Diacerein mitigates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibition of renal inflammation, dendritic cells maturation and apoptosis: the role of TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3/IL-1beta signaling pathway / La diacereína mitiga la lesión por isquemia/reperfusión renal a través de la inhibición de la inflamación renal, la maduración de las células dendríticas y la apoptosis: el papel de la vía de señalización TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3/IL-1beta

SUMMARY: One of the reasons for acute kidney damage is renal ischemia. Nevertheless, there are limited protective and therapeutic approaches for this problem. Diacerein is an anti-inflammatory drug characterized by numerous biological activities. We aimed to determine the ameliorative impact of diacerein on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) condition, exploring the underlying mechanisms. Twenty-four male rats were allotted into four groups (n= 6): sham group; Diacerein (DIA) group; I/R group, in which a non-crushing clamp occluded the left renal pedicle for 45 min, and the right kidney was nephrectomized for 5 min before the reperfusion process; I/R + diacerein group, injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg diacerein/kg i.m 30 minutes prior to I/R operation. Ischemia/ reperfusion was found to affect renal function and induce histopathological alterations. The flow cytometry analysis demonstrated an elevated expression of innate and mature dendritic cells in I/R renal tissues. Moreover, upregulation in the expression of the inflammatory genes (TLR4, Myd88, and NLRP3), and overexpression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β), apoptotic (caspase-3) and pyroptotic (caspase-1) markers were observed in I/R-experienced animals. The aforementioned deteriorations were mitigated by pre-I/R diacerein treatment. Diacerein alleviated I/R-induced inflammation and apoptosis. Thus, it could be a promising protective agent against I/R.

La isquemia renal es una de los motivos del daño renal agudo. Sin embargo, los enfoques protectores y terapéuticos para este problema son limitados. La diacereína es un fármaco antiinflamatorio caracterizado por numerosas actividades biológicas. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar el impacto de mejora de la diacereína en la condición de lesión por isquemia/ reperfusión renal (I/R), explorando los mecanismos subyacentes. Veinticuatro ratas macho se distribuyeron en cuatro grupos (n= 6): grupo simulado; grupo de diacereína (DIA); grupo I/R, en el que una pinza no aplastante ocluyó el pedículo renal izquierdo durante 45 min, y el riñón derecho fue nefrectomizado durante 5 min antes del proceso de reperfusión; Grupo I/R + diacereína, inyectado por vía intraperitoneal con 50 mg de diacereína/kg i.m. 30 min antes de la operación I/R. Se encontró que la isquemia/ reperfusión afecta la función renal e induce alteraciones histopatológicas. El análisis de citometría de flujo demostró una expresión elevada de células dendríticas innatas y maduras en tejidos renales I/R. Además, se observó una regulación positiva en la expresión de los genes inflamatorios (TLR4, Myd88 y NLRP3) y una sobreexpresión de las citoquinas proinflamatorias (IL-1β), marcadores apoptóticos (caspasa-3) y piroptóticos (caspasa-1) en animales con experiencia en I/R. Los deterioros antes mencionados fueron mitigados por el tratamiento previo a la diacereína I/R. La diacereína alivió la inflamación y la apoptosis inducidas por I/R. Por lo tanto, podría ser un agente protector prometedor contra I/R.

Captopril inhibits thioacetamide-induced chronic liver injury associated with the suppression of inflammation / hypoxia- inducible factor 1-alpha / profibrogenic axis-mediated hepatotoxicity in rats / Captopril inhibe la lesión hepática crónica inducida por tioacetamida asociada con la supresión de la inflamación/factor 1-alfa inducible por hipoxia/hepatotoxicidad mediada por el eje profibrogénico en rata

SUMMARY: Liver transplantation is the only available method to treat liver failure induced by chronic liver injury. We sought to determine whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, can inhibit the development of chronic liver injury induced by the hepatotoxic agent thioacetamide (TAA) in association with the suppression of inflammation (hsCRP, TNF-α, and IL-6) / hypoxia- inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) / profibrosis (TIMP-1, MMP-9, and α-SMA) axis that mediates liver injury. Therefore, the model group of rats was injected for eight weeks with 200 mg/kg TAA starting at week two. The protective group was pretreated with 150 mg/ kg captopril daily for two weeks prior to TAA injections and continued receiving both capropril and TAA agents until being humanely scrificed at week 10. We observed a substantial damage to liver tissue in the model group as demonstrated by a significant (p<0.0001) increase in blood and hepatic tissue levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), interleukin- 6 (L-6), HIF-1α, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). All these parameters were significantly (p<0.0244) protected by captopril. Also, a significant (p<0.0001) positive correlation was observed between a-SMA (profibrosis) and the serum and tissue levels of hsCRP, TNF-α, HIF-1α, TIMP-1, MMP-9, and ALT. Thus, these findings suggest that the induction of chronic liver injury by the hepatotoxic compound, TAA is associated with the upregulation of inflammation/HIF-1α/profibrosis, with captopril exhibiting beneficial hepatic pleotropic effects.

El trasplante de hígado es el único método disponible para tratar la insuficiencia hepática inducida por una lesión hepática crónica. Buscamos determinar si el inhibidor de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina, captopril, puede inhibir el desarrollo de lesión hepática crónica inducida por el agente hepatotóxico tioacetamida (TAA) en asociación con la supresión de la inflamación (hsCRP, TNF-α e IL-6) / factor inducible por hipoxia 1-alfa (HIF-1α) / profibrosis (TIMP-1, MMP-9 y α- SMA) eje que media la lesión hepática. Por lo tanto, al grupo modelo de ratas se le inyectó durante ocho semanas 200 mg/kg de TAA a partir de la semana dos. El grupo protector fue pretratado con 150 mg/kg de captopril al día durante dos semanas antes de las inyecciones de TAA y continuó recibiendo capropril y agentes TAA hasta que fue sacrificado en la semana 10. Observamos un daño sustancial en el tejido hepático en el grupo modelo, como lo demuestra un aumento significativo (p<0,0001) de los niveles en sangre y tejido hepático de proteína C reactiva de alta sensibilidad (hsCRP), factor de necrosis tumoral-α (TNF-a), interleucina-6 (L-6), HIF-1α, inhibidor tisular de metaloproteinasas-1 (TIMP-1), metaloproteinasa de matriz-9 (MMP-9), actina de músculo liso alfa (α-SMA), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y aspartato aminotransferasa (AST). Todos estos parámetros estaban significativamente (p<0,0244) protegidos por captopril. Además, se observó una correlación positiva significativa (p<0,0001) entre α-SMA (profibrosis) y los niveles séricos y tisulares de hsCRP, TNF-α, HIF-1α, TIMP- 1, MMP-9 y ALT. Por lo tanto, estos hallazgos sugieren que la inducción de daño hepático crónico por el compuesto hepatotóxico, TAA, está asociada con la regulación al alza de la inflamación/HIF-1α/profibrosis, con captopril exhibiendo efectos pleotrópicos hepáticos beneficiosos.

