Serological and vaccine evaluation for hepatitis B among Community Health Workers / Avaliação sorológica e vacinal para hepatite B entre Agentes Comunitários de Saúde / Evaluación serológica y vacuna para la hepatitis B entre Agentes Comunitarios de Salud

Abstract Objective: to identify the vaccination and serological status against hepatitis B among community health workers; to vaccinate against hepatitis B virus and to evaluate the immune response of susceptible workers. Method: phase I, cross-sectional and descriptive study, among community health workers in a capital city of the Midwest region, through a self-administered questionnaire, checking of vaccination cards, and blood collection for testing of serological markers for hepatitis B. Phase II, cohort study carried out in vaccinated non-immune workers identified in phase I. They received one dose of vaccine (challenge dose) and serological testing. Results: a total of 109 workers participated in the study. Most had vaccination record (97; 89.0%) and vaccination completeness (75; 77.3%), while the isolated anti-HBs (Antibodies against hepatitis B virus) marker was detected in 78 (71.6%) workers. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus exposure was 8.2%. Of the ten non-immune vaccinated workers, after challenge dose, one remained susceptible. Conclusion: although most workers are vaccinated and show immunological response to hepatitis B, susceptibility after challenge dose was identified. Therefore, it is necessary to have a surveillance program of the vaccination situation and serological status for this virus, to promote these workers' safety.

Resumo Objetivo: identificar a situação vacinal e sorológica contra hepatite B entre agentes comunitários de saúde; vacinar contra o vírus da hepatite B e avaliar a resposta imunológica dos agentes susceptíveis. Método: fase I, estudo transversal e descritivo, entre agentes comunitários de saúde de uma capital da região Centro-oeste, por meio de questionário autoaplicável, conferência do cartão vacinal e coleta de sangue para testagem dos marcadores sorológicos para hepatite B. Fase II, estudo de coorte realizado em trabalhadores vacinados não imunes e identificados na fase I. Estes receberam uma dose da vacina (dose desafio) e teste sorológico. Resultados: participaram do estudo 109 agentes. A maioria tinha registro de vacinação (97; 89,0%) e completude vacinal (75; 77,3%), já o marcador anti-HBs (anticorpos contra o vírus da hepatite B) isolado foi detectado em 78 (71,6%) agentes. A prevalência de exposição ao vírus da hepatite B foi de 8,2%. Dos dez agentes vacinados não imunes, após a dose desafio, um permaneceu susceptível. Conclusão: apesar da maioria dos trabalhadores estarem vacinados e apresentarem resposta imunológica para hepatite B, a suscetibilidade após a dose desafio foi identificada. Portanto, é necessário que haja um programa de vigilância da situação vacinal e estado sorológico para este vírus, para promover a segurança destes trabalhadores.

Resumen Objetivo: identificar la situación de la vacunación y serología contra la hepatitis B entre agentes comunitarios de la salud, vacunar contra el virus de la hepatitis B y evaluar la respuesta inmunológica de los agentes susceptibles. Método: fase I, estudio transversal y descriptivo, entre agentes comunitarios de la salud de una capital de la región centro oeste, por medio de cuestionario autoadministrado, verificación del carné de vacunación y extracción de sangre para comprobar los marcadores serológicos para la hepatitis B. Fase II, estudio de cohorte realizado en trabajadores vacunados no inmunes e identificados en la Fase I; estos recibieron una dosis de la vacuna (dosis de desafío) y realizaron el test serológico. Resultados: participaron del estudio 109 agentes. La mayoría tenía registro de vacunación (97; 89,0%) y de cobertura de vacunación (75; 77,3%); el marcador anti-HBs (Anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis B) aislado fue detectado en 78 (71,6%) de los agentes. La prevalencia de exposición al virus de la hepatitis B fue de 8,2%. De los diez agentes vacunados no inmunes, después de la dosis desafío, uno permaneció susceptible. Conclusión: a pesar de que la mayoría de los trabajadores estaban vacunados y presentaron respuesta inmunológica para la hepatitis B, la susceptibilidad, después de la dosis desafío, fue identificada. Por tanto, es necesario que exista un programa de vigilancia de la situación de vacunación y estado serológico para este virus, para promover la seguridad de estos trabajadores.

