Caucasians with 9 to 12 years of formal education and an individual monthly minimum-wage income at a single job as a registered employee or civil servant. The average Quality of Life was 72.87, with a better result in the area of Social Relations and the lowest in the area of Environment. The Environment domain was significantly more compromised in women who did not have rest breaks during work, those who did not have good relationships with their coworkers, had more diseases or injuries, less formal education and lower monthly income. The Social Relations domain was significantly compromised by the number of injuries or diseases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Quality of Life , Women, Working/statistics & numerical data , Occupational Health , Employment/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Educational Status , Income/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged
15.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 53: 11, jan. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-985823

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the association between contextual income and the incidence of disability in basic and instrumental activities of daily living. METHODS: This is a cohort study, with sample of elderly individuals (n = 1,196) residing in Florianópolis, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The incidence of disabilities was evaluated using reports of difficulty or inability to perform six basic activities of daily living and nine instrumental activities of daily living after four years. Contextual income was obtained from the 2010 Census. We conducted multilevel logistic regression analyses with adjustment models for individual variables. RESULTS: The incidence of disability in basic activities of daily living was 15.8% (95%CI 13.8-17.9) and in instrumental activities of daily living incidence was 13.4% (95%CI 11.6-15.5). We observed significant association between contextual income and incidence of disability in basic activities of daily living. Having as reference the elderly living in the lower income tercile, those who lived in the intermediary terciles and in that of highest income had 37% (95%CI 0.41-0.96) and 21% (95%CI 0.52-1.19) lower chances of developing disability, respectively. For the incidence of disability in instrumental activities of daily living we observed no statistically significant associations. CONCLUSIONS: Contextual income influences the development of disability in basic activities of daily living in the elderly and should be the subject of actions to reduce socioeconomic inequalities and promote longevity with independence.


RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre a renda contextual e a incidência de incapacidade nas atividades básicas e instrumentais da vida diária. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo de coorte, com amostra de idosos (n = 1.196) residentes em Florianópolis, SC. As incidências de incapacidades foram avaliadas por meio do relato de dificuldade ou inabilidade para realizar seis atividades básicas da vida diária e nove atividades instrumentais da vida diária após quatro anos. A renda contextual foi obtida a partir do Censo Demográfico 2010. Foram realizadas análises de regressão logística multinível com modelos de ajuste para variáveis individuais. RESULTADOS: A incidência de incapacidade nas atividades básicas da vida diária foi de 15,8% (IC95% 13,8-17,9) e nas atividades instrumentais da vida diária de 13,4% (IC95% 11,6-15,5). Houve associação significativa entre a renda contextual e a incidência de incapacidade nas atividades básicas da vida diária. Tendo como referência os idosos residentes no tercil inferior de renda, aqueles que moravam nos tercis intermediários e no de maior renda tiveram 37% (IC95% 0,41-0,96) e 21% (IC95% 0,52-1,19) menores chances de desenvolver incapacidade, respectivamente. Para a incidência de incapacidade nas atividades instrumentais da vida diária não foram verificadas associações estatisticamente significativas. CONCLUSÕES: A renda contextual influencia no desenvolvimento de incapacidade nas atividades básicas da vida diária em idosos, devendo ser alvo de ações para redução de iniquidades socioeconômicas e promoção da longevidade com independência.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Activities of Daily Living , Geriatric Assessment , Disability Evaluation , Income/statistics & numerical data , Quality of Life , Brazil , Incidence , Longitudinal Studies , Middle Aged
16.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 22(supl.2): E190015.SUPL.2, 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042223