High-intensity interval training (treadmill) effects in myokines and endoplasmic reticulum stress of calf muscles in obese mice / Efectos del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (trotadora) en miocinas y estrés del retículo endoplasmático de los músculos surales en ratones obesos

SUMMARY: Obesity is commonly associated with chronic tissue inflammation and skeletal muscle dysfunction. The study aimed to investigate the effects of High-Intensity Interval training (HIIT) on myokines and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress of diet- induced obese (DIO) mice. Three-month-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed a control (C) diet (n=20) or a high-fat (HF) diet (n=20) for 16 weeks. Then, half of the groups underwent HIIT (treadmill running) for an additional four weeks. HIIT increased calf muscles' contribution to BW (+24 %) and reduced weight gain in HF/HIIT than in HF (-120 %). Intramuscular fat accumulation was observed in HF and HF/ HIIT. Peak velocity was higher in HF/HIIT compared to HF (+26 %). Plasma insulin did not change, but glycemia was lower in HF/HIIT than in HF (-30 %). Fndc5 (+418 %) and Irisin (+72 %) were higher in HF/HIIT than in HF. Muscle Fgf21 was higher in HF/HIIT compared to HF (+30 %). In addition, NfKb (-53 %) and Tnfa (-63 %) were lower in HF/HIIT than in HF. However, Il1b (-86 %), Il6 (- 48 %), Il7 (-76 %), and Il15 (-21 %) were lower in HF/HIIT than in HF. Finally, HIIT reduced ER stress in HF/HIIT compared to HF: Atf4, -61 %; Chop, -61 %; Gadd45, -95 %. In conclusion, HIIT leads to weight loss and avoids muscle depletion. HIIT improves blood glucose, Irisin-Fndc5, and peak velocity. In addition, HIIT mitigates muscle inflammation and ER stress.

La obesidad es asociada comúnmente con inflamación tisular crónica y disfunción del músculo esquelético. El estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos del entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad (HIIT) en las mioquinas y el estrés del retículo endoplásmico (ER) de ratones obesos inducidos por dieta (DIO). Se alimentó a ratones macho C57BL/6 de tres meses de edad con una dieta control (C) (n=20) o una dieta rica en grasas (HF) (n=20) durante 16 semanas. Luego, la mitad de los grupos se sometieron a HIIT (carrera en una trotadora) durante cuatro semanas más. HIIT aumentó la contribución de los músculos de la pantorrilla al BW (+24 %) y redujo el aumento de peso en HF/HIIT en HF (-120 %). Se observó acumulación de grasa intramuscular en HF y HF/HIIT. La velocidad máxima fue mayor en HF/HIIT en comparación con HF (+26 %). La insulina plasmática no cambió, pero la glucemia fue menor en HF/HIIT que en HF (-30 %). Fndc5 (+418 %) e Irisin (+72 %) fueron mayores en HF/HIIT que en HF. El Fgf21 muscular fue mayor en HF/ HIIT en comparación con HF (+30 %). Además, NfKb (-53 %) y Tnfa (-63 %) fueron menores en HF/HIIT que en HF. Sin embar- go, Il1b (-86 %), Il6 (-48 %), Il7 (-76 %) e Il15 (-21 %) fueron más bajos en HF/HIIT que en HF. Finalmente, HIIT redujo el estrés de RE en HF/HIIT en comparación con HF: Atf4, -61 %; Picar, - 61 %; Gadd45, -95 %. En conclusión, HIIT conduce a la pérdida de peso y evita el agotamiento muscular. HIIT mejora la glucosa en sangre, Irisin-Fndc5 y la velocidad máxima. Además, HIIT mitiga la inflamación muscular y el estrés ER.

Tejido adiposo epicárdico en personas que viven con VIH: ¿una ventana hacia el riesgo cardiovascular? / Epicardial adipose tissue in people living with HIV: a window towards cardiovascular risk?

Introducción: En las personas que viven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (PVVIH) se han descripto desregulaciones metabólicas que podrían vincularse a un mayor riesgo cardiovascular.Objetivo: Evaluar el espesor del tejido adiposo epicárdico (ETAE) y la relación del mismo con parámetros clínicos y bioquímicos de riesgo cardiovascular en adultos que viven con VIH, comparados con controles seronegativos.Materiales y métodos: Observacional, inclusión prospectiva. Se incluyeron PVVIH >18 años y controles seronegativos para VIH, a los cuales se les midió el espesor de TAE en dos ejes por ecocardiograma transtorácico, así como el espesor de íntima media carotídea por ecografía doppler color.Resultados: 75 pacientes, 58,7% del sexo masculino, edad de 36 años (RIQ 22). 50,7% con VIH (CD4+: 512 cél/mm3 RIQ 382; 80% indetectables). IMC de 25,2 kg/m2 (RIQ 5,3) y circunferencia de cintura de 88,5 cm (DS 12,4), sin diferencias. Las PVVIH tuvieron menor HDL, mayor proteína C reactiva, mayor dímero D y mayor glucemia en ayunas. El ETAE fue mayor en las PVVIH (4,05 vs. 3,49 mm p=0,021), y se correlacionó con la edad, glucemia en ayunas y dímero D. En las PVVIH, se correlacionó con insulinemia, índice HOMA2-IR, HDL-c y dímero D. El tratamiento con Efavirenz se asoció a un mayor ETAE.Conclusión: Las PVVIH presentaron mayor inflamación sistémica de bajo grado y un mayor espesor de TAE que los controles sanos, el cual se asoció en este grupo a insulinorresistencia

Introduction: For people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV), metabolic deregulations have been described, which could be related to a higher cardiovascular risk.Objective: To assess the epicardial adipose tissue thickness (EATT), and the relationship between this value and clinical and biochemical parameters of cardiovascular risk in adults living with HIV, if compared to a healthy control group. Methods: Observational, with prospective inclusion. It included PLHIV >18 years and seronegative controls. All of them had their EAT measured in two axes by transthoracic echocardiogram, as well as the carotid intima-media thickness determined by color doppler ultrasound.Results: 75 patients, 58.7% male, age of 36 years (RIQ 22). 50.7% patients with HIV (CD4+ of 512 cells/mm3; and 80% undetectable). BMI was of 25.2 kg/m2 and waist circumference of 88.5 cm, without between-groups differences. PLHIV had lower HDL, higher C reactive protein, higher D-dimer and higher fasting blood glucose. EATT was higher in PLHIV (4.05 vs 3.49 mm, p=0.021), and this correlated with age, fasting blood glucose and D-dimer. In PLHIV, it correlated with insulinemia, HOMA2-IR index, HDL-c ; and D-dimer. Treatment with Efavirenz was associated with a higher EATT.Conclusion: PLHIV presented increased systemic inflammation of low grade and higher EATT than the seronegative control group. EATT was associated in PLHIV to insulin resistance