Nursing performance in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 units: Implications for occupational health / Atuação da enfermagem em unidades dedicadas e não dedicadas à COVID-19: implicações na saúde ocupacional / Trabajo de enfermería en unidades dedicadas y no dedicadas al COVID-19: consecuencias para la salud ocupacional

Abstract Objective: to analyze the implications of the pandemic on the Nursing team's occupational health according to its performance in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 units. Method: a multicenter and mixed-methods study, with a sequential explanatory strategy. A total of 845 professionals took part in the first stage, answering an electronic form which contained sociodemographic and work-related variables, as well as about the pandemic and their health, in addition to the Self-Reporting Questionnaire. 19 professionals were interviewed in the second stage. The quantitative data were submitted to statistical analysis and the qualitative ones to thematic content analysis, with integration by connection. Results: the pandemic exerted impacts on the professionals' health, both in the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 areas. However, composition of the teams presented different characteristics between the areas, as well as the risk perceptions and the work demands. Conclusion: the professionals working in areas COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 areas are equally affected, although with different work exposure regarding the requirements at work in the COVID-19 units and the fear of contamination in non-COVID-19 units.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar as implicações da pandemia sobre a saúde ocupacional da equipe de enfermagem conforme a atuação em unidades dedicadas e não dedicadas à COVID-19. Método: estudo multicêntrico, de método misto, estratégia explanatória sequencial. Participaram 845 profissionais na primeira etapa, respondendo a um formulário eletrônico contendo variáveis sociodemográficas, laborais, sobre a pandemia e sua saúde e o Self-Reporting Questionnaire. Na segunda etapa, 19 profissionais foram entrevistados. Os dados quantitativos foram submetidos à estatística analítica e os qualitativos à análise temática de conteúdo, sendo integrados por conexão. Resultados: os impactos da pandemia sobre a saúde dos profissionais ocorreram tanto nas áreas dedicadas como nas não dedicadas à COVID-19. Contudo, a composição das equipes apresentou características distintas entre as áreas, bem como as percepções de risco e das exigências no trabalho. Conclusão: os profissionais que atuam em áreas dedicadas e não dedicadas à COVID-19 estão igualmente adoecidos, mas com exposição laboral distinta quanto às exigências no trabalho nas unidades dedicadas e o medo da contaminação nas unidades não dedicadas.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar las consecuencias que tuvo la pandemia en la salud ocupacional de los enfermeros según si se desempeñaban en unidades dedicadas y no dedicadas al COVID-19. Método: estudio multicéntrico, método mixto, estrategia explicativa secuencial. En la primera etapa participaron en total 845 profesionales que respondieron un formulario electrónico que contenía variables sociodemográficas, ocupacionales, sobre la pandemia y la salud y el Self-Reporting Questionnaire. En la segunda etapa, fueron entrevistados 19 profesionales. Los datos cuantitativos fueron sometidos a estadística analítica y los datos cualitativos al análisis de contenido temático, posteriormente, ambos fueron integrados por conexión. Resultados: los impactos de la pandemia en la salud de los profesionales se produjeron tanto en las áreas dedicadas como en las no dedicadas al COVID-19. Sin embargo, la composición de los equipos presentó distintas características entre las áreas, así como también diferentes percepciones de riesgo y exigencias en el trabajo. Conclusión: los profesionales que trabajan en áreas dedicadas y no dedicadas al COVID-19 se enfermaron por igual, pero tuvieron diferente exposición ocupacional debido a las exigencias que presentaba el trabajo en las unidades dedicadas y al miedo al contagio en las unidades no dedicadas.

Protecting healthcare workers during a pandemic: what can a WHO collaborating centre research partnership contribute? / Protección de los trabajadores de salud durante una pandemia: ¿qué puede aportar una alianza para la investigación entre centros colaboradores de la OMS? / Proteção dos trabalhadores da saúde em uma pandemia: qual seria a contribuição de uma parceria de pesquisa entre centros colaboradores da OMS?