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Despite the improvement in oral health conditions observed in the Brazilian population, there are still high social inequalities that must be monitored. Objective: To evaluate income inequality in oral hygiene practices, oral health status and the use of dental services in the adult and senior Brazilian population. Methods: Data from the National Health Survey conducted in 2013 (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - PNS 2013) were used for the population aged 18 years old or older. Results: Inequalities were found among the income strata in most of the oral health indicators evaluated. The greatest inequalities were observed in the use of dental floss, in hygiene practices (PR = 2.85 in adults and PR = 2.45 in seniors), and in total tooth loss (PR = 6.74 in adults and PR = 2.24 in seniors) and difficulty in chewing (PR = 4.49 in adults and PR = 2.67 in seniors) among oral condition indicators. The magnitude of inequalities was high in both groups in most oral condition indicators. Income was a factor that persisted in limiting access to dental services, and even the lower income segments had high percentages that paid for dental consultations. Conclusion: Based on data from the first PNS, the findings of this study enabled the identification of oral health and dental care aspects more compromised by income differentials, thus, contributing to the planning of dental care in Brazil and to stimulate the monitoring of these disparities with data from future surveys.


RESUMO: Introdução: Apesar da melhora das condições de saúde bucal constatada na população brasileira, persistem elevadas desigualdades sociais que precisam ser monitoradas. Objetivo: Avaliar a desigualdade de renda nas práticas de higiene bucal, nas condições bucais e no uso de serviços odontológicos na população brasileira de adultos e idosos. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada em 2013 (PNS 2013) referentes à população de 18 anos ou mais. Resultados: Detectaram-se desigualdades entre os estratos de renda na maioria dos indicadores de saúde bucal avaliados. As desigualdades de maior magnitude foram verificadas no uso de fio dental, nas práticas de higiene (RP = 2,85 nos adultos e RP = 2,45 nos idosos), e na perda de todos os dentes (RP = 6,74 nos adultos e RP = 2,24 nos idosos) e dificuldade de mastigar (RP = 4,49 nos adultos e RP = 2,67 nos idosos) entre os indicadores de condições bucais. Na maioria dos indicadores de condições bucais a magnitude das desigualdades foi elevada em ambos os grupos. A renda mostrou-se um fator que persiste limitando o acesso aos serviços odontológicos e, mesmo os segmentos de menor renda apresentaram elevados percentuais que pagam por consulta odontológica. Conclusão: Por meio dos dados da primeira PNS, os achados do estudo permitiram identificar aspectos de saúde e de atenção bucais mais comprometidos pelos diferenciais de renda, podendo, nesse sentido, contribuir para o planejamento da assistência odontológica no país e para estimular o monitoramento destas disparidades com dados das próximas pesquisas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Social Class , Dental Health Surveys/methods , Oral Health/statistics & numerical data , Dental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Income/statistics & numerical data , Oral Hygiene , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Dental Health Surveys/statistics & numerical data , Prevalence , Regression Analysis , Health Status Disparities , Healthcare Disparities/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged
17.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 22(supl.1): e190006, 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042214

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Introduction: Knowing the factors associated with periodic HIV testing among female sex workers (FSW) is essential to expand testing coverage and to broaden programs of treatment as prevention. Methods: We used data from 4,328 FSWs recruited by the respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method in 12 Brazilian cities in 2016. Data analysis considered the complex sampling design. The prevalence of HIV testing in the last year and periodic HIV test were estimated. Factors associated with regular HIV testing were identified through logistic regression models. Results: The testing coverage in the last year was 39.3%. Only 13.5% of FSW reported having performed a periodic HIV test in the last year. Among the factors associated with the higher probability of HIV testing in the last year were a better level of education, living with a partner, working indoors, consistent use of condoms, and regular use of public and private health services stood out. Discussion: Periodic HIV testing allows early diagnosis and immediate treatment of cases, reducing the chances of spreading the infection to the population. However, factors such as stigma and discrimination hinder the use of regular health services. Conclusion: It is necessary to expand awareness campaigns, especially among FSWs with low educational level and greater vulnerability, in order to broaden the perception of risk and the importance of periodic testing, in addition to encouraging regular health care.