Efeitos do D-limoneno no metabolismo energético de camundongos C57/Bl6 com obesidade induzida pela dieta / Effects of D-limonene on the energy metabolism of C57/Bl6 mice with diet-induced obesity

A obesidade está associada ao desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis como hipertensão, resistência insulínica, dislipidemia e esteatose hepática. O consumo de compostos bioativos impacta na manutenção da saúde e na prevenção de risco de desenvolvimento dessas doenças. Entre os compostos bioativos, os monoterpenos são pouco investigados, apesar da literatura demonstrar efeitos promissores desses compostos sobre o metabolismo. O D-limoneno, o principal monoterpeno encontrado na laranja, é caracterizado por possuir efeitos hipolipemiantes, anti-inflamatórios e anti-obesogênicos. Estudos in vitro e in vivo descrevem sua capacidade de promover a ß-oxidação de ácidos graxos em adipócitos e redução da inflamação. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito do D-limoneno no metabolismo e inflamação em um modelo de obesidade induzida por dieta. Para isso, quarenta camundongos machos (C57/Bl6) de 11 semanas de idade, foram distribuídos em 4 grupos, sendo que um dos grupos recebeu ração normolipídica e os demais, ração hiperlipídica. O D-limoneno foi suplementado na ração de dois grupos que receberam dieta hiperlipídica nas concentrações de 0,1%, e 0,8%. Considerando-se a ingestão alimentar dos animais, a ração suplementada com 0,1% D-limoneno correspondeu à ingestão de 0,15 g/kg/dia e ração com 0,8% de D-limoneno correspondeu a 1,3 g/kg/dia. Os animais tiveram o peso e a ingestão alimentar monitorados ao longo da intervenção com duração de 7 semanas. Os camundongos que receberam D-limoneno a 0,1% apresentaram menor ganho de peso e de acúmulo de tecido adiposo, comparado com os animais sem suplementação alimentados com a dieta hiperlipídica. Além disso, o D-limoneno promoveu a diminuição da concentração plasmática de marcadores inflamatórios incluindo TNF-α, INF-γ e IL-6 nos animais dos grupos que foram suplementados com D-limoneno. Entretanto, não houve diferença nos marcadores bioquímicos e metabólicos. Uma limitação do estudo foi o fato das complicações metabólicas associadas ao modelo de obesidade não terem sido plenamente estabelecidas, dados o alojamento individual, à curta duração da exposição à ração hiperlipídica e idade dos animais no início da suplementação. Esse fato pode ter dificultado a observação dos efeitos do D-limoneno na reversão dos parâmetros que seriam normalmente deteriorados pelo desenvolvimento da obesidade. Concluímos que o D-limoneno pode interferir no metabolismo energético, com possível efeito anti-obesogênico e anti-inflamatório. Devido às limitações do modelo, são necessários mais estudos para confirmar esses resultados

Obesity is associated with the development of chronic non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis. The intake of dietary bioactive compounds is associated with the maintenance of health and the prevention of chronic diseases. Among the group of bioactive compounds, monoterpenes are poorly investigated, in spite of several reports of their promising effects on metabolism. D-limonene is the main monoterpene found in oranges, known for its hypolipemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesogenic effects. in vitro and in vivo studies associate D-limonene to increased ß-oxidation of fatty acids in adipocytes and reduced inflammation. This study aimed at investigating the effects of D-limonene on metabolism and inflammation in a diet-induced obesity model. For this purpose, forty male mice (C57/Bl6) were distributed in 4 groups, with one group receiving a normolipidic diet and the others, a high-fat diet. D-limonene was supplemented in the diets of two groups that received high-fat diet at the concentrations of 0.1% and 0.8%. Considering the feed intake, mice receiving D-limonene supplementation at 0.1% ingested in average 0.15 g/kg/day, while the mice receiving the supplemmentation at 0.8%, ingested approximately 1.3 g of D-limonene /kg/day. The animals had their weight and food intake monitored throughout the intervention. Mice that received Dlimonene supplementation at 0.1% showed reduced weight gain and accumulation of adipose tissue compared to the non-supplemented mice fed the high-fat diet. In addition, D-limonene promoted a decrease in hepatic inflammatory markers including TNF-α, INF-γ, and IL-6. However, there was no difference in biochemical and metabolic markers. A limitation of the study was that the metabolic complications associated with the obesity model were not fully established, probably due to the age at the start of the protocol (11 weeks), individual housing and short duration of the exposure to the high-fat feed. This fact may have prevented the observation of the positive effects of D-limonene in reversing parameters that would normally be impaired by the development of obesity. We conclude that D-limonene may interfere in energy metabolism, with a possible anti-obesogenic and anti-inflammatory effect. Due to the limitations of the model, further studies are needed to confirm these findings

Investigação de marcadores moleculares sanguíneos durante a infecção pelo vírus Chikungunya / Investigation of blood molecular markers during Chikungunya virus infection

A febre Chikungunya (CHIKF) é uma infecção viral causada pelo vírus Chikungunya (CHIKV). Os sintomas agudos incluem febre alta de início súbito, erupção cutânea, poliartrite e poliartralgia. Embora a infecção geralmente seja resolvida em menos de duas semanas, muitos pacientes experenciam recorrente dor e inflamação nas articulações, que podem persistir por anos. Esse estudo buscou marcadores moleculares no sangue de infectados pelo CHIKV que estejam associados a dor articular e cronicidade da CHIKF. O sequenciamento de receptores de células B (BCR) e T (TCR) demonstrou que a infecção por CHIKV diminui a diversidade desses receptores. Essa diversidade é ainda menor, durante a fase aguda da infecção, naqueles pacientes que irão desenvolver cronicidade. A menor diversidade de BCR em infectados está associada a um aumento na expressão de genes envolvidos na diferenciação e ativação de osteoclastos pela sinalização RANK/RANKL. Em adição, a cronicidade pode estar relacionada um aumento na expressão do gene ZBTB7A cuja expressão confere maior resistência a apoptose em precursores de osteoclastos naqueles pacientes que vão se tornar crônicos. Caso o envolvimento dos osteoclastos durante a patogênese de CHIKF seja confirmado, os pacientes poderão se beneficiar de abordagens terapêuticas já existentes como alternativas adicionais ao tratamento de CHIKF

Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is a viral infection caused by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Acute symptoms include sudden-onset high fever, rash, polyarthritis, and polyarthralgia. Although the infection usually resolves within two weeks, many patients experience recurrent joint pain and inflammation, which can persist for years. This study sought molecular markers in the blood of CHIKV-infected individuals that are associated with joint pain and chronicity of CHIKF. Sequencing of B (BCR) and T (TCR) cell receptors demonstrated that CHIKV infection decreases the diversity of these receptors. The diversity is even lower, during the acute phase of the infection, in those patients who will develop chronicity. The lower diversity of BCR in infected individuals is associated with an increase in the expression of genes involved in the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts by RANK/RANKL signaling. In addition, chronicity may be related to an increase in the expression of the ZBTB7A gene whose expression confers greater resistance to apoptosis in osteoclast precursors in those patients who will become chronic. If osteoclast role during CHIKF pathogenesis is confirmed, patients may benefit from existing therapeutic approaches as additional alternatives to CHIKF treatment