ABSTRACT Objectives. To ascertain whether and how working as a partnership of two World Health Organization collaborating centres (WHOCCs), based respectively in the Global North and Global South, can add insights on "what works to protect healthcare workers (HCWs) during a pandemic, in what contexts, using what mechanism, to achieve what outcome". Methods. A realist synthesis of seven projects in this research program was carried out to characterize context (C) (including researcher positionality), mechanism (M) (including service relationships) and outcome (O) in each project. An assessment was then conducted of the role of the WHOCC partnership in each study and overall. Results. The research found that lower-resourced countries with higher economic disparity, including South Africa, incurred greater occupational health risk and had less acceptable measures to protect HCWs at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic than higher-income more-equal counterpart countries. It showed that rigorously adopting occupational health measures can indeed protect the healthcare workforce; training and preventive initiatives can reduce workplace stress; information systems are valued; and HCWs most at-risk (including care aides in the Canadian setting) can be readily identified to trigger adoption of protective actions. The C-M-O analysis showed that various ways of working through a WHOCC partnership not only enabled knowledge sharing, but allowed for triangulating results and, ultimately, initiatives for worker protection. Conclusions. The value of an international partnership on a North-South axis especially lies in providing contextualized global evidence regarding protecting HCWs as a pandemic emerges, particularly with bi-directional cross-jurisdiction participation by researchers working with practitioners.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar si la asociación de dos centros colaboradores de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, ubicados uno en el hemisferio norte y el otro en el hemisferio sur, puede aportar información sobre "qué es necesario para proteger a los trabajadores de salud durante una pandemia, en qué contextos, con qué mecanismos, con el objetivo de lograr qué resultados". Métodos. Se realizó una síntesis realista de siete proyectos en este programa de investigación para caracterizar el contexto (C) (incluida la posición del investigador), el mecanismo (M) (incluidas las relaciones de servicio) y el resultado (R) en cada proyecto. A continuación, se realizó una evaluación del papel que desempeñó la alianza de centros colaboradores de la OMS en términos generales y en cada estudio. Resultados. En la investigación se encontró que los países de escasos recursos con mayor disparidad económica, como Sudáfrica, incurrieron en un mayor riesgo para la salud ocupacional y tenían medidas menos aceptables para proteger a los trabajadores de salud al inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19 que los países homólogos de mayores ingresos y mayor equidad. Se de mostró que la adopción rigurosa de medidas de salud ocupacional puede proteger al personal de salud; la capacitación y las iniciativas preventivas pueden reducir el estrés en el lugar de trabajo; los sistemas de información se consideran valiosos; y los trabajadores de salud de mayor riesgo (como los asistentes de atención en el entorno canadiense) pueden identificarse con facilidad para la adopción de medidas de protección. El análisis de C-M-R mostró que las diferentes formas de trabajar por medio de una alianza de centros colaboradores de la OMS no solo facilitaron el intercambio de conocimientos, sino que además permitieron triangular los resultados y, en última instancia, las iniciativas para la protección de los trabajadores. Conclusiones. El valor de una alianza internacional radica especialmente en proporcionar evidencia mundial contextualizada sobre la protección de los trabajadores de salud cuando surge una situación de pandemia, particularmente con la participación bidireccional entre distintas jurisdicciones de investigadores que trabajan con el personal de salud.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar se, e como, o trabalho em parceria entre dois centros colaboradores da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), localizados no Norte e no Sul global, pode contribuir com conhecimento sobre "o que é eficaz para proteger os trabalhadores da saúde em uma pandemia, em que contextos, com que mecanismos e para obter quais resultados". Métodos. Foi realizada uma síntese realista de sete projetos de pesquisa do programa da OMS para determinar o contexto (C) (incluindo a posicionalidade dos pesquisadores), o mecanismo (M) (incluindo as relações entre os serviços) e o resultado (O, do inglês outcome) de cada projeto e avaliar o papel da parceria entre os centros colaboradores em cada estudo e em geral. Resultados. Este estudo demonstrou que, nos países de baixa renda com maior desigualdade econômica (por exemplo, na África do Sul), o risco à saúde ocupacional foi maior e as medidas adotadas para proteger os trabalhadores da saúde na pandemia de COVID-19 foram menos adequadas em comparação ao observado em países comparáveis de alta renda com menor desigualdade. Verificou-se que a adoção rigorosa de medidas de saúde ocupacional efetivamente protege os trabalhadores da saúde, e que iniciativas de prevenção e capacitação dos profissionais reduzem o estresse no trabalho. Também se reconhece a importância dos sistemas de informação e que o pessoal com maior risco de exposição ao vírus (incluindo os cuidadores auxiliares, no caso do Canadá) pode ser prontamente identificado para que sejam adotadas medidas de proteção. A análise do tipo C-M-O indicou que as diferentes formas de trabalho em parceria entre os centros colaboradores possibilitaram não apenas dividir conhecimentos, mas também compartilhar resultados e, sobretudo, iniciativas para a proteção dos trabalhadores da saúde. Conclusões. A parceria internacional no eixo Norte-Sul é particularmente importante para obter evidências globais contextualizadas relativas à proteção dos trabalhadores da saúde em uma situação de pandemia, com a participação bidirecional entre foros de pesquisadores que trabalham com o pessoal da saúde.