RESUMO Introdução: Conhecer os fatores associados ao teste periódico de HIV no grupo de mulheres trabalhadoras do sexo (MTS) é fundamental para expandir a cobertura de testagem e ampliar os programas de tratamento como prevenção. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados de 4.328 MTS recrutadas pela metodologia respondent-driven sampling (RDS) em 12 cidades brasileiras em 2016. A análise de dados considerou o desenho complexo de amostragem. Foram estimadas as prevalências de realização do teste de HIV no último ano e do teste periódico. Através de modelos de regressão logística foram identificados fatores associados à testagem regular de HIV. Resultados: A cobertura de teste no último ano foi de 39,3%. Apenas 13,5% das MTS relataram ter realizado teste periódico de HIV no último ano. Entre os fatores associados à maior probabilidade de realização de teste de HIV no último ano, destacaram-se o melhor nível de instrução, o fato de morar com companheiro, trabalhar em lugares fechados, o uso consistente de preservativo, e o uso regular de serviço de saúde público e privado. Discussão: A realização periódica de teste de HIV possibilita o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento imediato dos casos, reduzindo as chances de disseminação da infecção na população. Entretanto, fatores como estigma e discriminação dificultam o uso regular de serviços de saúde. Conclusão: É necessário expandir campanhas de conscientização, sobretudo entre as MTS de baixo nível de instrução e maior vulnerabilidade, a fim de ampliar a percepção de risco e da importância da testagem periódica, além de incentivar os cuidados regulares de saúde.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , AIDS Serodiagnosis/statistics & numerical data , HIV Infections/diagnosis , Sex Workers/statistics & numerical data , Sexual Behavior , Brazil , Multivariate Analysis , Condoms/statistics & numerical data , Educational Status , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Income/statistics & numerical data
18.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 35(6): e00099518, 2019. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001677

ABSTRACT

Resumo: Analisou-se a autoavaliação da saúde bucal da população adulta brasileira segundo a posição socioeconômica (região de residência, escolaridade, renda e classe social), explorando as variáveis com maior sensibilidade para medir tal associação. Estudaram-se 59.758 indivíduos com 18 anos ou mais de idade, que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013, um inquérito domiciliar de base populacional. A autoavaliação da saúde bucal (dentes e gengivas) foi analisada como positiva, regular e negativa. Com base na regressão logística multinomial, estimaram-se odds ratio (OR) brutos e ajustados e os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram calculados os percentuais de concordância e o valor de kappa para comparar os valores obtidos pelos modelos de regressão e os valores esperados. A prevalência da autoavaliação da saúde bucal positiva foi 67,4%, 26,7% para regular e 5,9% para negativa. Após ajuste, a chance de autoavaliar a saúde bucal como negativa foi significativamente mais elevada entre os indivíduos com renda domiciliar per capita de até um salário mínimo (OR = 4,71; IC95%: 2,84-7,83), sem nível de escolaridade completo (OR = 3,28; IC95%: 2,34-4,61), da classe social destituídos de ativos (OR = 3,03; IC95%: 2,12-4,32) e residentes na Região Nordeste (OR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,19-1,89). Diversos indicadores de posição socioeconômica influenciam a percepção sobre a saúde bucal, mas a renda domiciliar per capita, a escolaridade e a classe social foram as responsáveis pelo maior gradiente na autoavaliação da saúde bucal de adultos no Brasil em 2013.


Abstract: The study analyzed self-rated oral health in the Brazilian adult population according to socioeconomic status (region of residence, schooling, income, and social class), exploring the variables with the greatest sensitivity to measure the association. The study sample included 59,758 individuals 18 years or older who participated in the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2013, a population-based household survey. Self-rated oral health (teeth and gums) was analyzed as positive, fair, or negative. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Percentage of agreement and kappa values were calculated to compare the values obtained with the regression models and the expected values. Self-rated oral health was positive in 67.4%, fair in 26.7%, and negative in 5.9%. After adjustment, the odds of negative self-rated health were significantly higher in individuals with per capita household income up to one minimum wage, or approximately USD 270/month (OR = 4.71; 95%CI: 2.84-7.83), without complete primary schooling (OR = 3.28; 95%CI: 2.34-4.61), in the social class devoid of assets (OR = 3.03; 95%CI: 2.12-4.32) and residents of Northeast Brazil (OR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.19-1.89). Various indicators of socioeconomic status influence self-rated oral health, but per capita household income, schooling, and social class accounted for the largest gradient in self-rated oral health in Brazilian adults in 2013.