Relación de IMC con marcadores de inflamación y hemoglobina glicosilada en niños y jóvenes con diabetes mellitus 1 / Relationship of BMI with markers of inflammation and glycosylated hemoglobin in children and young adults with diabetes mellitus 1

La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) es una enfermedad autoinmune que genera dependencia exógena de insulina de forma permanente, presenta inflamación subclínica crónica lo que conlleva a una elevación de marcadores de inflamación como factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α), proteína C reactiva (PCR) e interleuquina 6 (IL-6). OBJETIVO: determinar la relación entre el IMC sobre los marcadores de inflamación y el control metabólico en niños y jóvenes con DM1 entre 5 a 15 años de edad. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó un estudio clínico, observacional, exploratorio. A partir de La recolección de datos de fichas clínicas y muestras de sangre en el Instituto de Investigaciones Materno Infantil (IDIMI) del Hospital San Borja Arriarán de la Universidad de Chile. Clasificación del estado nutricional utilizando datos registrados en ficha clínica. Marcadores de inflamación por medio de ELISA, hemoglobina glicosilada mediante métodos estándares. El análisis estadístico incluyó correlaciones mediante test de Spearman y diferencia de medias mediante test de Kruskal-Wallis seguido de post hoc Dunns. RESULTADOS: Un 30% de los pacientes con DM1 presentaron malnutrición por exceso. Al analizar la relación entre los niveles de marcadores inflamatorios y Hb glicosilada se observó la existencia de asociacion positiva entre usPCR y HbA1c (r= 0,30; p=0,0352) y entre IL-6 y HbA1c (r= - 0,038; p=0,0352). CONCLUSIONES: este estudio describe una posible asociación entre parámetros clásicos de inflamación con la hemoglobina glicosilada en las categorias de sobrepeso y obesidad en pacientes con DM1.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that generates permanent exogenous insulin dependence, accompanied by chronic subclinical inflammation that leads to an elevation of inflammation markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between BMI on markers of inflammation and metabolic control in children and young people with T1D between 5 and 15 years of age. METHODOLOGY: A clinical, observational and exploratory study was carried out, based on the collection of data from clinical records and blood samples of children and adolescents with DM1 at the Instituto de Investigaciones Materno Infantil (IDIMI) of the Hospital San Borja Arriarán of the Universidad de Chile. Nutritional status, levels of inflammation markers and glycosylated hemoglobin were determined by standardized methods. Statistical analysis included correlations by Spearman test and mean difference by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post hoc Dunns test. RESULTS: A total of 56 patients with T1D were analyzed, 30% of whom presented excess malnutrition. Those children or adolescents with obesity presented significantly higher usPCR levels compared to underweight patients or patients at risk of malnutrition (p=0.039). In addition, HbA1c levels were determined which were negatively associated with usPCR (r= 0.30; p=0.0352) and IL-6 (r= - 0.038; p=0.0352) levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study points out that nutritional status is associated with usPCR levels, in agreement with what is described in the literature and shows a possible association between classical parameters of inflammation with glycosylated hemoglobin in children and adolescents with nutritional diagnosis of overweight or obesity.

The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) on xenograft and PRF in bone regeneration / Efeito da combinação de xenoenxerto e PRP na expressão de metaloproteinase de matriz -13 (MMP-13) durante regeneração óssea

Objective: inflammation may play a role in bone loss by altering the boné remodelling process, favouring bone resorption by osteoclasts over bone synthesis by osteoblasts. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) has the ability to activate osteoclasts, leading to bone resorption. Regenerative treatments have been widely used in periodontology. When combined with Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), xenografts will give better results in bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of xenograft combined with PRF on MMP-13 expression in a bone defect using an experimentally created bone defect. Material and Methods: eighteen New Zealand rabbits were assigned to three groups. Each group consisted of six New Zealand rabbits. A critical bone defect with a diameter size of 5 mm was created in the right tibia of each rabbit in group 1 (application: xenograft), group 2 (application: PRF), and group 3 (application: xenograft and PRF). The PRF was produced from 5 ml of blood taken from each rabbit's ears. After 30 days, the rabbits were euthanized. The tissue samples were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Results: group 3 showed the lowest mean expression of MMP-13 (4.50) compared to group 1 (20.50) and group 2 (11.70). Group 3 showed a significant difference in the MMP-13 expression compared to group 1 and group 2 (P = 0.000) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: this research showed that the combination of xenograft and PRF had the lowest expression of MMP-13. The application of a xenograft and PRF has better osteogenesis ability in bone regeneration.(AU)

Objetivo: inflamação pode interferir na perda óssea através de alterações no processo de remodelação, favorecendo a reabsorção óssea pelos osteoclastos ao invés da síntese pelos osteoblastos. A metaloproteinases de matriz 13 (MMP-13) ativa osteoclastos causando reabsorção óssea. Tratamentos regenerativos têm sido amplamente usados na periodontia. Quando combinamos Plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) e xenoenxerto levam a melhores resultados de regeneração óssea. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de xenoenxerto combinado com PRP na expressão de MMP-13 em defeitos ósseos experimentais. Material e Métodos: dezoitos coelhos Nova Zelândia foram distribuídos em 3 grupos de 6 coelhos cada. Um defeito ósseo de 5 mm de diâmetro foi feito na tíbia direita dos animais do grupo 1 (xenoenxerto), grupo 2 (PRP) e grupo 3 (Xenoenxerto+PRP). O PRP foi obtido pela coleta de 5mL de sangue das orelhas dos coelhos. Após 30 dias, os coelhos foram eutanasiados. As amostras foram submetidas a coloração imuno-histoquímica. Resultados: o grupo 3 apresentou a menor expressão de MMP-13 (4.50) quando comparado ao grupo 1 (20.50) e ao grupo 2 (11.70). O grupo 3 mostrou diferença estatística significante em relação a expressão de MMP-13 quando comparado aos grupos 1 e 2 (p=0.000) (p< 0.05). Conclusão: esta pesquisa mostra que a combinação de xenoenxerto e PRP teve a menor expressão de MMP-13. A combinação de xenoenxerto e PRP têm maior habilidade de osteogênese na regeneração óssea (AU)

Relación entre la composición de la microbiota y la hipertensión arterial esencial. Una revisión narrativa / Relationship between microbiota composition and essential hypertension. A narrative review