Tendência dos acidentes de trabalho no agronegócio em Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2008 a 2017 / Agribusiness occupational accidents trend in Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2008 to 2017

Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal dos indicadores de acidentes de trabalho (AT) e de outros agravos à saúde relacionados à produção agropecuária de Mato Grosso, no período de 2008 a 2017. Métodos: trata-se de estudo ecológico, com análise de tendência e correlação entre indicadores de produção agropecuária, florestal, mineral e AT. Resultados: as atividades econômicas do agronegócio com maior contribuição aos AT foram: abate e fabricação de produtos de carnes (16,9%) e agricultura (12,3%). Taxas de AT mais elevadas foram observadas nos municípios considerados os maiores produtores agropecuários (Paranatinga, Barra do Garças, Alta Floresta e Sorriso). Evidenciou-se que 58,4% dos AT no estado foram relacionados ao agronegócio. Foi encontrada correlação positiva e significativa entre o valor adicionado bruto e a taxa de incidência (r = 0,303; p < 0,001), mortalidade (r = 0,368; p < 0,001) e letalidade (r = 0,390; p < 0,001) por AT. Identificou-se tendência crescente na variação percentual anual de 7,3% (IC95%: 6,1;8,6) do esforço produtivo (hectare/habitante), de 6,2% (IC95%: 5,2;7,3) do esforço produtivo (exposição agrotóxico/habitante) e de 6,2% (IC95%: 4,1;8,3) das internações por neoplasias, bem como do crescimento da produção agrícola, dos insumos agrícolas e dos agravos à saúde. Conclusão: a maioria dos AT foram relacionados ao agronegócio, predominantemente nas atividades de frigoríficos e agricultura. Houve correlação positiva entre indicadores de produção agropecuária e de ocorrências e mortes por AT.

Objective: to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of occupational accident (OA) indicators and other agribusiness-related health issues in Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2008 to 2017. Methods: ecological study using trend analysis and correlation calculation between agricultural, forestry, mineral production and OA indicators. Results: slaughtering and meat production (16.9%) and agriculture (12.3%) were the agribusiness activities with the highest contribution to OA. Municipalities considered the largest agricultural producers (Paratininga, Barra do Garças, Alta Floresta and Sorriso) showed the highest OA rates. Of the OA registered in the state, 58.4% were agribusiness-related. Gross value added presented a positive and significant correlation with the incidence rate (r = 0.303; p < 0.001), mortality (r = 0.368; p < 0.001) and lethality (r = 0.390; p < 0.001) by OA. Analysis showed an increasing trend in the annual percentage variation of 7.3% (95%CI: 6.1;8.6) in productive effort (hectare/ inhabitant), 6.2% (95%CI: 5.2;7.3) in productive effort (pesticide exposure/inhabitant), and 6.2% (95%CI: 4.1;8.3) in hospitalizations for neoplasms, as well as the growth of agricultural production, agricultural inputs, and health problems. Conclusion: most OAs were related to agribusiness, mainly in meatpacking plants and agriculture. There was a positive correlation between indicators of agricultural production and occupational-related accidents and deaths.

Covid-19 en trabajadores de la Salud: Experiencia en la Residencia de Pediatría de un hospital de La Plata, Argentina / Covid-19 in health workers: Experience in the Pediatric Residence of a hospital in La Plata, Argentina