Resumen: Se analizó la autoevaluación de salud bucal de la población adulta brasileña según la posición socioeconómica (región de residencia, escolaridad, renta y clase social), explorando las variables con mayor sensibilidad para medir tal asociación. Se han estudiado 59.758 individuos con 18 años o más de edad, que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2013, una encuesta domiciliar de base poblacional. La autoevaluación de la salud bucal (dientes y encías) fue analizada como positiva, regular y negativa. Através de la regresión logística multinomial, se estimaron odds ratio (OR) brutos y ajustados y los respectivos intervalos con 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se calcularon los porcentajes de concordancia y el valor de kappa para comparar los valores obtenidos por los modelos de regresión y los valores esperados. La prevalencia de la autoevaluación de salud bucal positiva fue 67,4%, 26,7% para regular y 5,9% para negativa. Después del ajuste, la posibilidad de autoevaluar la salud bucal como negativa fue significativamente más elevada entre los individuos con ingresos domiciliarios per cápita de hasta un salario mínimo (OR = 4,71, IC95%: 2,84-7,83), sin niveles de escolaridad completa (OR = 3,28; IC95%: 2,34-4,61), de la clase social desposeídos de activos (OR = 3,03; IC95%: 2,12-4,32) y residentes de la región Nordeste (OR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,19-1,89). Diversos indicadores de posición socioeconómica influencian la percepción sobre la salud bucal, pero la renta domiciliar per cápita, la escolaridad y la clase social fueron los responsables del mayor gradiente en la autoevaluación de salud bucal de adultos en Brasil en 2013.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Oral Health/statistics & numerical data , Income/statistics & numerical data , Self Concept , Brazil/epidemiology , Residence Characteristics , Sampling Studies , Health Surveys , Qualitative Research , Educational Status , Health Status Disparities
19.
Salud colect ; 15: e2201, 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1101882

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN El entorno y el nivel socioeconómico son determinantes del comportamiento alimentario porque inciden en la disponibilidad, la accesibilidad y las preferencias alimentarias. Con el objetivo de describir el consumo aparente de alimentos y la disponibilidad de energía y nutrientes de hogares urbanos y rurales de la Argentina, según su nivel de ingresos, se analizó la Encuesta Nacional de Gastos de los Hogares 2004-2005. Se calculó el consumo aparente promedio de alimentos y bebidas en gramos o mililitros de peso neto por adulto equivalente por día, de hogares urbanos y rurales, y según quintil de ingresos per cápita del hogar. El 7% fueron hogares rurales, y presentaron mayor proporción de familias con bajos ingresos respecto a los urbanos. Existe un patrón de consumo aparente de alimentos y bebidas distinto entre hogares rurales y urbanos de Argentina, y además existen diferencias entre los hogares según el nivel de ingresos en ambos entornos. Conocer los contrastes y su magnitud es de gran utilidad para buscar estrategias tendientes a mejorar la alimentación de la población.


ABSTRACT The environment and the socioeconomic level are determinants of eating behavior because they affect availability, accessibility and food preferences. In order to describe the apparent consumption of food and the availability of energy and nutrients in urban and rural households in Argentina according to their income level, the 2004-2005 National Household Expenditure Survey was analyzed. The average apparent consumption of food and beverages was calculated in grams or milliliters of net weight per adult equivalent per day, for urban and rural households, and by household income per capita quintiles. Rural households made up 7% of the sample, and had a higher proportion of low-income families than urban households. There is different pattern of apparent consumption of food and beverages among rural and urban households in Argentina, and there are also differences between households according to the level of income in both environments. Knowing the content and magnitude of these contrasts is of great use in looking for strategies to improve the population's diet.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Residence Characteristics/statistics & numerical data , Rural Health/statistics & numerical data , Urban Health/statistics & numerical data , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Income/statistics & numerical data , Argentina , Nutrition Surveys , Rural Health/economics , Urban Health/economics , Diet/economics
20.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 35(8): e00144618, 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1019626