La hipertensión arterial esencial es una patología de alta prevalencia a nivel mundial, y uno de los determinantes más significativos para enfermedad cardiovascular. Por otra parte, se ha generado un gran interés por la microbiota del cuerpo, y la forma en que se ve alterada por factores tanto internos como externos, ocasionando disbiosis. En la actualidad se viene estudiando el efecto de la microbiota en diferentes enfermedades, entre ellas, la relación entre la microbiota y la hipertensión. En este artículo se hizo una revisión de la literatura, entre 2010 a 2021, con el objetivo de identificar la evidencia científica que sustenta la relación entre la composición de la microbiota y la hipertensión arterial esencial. Se encontró en muchos estudios que los hipertensos tenían una diversidad menor de la microbiota, en comparación con los grupos de control sanos. En los hipertensos se encontraron principalmente bacterias del género Prevotella y en el grupo control predominaba el género Bacteroidetes. Adicionalmente, se observó una disminución de Faecalibacterium, Roseburia y Bifidobacterium en el grupo de hipertensos. Existen varias técnicas de laboratorio para el reconocimiento de la población bacteriana del intestino, tales como la secuenciación de la subunidad de ARNr 16S, la secuenciación del genoma completo y la metagenómica de la microbiota. A pesar de que los estudios realizados sobre la relación microbiota e hipertensión concluyen que existe una relación significativa entre ambas, es necesario hacer más investigaciones en diferentes grupos poblacionales

Essential arterial hypertension is a highly prevalent pathology worldwide and is one of the most significant determinants of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, great interest has been generated in the microbiota of the body, and how it is altered by both internal and external factors, causing dysbiosis. Currently, the effect of the microbiota in different diseases is being studied, including the relationship between the microbiota and hypertension. In this article, a review of the literature was made, between 2010 and 2021, with the objective of identifying the scientific evidence that supports the relationship between the composition of the microbiota and essential arterial hypertension. It was found in many studies that individuals with high blood pressure had lower microbiota diversity compared to healthy control groups. In hypertensive patients, bacteria of the genus Prevotella were mainly found, while in the control group the genus Bacteroidetes predominated. Additionally, a decrease in Faecalibacterium, Roseburia and Bifidobacterium was observed in the hypertensive group. There are several laboratory techniques for the analysis of the intestinal bacterial population, such as 16S rRNA subunit sequencing, whole genome sequencing, and microbiota metagenomics. Despite the fact that the studies conclude that there is a significant relationship between microbiota and hypertension, it is necessary to do more research in different population groups

Gut dysbiosis, inflammation and type 2 diabetes in mice using synthetic gut microbiota from diabetic humans / Disbiose intestinal, inflamação e diabetes tipo 2 em camundongos usando microbiota intestinal sintética de humanos diabéticos

Abstract The study was aimed to assess impact of high fat diet (HFD) and synthetic human gut microbiota (GM) combined with HFD and chow diet (CD) in inducing type-2 diabetes (T2D) using mice model. To our knowledge, this is the first study using selected human GM transplantation via culture based method coupled dietary modulation in mice for in vivo establishment of inflammation leading to T2D and gut dysbiosis. Twenty bacteria (T2D1-T2D20) from stool samples of confirmed T2D subjects were found to be morphologically different and subjected to purification on different media both aerobically and anerobically, which revealed seven bacteria more common among 20 isolates on the basis of biochemical characterization. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, these seven isolates were identified as Bacteroides stercoris (MT152636), Lactobacillus acidophilus (MT152637), Lactobacillus salivarius (MT152638), Ruminococcus bromii (MT152639), Klebsiella aerogenes (MT152640), Bacteroides fragilis (MT152909), Clostridium botulinum (MT152910). The seven isolates were subsequently used as synthetic gut microbiome (GM) for their role in inducing T2D in mice. Inbred strains of albino mice were divided into four groups and were fed with CD, HFD, GM+HFD and GM+CD. Mice receiving HFD and GM+modified diet (CD/HFD) showed highly significant (P<0.05) increase in weight and blood glucose concentration as well as elevated level of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1) compared to mice receiving CD only. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 11 fecal bacteria obtained from three randomly selected animals from each group revealed gut dysbiosis in animals receiving GM. Bacterial strains including Bacteroides gallinarum (MT152630), Ruminococcus bromii (MT152631), Lactobacillus acidophilus (MT152632), Parabacteroides gordonii (MT152633), Prevotella copri (MT152634) and Lactobacillus gasseri (MT152635) were isolated from mice treated with GM+modified diet (HFD/CD) compared to strains Akkermansia muciniphila (MT152625), Bacteriodes sp. (MT152626), Bacteroides faecis (MT152627), Bacteroides vulgatus (MT152628), Lactobacillus plantarum (MT152629) which were isolated from mice receiving CD/HFD. In conclusion, these findings suggest that constitution of GM and diet plays significant role in inflammation leading to onset or/and possibly progression of T2D. .

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da dieta rica em gordura (HFD) e da microbiota intestinal humana sintética (GM) combinada com HFD e dieta alimentar (CD) na indução de diabetes tipo 2 (T2D) usando modelo de camundongos. Para nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro estudo usando transplante de GM humano selecionado através do método baseado em cultura acoplada à modulação dietética em camundongos para o estabelecimento in vivo de inflamação que leva a T2D e disbiose intestinal. Vinte bactérias (T2D1-T2D20) de amostras de fezes de indivíduos T2D confirmados verificaram ser morfologicamente diferentes e foram submetidas à purificação em meios diferentes aerobicamente e anaerobicamente, o que revelou sete bactérias mais comuns entre 20 isolados com base na caracterização bioquímica. Com base no sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA, esses sete isolados foram identificados como Bacteroides stercoris (MT152636), Lactobacillus acidophilus (MT152637), Lactobacillus salivarius (MT152638), Ruminococcus bromii (MT152639), Klebsiella aerogenides (MT152640), Bacteroides fragilis (MT152909), Clostridium botulinum (MT152910). Esses sete isolados foram, posteriormente, usados ​​como microbioma intestinal sintético (GM) por seu papel na indução de T2D em camundongos. Linhagens consanguíneas de camundongos albinos foram divididas em quatro grupos e foram alimentadas com CD, HFD, GM + HFD e GM + CD. Camundongos que receberam a dieta modificada com HFD e GM + (CD / HFD) mostraram um aumento altamente significativo (P < 0,05) no peso e na concentração de glicose no sangue, bem como um nível elevado de citocinas inflamatórias (TNF-α, IL-6 e MCP-1) em comparação com os ratos que receberam apenas CD. O sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA de 11 bactérias fecais obtidas de três animais selecionados aleatoriamente de cada grupo revelou disbiose intestinal em animais que receberam GM. Cepas bacterianas, incluindo Bacteroides gallinarum (MT152630), Ruminococcus bromii (MT152631), Lactobacillus acidophilus (MT152632), Parabacteroides gordonii (MT152633), Prevotella copri (MT152634) e Lactobacillus Gasseri (MT152635D), foram tratadas com dieta modificada / CD) em comparação com as linhagens Akkermansia muciniphila (MT152625), Bacteriodes sp. (MT152626), Bacteroides faecis (MT152627), Bacteroides vulgatus (MT152628), Lactobacillus plantarum (MT152629), que foram isoladas de camundongos recebendo CD / HFD. Em conclusão, esses resultados sugerem que a constituição de GM e dieta desempenham papel significativo na inflamação levando ao início ou/e possivelmente à progressão de T2D.