Introducción: Los trabajadores de la salud (TS) poseen la mayor exposición laboral al contagio SARS-CoV-2. Los residentes forman parte fundamental de los servicios de salud por lo que no se encuentran exentos del impacto físico, psíquico, social y económico negativo producido por la pandemia por COVID-19. Objetivo: : Describir el impacto epidemiológico de la enfermedad profesional por COVID-19 en médicos residentes de pediatría. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en médicos residentes de pediatría del H.I.A.E.P "Sor María Ludovica". El período comprendido en el estudio fue del 01/10/2020 al 30/09/2021. Se evaluaron los siguientes datos: género, edad, antecedentes personales, vacunación, cuadro clínico, métodos diagnósticos, aislamientos epidemiológicos, evolución y licencias tramitadas. Los datos fueron registrados por la jefatura de residentes. Resultados: 143 casos sospechosos de COVID-19, de ellos 30 resultaron confirmados de COVID-19. La edad media de los enfermos fue de 31 años (26-46 años) de los cuales 14 (47%) no estaban vacunados contra SARS COV-2, 11 (36%) estaban completamente inmunizados y 5 (17%) tenían calendario incompleto. 2 casos (6,6%) reportaron comorbilidad previa. Se realizaron pruebas de laboratorio en 130 de los 143 casos. 13 casos se descartaron por criterio clínico. La tasa de positividad fue 23,1%. 26 casos fueron confirmados por laboratorio y 4 casos mediante criterio clínico epidemiológico. Todos los casos fueron leves y evolucionaron favorablemente. Fueron gestionadas 326 licencias relacionadas a la pandemia por COVID-19 que significaron la pérdida de 2.830 días laborales. Conclusión: En el presente estudio se evidenció una alta tasa de incidencia de COVID-19 en residentes de pediatría en un año: 23,1%

Introduction: Health workers (HCWs) have the highest occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 contagion. Residents are a fundamental part of health services, so they are not exempt from the negative physical, psychological, social and economic impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives: To describe the epidemiological impact of the occupational disease by COVID-19 in resident pediatricians. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in pediatric residents of the H.I.A.E.P "Sor María Ludovica". The period covered by the study was from 10/01/2020 to 09/30/2021. The following data were evaluated: gender, age, personal history, vaccination, clinical picture, diagnostic methods, epidemiological isolates, evolution and licenses processed. The data was recorded by the head of residents. Results: 143 suspected cases of COVID-19, of which 30 were confirmed to be COVID-19. The mean age of the patients was 31 years (26-46 years), of which 14 (47%) were not vaccinated against SARS COV.-2, 11 (36%) were fully immunized and 5 (17%) had an incomplete schedule. 2 cases (6.6%) reported previous comorbidity. Laboratory tests were performed in 130 of the 143 cases. 13 cases were ruled out based on clinical criteria. The positivity rate was 23.1%. 26 cases were confirmed by laboratory and 4 cases by clinical epidemiological criteria. All cases were mild and evolved favorably. 326 licenses related to the COVID-19 pandemic were managed, which meant the loss of 2,830 working days. Conclusion: In the present study, a high rate of incidence of COVID-19 was evidenced in pediatric residents in one year: 23.1%

Seguridad y satisfacción de fumigadores para el control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en Arequipa / Safety and satisfaction of fumigators for the control of vector-borne diseases in Arequipa

Las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores (ETV) van en repunte, la seguridad y satisfacción del equipo que trabaja en el área de fumigación son prioridad, ya que son el personal clave y estratégico para hacer frente a estas enfermedades que son un gran problema de la salud pública a nivel mundial. Como objetivo se propuso deteminar el nivel de seguridad y satisfacción de fumigadores para el control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en Arequipa durante el primer semestre del año 2022. La investigación fue descriptiva, experimental de corte transversal con una muestra de 58 fumigadores. Como instrumento de recolección de datos se aplicó una encuesta validada por expertos que consta de tres secciones con diversos ítems para describir la muestra, perfil sociodemográfico, actividad ocupacional, uso de equipos de protección personal, condiciones de salud y satisfacción de empleo. Se utilizó el programa Excel para elaborar la base de datos y el programa EPIDAT 3.0 para frecuencias, porcentajes e IC 95%. Como resultado, 74,14% eran del sexo masculino y 25,86% femenino, 70,69% tenían 41 años o más, 70,69% tenían más de 10 años de ambigüedad, 32,76% tenían unión de hecho, 48,28% tenían estudios secundarios, por otra parte, 94,83% de colaboradores expuestos a Deltametrina <1 hora en dilución y carga, usan mascarillas y filtros, 86,21% usan guantes, bragas y delantales y 84,48% usa gafas, 53,45% sentían sensación de naúseas o mareos, 93,10% estaban satisfechos con el ambiente laboral. Como conclusión, se hace necesario continuar con investigaciones semejantes en diferentes zonas de Perú(AU)