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to explore relationships between the neighborhood food environment and obesity in urban women living in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional survey was carried out. This study was conducted with 1,096 women. Structured interviews were conducted using a standard pre-tested questionnaire. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30kg/m2. Circular buffers of 400m in radius were created based on the centroid of the women's houses who participated, in the 45 census tracts inhabited by them. Neighborhood food establishments were identified through systematic survey of all streets in the study areas and geographical coordinates of shops were collected. Establishments were evaluated using the NEMS tool. The prevalence of obesity was 33% among the women participants. After adjusting for individual variables, supermarkets and healthy food establishments were positively associated with obesity, PR = 1.05 (95%CI: 1.01-1.10), PR = 1.02 (95%CI: 1.00-1.04), respectively, while mean buffer income was negatively associated, PR = 0.64 (95%CI: 0.49-0.83). Neighborhood food environment factors were associated with obesity even after controlled for individual variables, as socioeconomic variables, behavioral and food purchase.


O estudo teve como objetivo explorar as relações entre o ambiente alimentar da vizinhança e obesidade em mulheres na área urbana de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, através de um inquérito transversal. O estudo teve uma amostra de 1.096 mulheres. Foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas com um questionário padronizado e previamente testado. A obesidade foi definida como índice de massa corporal (IMC) ≥ 30kg/m2. Foram criadas zonas-tampão com raio de 400m em torno do centroide das residências das participantes nos 45 setores censitários. Os estabelecimentos varejistas com venda de alimentos na vizinhança foram identificados através de uma pesquisa sistemática das áreas do estudo, e foram coletadas as coordenadas geográficas dessas lojas. Os estabelecimentos foram avaliados com a ferramenta NEMS. A prevalência de obesidade foi 33% entre as participantes. Depois de ajustar para as variáveis individuais, os supermercados e os estabelecimentos com alimentos saudáveis mostraram uma associação positiva com a obesidade, RP = 1,05 (IC95%: 1,01-1,10), RP = 1,02 (IC95%: 1,00-1,04), respectivamente, enquanto que a renda média da zona-tampão mostrou associação negativa, RP = 0,64 (IC95%: 0,49-0,83). Os fatores de ambiente alimentar da vizinhança estiveram associados à obesidade, mesmo depois de controlar para as variáveis individuais, socioeconômicas, comportamentais e de compra de alimentos.


El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las relaciones entre el entorno alimentario del vecindario y la obesidad en mujeres que viven en áreas urbanas de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal. Este estudio se realizó con 1.096 mujeres. Se realizaron entrevistas estructuradas, usando un cuestionario estándar probado previamente. La obesidad se definió como un índice de masa corporal (IMC) ≥ 30kg/m2. Se crearon amortiguadores circulares en un radio de 400m, basados en el centroide de las casas de las mujeres que participaron, en los 45 distritos censales donde residían. Los establecimientos de comida del vecindario fueron identificados mediante un estudio sistemático de todas las calles en las áreas de estudio y también se recabaron las coordenadas geográficas de las tiendas. Los establecimientos fueron evaluados usando el instrumento NEMS. La prevalencia de obesidad fue de un 33% entre las mujeres participantes. Tras el ajuste de las variables individuales, los supermercados y los establecimientos de comida sana estuvieron positivamente asociados con la obesidad, RP = 1,05 (IC95%: 1,01-1,10), RP = 1,02 (IC95%: 1,00-1,04), respectivamente, mientras que un promedio de renta media estuvo negativamente asociado, RP = 0,64 (IC95%: 0,49-0,83). Los factores del vecindario en el entorno alimentario estuvieron asociados con la obesidad incluso después de ser controlados por variables individuales como: socioeconómicas, comportamentales y de compra de comida.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Feeding Behavior , Food Supply/statistics & numerical data , Income/statistics & numerical data , Obesity/epidemiology , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban Population , Brazil/epidemiology , Body Mass Index , Residence Characteristics , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Multilevel Analysis , Middle Aged
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