Ovariectomy exacerbates glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats / A ovariectomia intensifica a lesão renal aguda induzida pelo glicerol em ratas

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ovariectomy on glycerol-induced renal changes in rats. Methods: Twenty-four female Wistar rats were submitted to ovariectomized (OVX) or sham surgery. One week after surgery, the animals received an intramuscular injection (8ml/kg) of 50% glycerol or saline (0.15 M) solution. These animals were divided into the following groups (n=6 per group): Sham, sham-operated female rats injected with saline; OVX, ovariectomized female rats injected with saline; Sham+Gly, sham-operated female rats injected with glycerol; OVX+Gly, ovariectomized female rats injected with glycerol. All rats were euthanized 3 days after the injections and the kidneys were removed for histological and immunohistochemical studies. Blood and urine samples were also collected for renal function studies. Results: The OVX+Gly group presented higher creatinine serum levels, as well as greater fractional excretion of sodium and urinary flow than the Sham+Gly group. Histological lesions and tubulointerstitial staining for macrophages, nuclear factor-kappa B, and nitrotyrosine were more pronounced in the renal cortex of the OVX+Gly group compared to the Sham+Gly group. Conclusion: We conclude that ovariectomy aggravated changes in renal function and structure in glycerol-induced acute kidney injury by the intensification of the proinflammatory tissue response.

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da ovariectomia nas alterações renais induzidas pelo glicerol em ratas. Métodos: Vinte e quatro ratas Wistar foram submetidas à ovariectomia (OVX) ou cirurgia sham (intervenção falsa). Uma semana após a cirurgia, os animais receberam injeção intramuscular (8ml/kg) de glicerol a 50% ou solução salina (0,15 M). As ratas foram divididas nos seguintes grupos (n=6 por grupo): Sham, fêmeas sham-operadas e injetadas com solução salina; OVX, fêmeas ovariectomizadas e injetadas com solução salina; Sham+Gly, fêmeas sham-operadas e injetados com glicerol; OVX+Gly, fêmeas ovariectomizadas e injetadas com glicerol. Todas as ratas foram eutanasiadas 3 dias após as injeções e os rins foram removidos para estudos histológicos e imuno-histoquímicos. Amostras de sangue e urina também foram coletadas para estudos de função renal. Resultados: O grupo OVX+Gly apresentou maiores níveis séricos de creatinina, assim como maiores fração de excreção de sódio e fluxo urinário do que o grupo Sham+Gly. As lesões histológicas e imunomarcação tubulointersticial para macrófagos, fator nuclear-kappa B e nitrotirosina foram mais pronunciadas no córtex renal do grupo OVX+Gly em comparação ao grupo Sham+Gly. Conclusão: Concluímos que a ovariectomia agravou as alterações na função e estrutura renal, na lesão renal aguda induzida por glicerol, pela intensificação da resposta tecidual pró-inflamatória.

A dieta inflamatória não está associada à qualidade do sono de estudantes universitários adultos jovens de uma cidade do Nordeste do Brasil / Inflammatory diet is not associated with sleep quality of young adult university students from a city in Northeast Brazil

Introdução: Estudantes universitários da área de saúde apresentam uma rotina que exacerba inadequações no estilo de vida e sono, as quais contribuem para um estado de inflamação crônica de baixo grau. Objetivo: investigar se há associação entre o consumo de uma dieta pró-inflamatória e a qualidade do sono de estudantes universitários. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal, com amostra de conveniência que incluiu 102 universitários, com 18 ou mais anos de idade, recrutados entre março de 2019 e março de 2020, matriculados em cursos de Nutrição de universidades públicas e privadas da cidade de Fortaleza. A qualidade do sono foi avaliada por meio da escala Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) ou Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh, validado no Brasil (PSQI-BR). O consumo alimentar foi investigado a partir de um questionário de frequência alimentar. Foi determinado o Padrão Empírico de Inflamação da Dieta (EDIP-SP), validado para o Brasil, o qual quantifica ingestão de carnes processadas, verduras, legumes, frutas, arroz e feijão. Também foi determinada a presença de inflamação crônica por meio dos marcadores proteína C-reativa e Relação Neutrófilo/Linfócito. Resultados: A alimentação consumida é, em média, anti-inflamatória (-1,57 ± 0,69). Apenas 1,96% dos avaliados tinha boa qualidade do sono; 75,49% apresentavam distúrbio do sono. Não houve associação entre o EDIP-SP e os marcadores inflamatórios investigados, nem com a qualidade do sono. Discussão: A maioria dos estudantes apresentou má qualidade do sono e dieta anti-inflamatória. Esta homogeneidade pode ter determinado a ausência de associação e correlações. Conclusões: Os estudantes universitários avaliados têm má qualidade do sono, mas ingerem dieta anti-inflamatória, sem associação entre estas duas variáveis(AU)

Introduction: University students in the health area have a routine that exacerbates inadequacies in lifestyle and sleep, which contribute to a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. Objective: to evaluate whether there is an association between the consumption of pro-inflammatory diet and the sleep quality of university students. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study, with a convenience sample that included 102 university students, aged 18 or over, recruited between March 2019 and March 2020, enrolled in Nutrition courses at public and private universities in the Fortaleza city. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), validated in Brazil (PSQI-BR). Food consumption was investigated using a food frequency questionnaire, and the Empirical Dietary Inflammation Pattern (EDIP-SP), validated by Brazil. The EDIP-SP quantifies the intake of processed meats, vegetables, fruits, rice and beans. The presence of inflammation was also determined through the markers C-reactive protein and Neutrophil/ Lymphocyte Ratio. Results: The food consumed is, on average, anti-inflammatory (-1.57 ± 0.69). Only 1.96% of those evaluated had good sleep quality; 75.49% had a sleep disorder. There was no association between EDIPSP and the inflammatory markers investigated, nor with sleep quality. Discussion: Most students had poor sleep quality and anti-inflammatory diet. This homogeneity may have determined the absence of association and correlations. Conclusions: The evaluated university students have poor sleep quality, but eat an antiinflammatory diet, with no association between these two variables(AU)

Analysis of the biocompatibility of a biocelulose and a poly L- lactic acid membrane