Vector-borne diseases (VTE) are on the rise, the safety and satisfaction of the team that works in the fumigation area are a priority, since they are the key and strategic personnel to deal with these diseases, which are a major health problem public worldwide. The objective was to determine the level of safety and satisfaction of fumigators for the control of vector-borne diseases in Arequipa during the first semester of 2022. The research was descriptive, experimental, cross-sectional with a sample of 58 fumigators. As a data collection instrument, a survey validated by experts was applied, consisting of three sections with various items to describe the sample, sociodemographic profile, occupational activity, use of personal protective equipment, health conditions, and job satisfaction. The Excel program was used to prepare the database and the EPIDAT 3.0 program for frequencies, percentages and 95% CI. As a result, 74.14% were male and 25.86% female, 70.69% were 41 years of age or older, 70.69% had more than 10 years of ambiguity, 32.76% had a common-law union, 48 28% had secondary education, on the other hand, 94.83% of employees exposed to Deltamethrin <1 hour in dilution and load wear masks and filters, 86.21% wear gloves, panties and aprons and 84.48% wear glasses, 53.45% felt nauseated or dizzy, 93.10% were satisfied with the work environment. In conclusion, it is necessary to continue with similar investigations in different areas of Peru(AU)

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre el uso de plaguicidas por agricultores en una zona rural de Copán Ruinas, Honduras, año 2019 / Knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the use of pesticides by farmers in a rural area of Copán Ruinas, Honduras, 2019

Resumen Introducción: Las prácticas de uso por parte de pequeños agricultores en zonas rurales empobrecidas se relacionan con riesgo alto ocupacional y paraocupacional de exposición a plaguicidas. Objetivo: Describir las características de los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de uso de plaguicidas por agricultores en una zona rural de Copán Ruinas, Honduras. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, llevado a cabo en Copán Ruinas, Honduras, C.A, 2019, incluyó 81 agricultores (n=81) mayores de 18 años procedentes de tres comunidades rurales contiguas. Resultados: Los agricultores entrevistados refieren capacitación 3.7% (3/81), almacenan plaguicida en el hogar 39.5% (32/81), manipulan veneno sin guantes 30.9% (26/81), eliminan residuos en el ambiente 19.8% (16/81), lavan equipo en hogar 27.2% (22/81). Un agricultor (1.2%, 1/81) refirió conocer el significado de los colores en las etiquetas. Discusión: el bajo nivel de escolaridad podría ser la causa de bajo porcentaje de conocimiento con respecto al riesgo de exposición a plaguicidas. Coincide con otros autores, la actitud positiva del agricultor hacia la prevención de riesgo. Algunas prácticas referidas por los agricultores inducen riesgo de exposición paraocupacional, coincidiendo con lo reportado en la literatura. Conclusión: El bajo porcentaje de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en el uso de plaguicidas por los agricultores de la zona rural evaluada coincide con lo reportado por la literatura regional y latinoamericana, posiblemente asociada a un contexto de bajo nivel socioeconómico que conlleva baja capacidad de inversión en prevención y que podría ser una causa importante que contribuye al riesgo de exposición ocupacional y paraocupacional por uso de plaguicidas.

Abstract Introduction: Use practices by small farmers in impoverished rural areas are related to high occupational and para-occupational risk of exposure to pesticides. Objective: To describe the characteristics of the knowledge, attitudes and practices of pesticide use by farmers in a rural area of Copán Ruinas, Honduras. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, carried out in Copán Ruinas, Honduras, C.A. 2019, it included 81 farmers (n = 81) older than 18 years from three contiguous rural communities. Results: Only 3.7% of the farmers referred training, 39.5% (32/81) store pesticide at home, 30.9% handle poison without gloves, 19.8% (16/81) eliminate waste in the environment, 27.2%, 22/81) wash equipment at home. One farmer (1.2%, 1/81) reported knowing the meaning of the colors on the labels. Discussion: The very low level of schooling could be the cause of low percentage of knowledge regarding the risk of exposure to pesticides. The positive attitude of the farmer towards risk prevention coincides with other authors. Some practices referred by farmers induce risk of para-occupational exposure, coinciding with what has been reported in the literature. Conclusion: The low percentage of knowledge, attitude and practices in the use of pesticides by farmers in rural areas evaluated coincide with that reported by regional and Latin American literature, possibly associated with a context of low socioeconomic level that entails low investment capacity in prevention and that could be an important cause that contributes to the risk of occupational and para-occupational exposure due to the use of pesticides.