The use of selective barriers as resorbable membranes has become a routine clinical procedure for guided bone regeneration. Therefore, the production of membranes with a low inflammatory potential during their resorption process has become the goal of a considerable number of researches. Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of poly (L- lactic acid) (PLLA) and biocelulose membranes (BC) inserted in the subcutaneous tissue on the dorsum of rats. Methods: Fifteen animals underwent surgical procedures for the insertion of 4 types of membranes: COL (Collagen membrane) ­ Control Group; BC (Biocellulose membrane); BCAg (Biocellulose membrane impregnated with Silver); PLLA (Poly (L-lactic acid) membrane). All membrane types were inserted into each animal. Animals were euthanized after 3, 7, and 15 days of the surgical procedure. Descriptive histological analyses were carried out to investigate host tissue reaction to membrane presence by assessing the anti-inflammatory process composition associated with the membrane resorption and the presence of foreign-body reaction or encapsulation. Results: The BC membranes showed a higher degree of inflammation and poor pattern of integration with the surrounding tissues than the PLLA and COL membranes. Conclusion: The PLLA and COL membranes present better biocompatibility than the BC membranes

Comparison of gingival inflammatory parameters and pain perception on periodontal probing - a cross sectional study, part II / Comparación de parámetros inflamatorios gingivales y percepción del dolor en el sondaje periodontal - un estudio transversal, parte II

Background: Probing of the periodontal pocket is an essential part of the diagnosis of periodontal disease and 15-77% of untreated periodontal patients experience pain during probing. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the pain perceived by patients with dental plaque-induced gingivitis and chronic periodontitis during periodontal probing and the main objective includes the evaluation of the relationship between pain perceived during periodontal probing and gingival inflammatory parameters. Material and Methods: A total of 475 participants were recruited into the study. The patients were divided into two groups: Group-A (Gingivitis Group - 275 patients) and Group-B (Chronic Periodontitis Group - 200 patients). Clinical parameters included analysis of bleeding on probing, simplified gingival index, pocket depth on probing, and clinical attachment level. Pain score was recorded using the HP VAS scale and all patients participated in the study after a detailed explanation of the study protocol. Results: A significant difference in pain perception was noted between groups, highlighting the role of the degree of inflammation in the examination of periodontal parameters. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, we can conclude that pain perception is directly correlated with the degree of inflammation in periodontitis rather than plaque-induced gingivitis during periodontal probing. Therefore, some form of adjuvant topical anesthesia may be considered in order to reduce pain levels in severely inflamed patients, to encourage continued acceptance of supportive periodontal therapy.

Antecedentes: El sondaje de la bolsa periodontal es una parte esencial en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad periodontal. 15-77% de los pacientes periodontales no tratados experimentan dolor durante el sondaje. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el dolor percibido por pacientes con gingivitis inducida por placa dental y periodontitis crónica durante el sondaje periodontal y el objetivo principal incluye la evaluación de la relación entre el dolor percibido durante el sondaje periodontal con parámetros inflamatorios gingivales. Material y Métodos: Un total de 475 sujetos fueron reclutados en el estudio. Los sujetos se dividieron en 2 grupos: Grupo - A (Grupo de gingivitis - 275 pacientes) y Grupo - B (Grupo de periodontitis crónica - 200 pacientes). Los parámetros clínicos incluyeron el análisis del sangrado al sondaje, el índice gingival simplificado, la profundidad de la bolsa al sondaje y el nivel de inserción clínica. La puntuación del dolor se registró utilizando la escala HP VAS y todos los pacientes participaron en el estudio después de una explicación detallada del protocolo del estudio. Resultados: Se notó una diferencia significativa en la percepción del dolor en el grupo B que en el grupo A, lo que significa el papel del grado de inflamación en el examen de los parámetros periodontales. Conclusión: Dentro de las limitaciones del presente estudio, podemos concluir que la percepción del dolor se correlaciona directamente con el grado de inflamación que se observa en la periodontitis más que con la gingivitis inducida por la placa dental durante el sondaje periodontal. Por lo tanto, se puede considerar alguna forma de anestesia tópica adyuvante para reducir los niveles de dolor en pacientes gravemente inflamados para fomentar la aceptación continua de la terapia periodontal de apoyo.

Riscos de infecção por SARS-CoV-2 e COVID-19 em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos / Risks of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 infection in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Esta revisão narrativa teve como objetivo avaliar possíveis riscos da associação entre a infecção por SARS-CoV-2 (causa da COVID-19) e as características metabólicas e endócrinas frequentemente encontradas em mulheres com a síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP). A COVID-19 é mais grave em indivíduos com obesidade, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e hipertensão arterial. Como essas condições são comorbidades comumente associadas à SOP, foi hipotetizado que mulheres com SOP teriam maior risco de adquirir COVID-19 e desenvolver formas clínicas mais graves da doença. Considerando vários estudos epidemiológicos, a presente revisão mostra que mulheres com SOP têm risco 28% a 50% maior de serem infectadas pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 em todas as idades e que, nessas mulheres, a COVID-19 está associada a maiores taxas de hospitalização, morbidade e mortalidade, especialmente naquelas com alterações no metabolismo de carboidratos e lipídios, hiperandrogenemia e aumento do tecido adiposo visceral. Os mecanismos que explicam o maior risco de infecção por COVID-19 em mulheres com SOP são considerados.(AU)

Relação da psoríase com doenças cardiovasculares: uma revisão integrativa / Relation between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases: An integrative review

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that courses with chronic inflammation of the skin and exaggerated growth of keratinocytes, with a decrease in life expectancy mainly due to cardiovascular diseases. However, cardiometabolic conditions are poorly investigated. The objective of this study was to verify the relationship between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases, seeking to answer: "What is the relationship between chronic inflammation present in psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases?" It is an integrative review using the PubMed platform and the descriptors "Psoriasis", "Cardiovascular diseases" and "Risk factors", with the boolean "AND." Was obtained 72 articles that, after analysis and exclusion, resulted in 12 publications. In conclusion, there was a relationship between several metabolic cytokines and those involved in the pathophysiology of psoriasis, directly associated with increased cardiovascular risks, due to chronic inflammation.

Psoríase é doença autoimune que cursa com inflamação crônica da pele e crescimento exagerado de queratinócitos, tendo a diminuição da expectativa de vida principalmente por doenças cardiovasculares. Contudo, as condições cardiometabólicas são pouco investigadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a relação entre a psoríase e as doenças cardiovasculares procurando responder: "Qual a relação da inflamação crônica presente na psoríase com as doenças cardiovasculares?". É revisão integrativa utilizando a plataforma PubMed e os descritores "Psoríase", "Doenças cardiovasculares" e "Fatores de risco", com o booleano "AND". Obteve-se 72 artigos que, após análise e exclusão, resultaram em 12 publicações. Em conclusão, observou-se relação entre várias citocinas metabólicas e envolvidas na fisiopatologia da psoríase, diretamente associadas ao aumento dos riscos cardiovasculares, devido a um quadro de inflamação crônica.

Qual é a influência da microbiota na obesidade e em seu quadro inflamatório? / What is the influence of microbiota on obesity and its inflammatory involvement?

A obesidade tem causa multifatorial que atinge atualmente mais da metade da população brasileira. Mais recentemente, a microbiota intestinal foi considerada um fator que contribui para essa condição. Os objetivos deste estudo foram revisar a influência da microbiota intestinal na obesidade e no processo inflamatório, e analisar os efeitos da utilização dos pré e probióticos. Foi realizada revisão sistemática sobre o assunto. Dos mais de 27.000 artigos, apenas 16 respeitaram os critérios de inclusão. Em conclusão, o desequilíbrio da microbiota aparece como fator favorável ao desenvolvimento da obesidade e do quadro inflamatório decorrente dela. Tanto o uso de prebióticos quanto probióticos são recursos válidos no tratamento da obesidade, porém os primeiros parecem proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida.

Obesity has a multifactorial etiological condition that involves more than half of the Brazilian population. More recently, the intestinal microbiota was considered a factor that contributes to this condition. The aims of this study were to review the intestinal microbiota influence in the obesity and in the inflammatory response, and to analyze the effects of using prebiotic and probiotic medications. A systematic review was firstly done. More than 27,000 articles were found, but only 16 contained the proper criteria. In conclusion, the microbiota imbalance seems to increase the obesity development and its inflammatory aspects. Both the use of pre and probiotics are good options in the obesity treatment, though the first ones seem to enhance bettere quality of life.

O índice de massa corporal tem algum papel na atividade inflamatória na artrite reumatoide / Does the body mass index have any role in inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis?

Artrite reumatoide é doença reumática autoimune e crônica. Acredita-se que a obesidade pode intervir nos seus parâmetros inflamatórios. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se existe correlação entre atividade inflamatória dela e o índice de massa corporal (IMC).É estudo transversal retrospectivo nos quais foram obtidos dados de biometria (peso e altura) para cálculo do IMC e de atividade inflamatória. Estudaram-se 676 pacientes (87,5% mulheres com mediana de idade de 59,6 anos). Nesta população, 1,3% estava abaixo do peso normal; 28,1% dentro do peso normal; 35,3% sobrepeso; 31% obesidade grau I e 4,1% obesidade grau 2. Encontrou-se fraca correlação entre o DAS 28-PCR com o IMC. Correlações com os demais parâmetros de inflamação foram não significantes. Em conclusão existe alta proporção de pacientes com artrite reumatoide acima do peso normal e fraca correlação entre IMC e DAS28-PCR

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune and chronic rheumatic disease. It is believed that obesity can intervene in its inflammatory parameters. The objective of this study was to verify if there is a correlation between her inflammatory activity and the body mass index (BMI). It is a retrospective cross-sectional study in which biometric data (weight and height) were obtained to calculate BMI and inflammatory activity. We studied 676 patients (87.5% women with a median age of 59.6 years). In this population, 1.3% were underweight; 28.1% within normal weight; 35.3% overweight; 31% grade I obesity and 4.1% grade 2 obesity. We found a weak correlation between DAS 28-CRP and BMI. Correlations with the other inflammation parameters were not significant. In conclusion, there is a high proportion of patients with rheumatoid arthritis above normal weight and a weak correlation between BMI and DAS28-CRP

Echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness and immature granulocyte are novel inflammatory predictors of acute ischemic stroke: a prospective study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the most common type of stroke. Inflammation is the primary factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Use of immature granulocytes (IGs) has been recommended as a new indicator of systemic inflammation. However, data on the association between echocardiographic epicardial fat tissue thickness (EFT) and IGs in patients with AIS are limited. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the presences of IGs, epicardial fat tissue and AIS. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study in a tertiary-care university hospital in Antalya, Turkey. METHODS: Our study included 53 AIS patients and 41 healthy controls with age and gender compatibility. Blood samples and transthoracic echocardiography of all participants were compared. RESULTS: IG levels were significantly higher in patients with AIS than in controls (0.62 ± 0.36 versus 0.28 ± 0.02, P < 0.001). The mean EFT was 3.74 ± 0.61 mm in the control group and 6.33 ± 1.47 mm in the AIS patient group. EFT was significantly greater in AIS patients than in controls (P < 0.001). For the optimum cut-off value for IG (0.95), the area under the curve (AUC) was determined to be 0.840; sensitivity was determined to be 81.1% and specificity, 92.5%. For the optimum cut-off value for EFT (4.95 mm), the AUC was determined to be 0.953; sensitivity was determined to be 90.6% and specificity, 90%. CONCLUSIONS: IG and echocardiographic EFT are clinical markers that can be used to predict AIS risk.

Parámetros del líquido amniótico para diagnóstico de respuesta inflamatoria en parto pretérmino / Amniotic fluid parameters for the diagnosis of inflammatory response in preterm delivery

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el rendimiento del Gram, la glucosa y los leucocitos en líquido amniótico para el diagnóstico de respuesta inflamatoria fetal y materna en pacientes con parto pretérmino. MÉTODO: Estudio de rendimiento de pruebas diagnósticas. Se incluyeron 63 pacientes a quienes se les realizó amniocentesis por sospecha de infección intraamniótica. Se estudió la placenta y se comparó con el Gram, la glucosa y el recuento de leucocitos en líquido amniótico para ver su relación con la respuesta inflamatoria. Se evaluaron la sensibilidad, la especificidad, las razones de verosimilitud (LR, likelihood ratio), los valores predictivos y el valor de kappa. RESULTADOS: Las pruebas con mejor rendimiento fueron en conjunto la glucosa 50/mm3 en líquido amniótico, con una especificidad del 94,3% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 84,6-98,1), LR + 8,83 (IC95%: 2,5-31,2) y kappa de 0,48 (IC95%: 0,15-0,82). También se consideró la propuesta de un nuevo punto de corte para el recuento de leucocitos en líquido amniótico en la respuesta inflamatoria fetal. CONCLUSIONES: La combinación del recuento de leucocitos en líquido amniótico y los valores de glucosa mejora el rendimiento para el diagnóstico de respuesta inflamatoria fetal en comparación con la histopatología de la placenta, lo que proporciona información útil para el enfoque de los recién nacidos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of Gram, glucose and leukocytes in amniotic fluid for the diagnosis of fetal and maternal inflammatory response in patients with preterm delivery. METHOD: A diagnostic performance test study was carried out. Sixty-three patients with preterm labor were included who underwent amniocentesis due to suspected intra-amniotic infection. Histopathology of the placenta was studied and compared with the Gram result, glucose and leukocyte count in amniotic fluid, and their relationship with the maternal and fetal inflammatory response. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, predictive values, and kappa were evaluated. RESULTS: The tests with the best performance were overall glucose 50/mm3 in amniotic fluid for the diagnosis of the fetal inflammatory response, with a specificity of 94.3% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 84.6-98.1%), likelihood positive ratio 8.83 (95% CI: 2.5-31.2) and kappa of 0.48 (95% CI: 0.15-0.82). A new cut-off point for leukocyte count in amniotic fluid to diagnose fetal inflammatory response was proposed. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of amniotic fluid leukocyte count and amniotic fluid glucose values improves performance for the diagnosis of inflammatory response compared with placental histopathology, providing useful information for newborns approach.