Alterações hepáticas e renais em trabalhadores rurais decorrentes da exposição a agrotóxicos: revisão sistemática / Liver and kidney changes resulting from exposure to pesticides in rural workers: systematic review

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura científica acerca da exposição dos trabalhadores rurais aos agrotóxicos e a atuação desses agentes sobre as funções dos sistemas hepático e renal. O estudo em questão se trata de uma revisão sistemática produzida de acordo com a metodologia Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Para esta revisão foram feitas buscas nas bases Medline, PubMed, Scielo e Lilacs, nas quais foram inclusos artigos escritos em português e inglês no período de 2009 a 2018. Os descritores em saúde utilizados para a pesquisa foram: agroquímicos, trabalhadores rurais, saúde do trabalhador e biomarcadores. De 52 artigos selecionados, apenas oito preencheram os critérios de inclusão desta revisão. Após a análise dos oito artigos, pôde-se observar que os marcadores bioquímicos hepáticos citados com maior frequência nos artigos foram as transaminases, aspartato aminotransferase e alanina aminotransferase, presentes em todos os estudos (100%, n=8), seguido da gama-glutamiltransferase encontrada em 75% dos artigos (n=6). Por outro lado, os marcadores renais citados nos artigos foram apenas creatinina e ureia, com uma frequência de 62,5% (n=5) e 50% (n=4), respectivamente. Esses marcadores apresentaram-se dentro da normalidade em todos os estudos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que não houve evidências de alterações nos marcadores renais e hepáticos, porém os artigos relatam a existência de uma diferença entre o grupo exposto, trabalhadores que estavam em contato com agrotóxicos, e o grupo controle.

This study aimed to review the scientific literature about the exposure of rural workers to pesticides and their effects on the functions of the hepatic and renal systems. The study in question is a systematic review produced according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) methodology. For that, we searched the databases of Medline, PubMed, Scielo, and Lilacs, and articles written in Portuguese and English from 2009 to 2018 were included. The health descriptors used for the research were: agrochemicals, rural workers, occupational health, and biomarkers. Only eight out of the 52 articles selected initially met the inclusion criteria for this review. Their analysis showed that the most frequently cited liver biochemical markers were transaminases, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase, present in all studies (100.0%, n=8). These were followed by the range-glutamyltransferase, found in 75.0% of the articles (n=6). On the other hand, the renal markers used in the articles were only creatinine and urea, with a frequency of 62.5% (n=5) and 50.0% (n=4), respectively. These markers were normal in all studies. Thus, we concluded that there was no evidence of changes in renal and hepatic markers. However, the articles do report differences between the exposed group, workers who were in contact with pesticides, and the control group.

Estudo de coorte sobre exposição ocupacional à radiação ionizante e câncer em instituição pública brasileira / Cohort study on occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and cancer in a Brazilian public institution

Introdução - O câncer é doença crônica não transmissível multifatorial e no rol dos seus fatores de risco estão aqueles relacionados ao trabalho. A radiação ionizante é considerada carcinogênica e está presente em alguns ambientes de trabalho. Vários estudos foram feitos no mundo no intuito de estudar a relação sobre a mortalidade e a incidência por câncer em trabalhadores com risco de exposição ocupacional à radiação ionizante. Objetivo - Este estudo visa estimar as taxas de mortalidade e de incidência por câncer em uma unidade de trabalho com radiação ionizante sediada no município de São Paulo e identificar a associação potencial entre câncer e exposição à radiação ionizante no ambiente de trabalho. Métodos - Foi feito estudo de coorte retrospectiva aberta com trabalhadores que tiveram vínculo empregatício desde 31/08/1956 até 31/12/2016 a partir de dados coletados na empresa e em registros oficiais de óbitos e casos novos. Foram calculadas as razões de mortalidade padronizadas (RMP) e as razões de incidência padronizadas (RIP) por sexo de cânceres agrupados segundo o tipo (sólido, indeterminado e hematopoiético), o fator de risco (etilismo, tabagismo, ocupacional e radiação gama e X) e o sistema orgânico (tratos digestório, respiratório, ossos e tecidos moles, pele, geniturinário, olhos e sistema nervoso central, endócrino, indeterminado e hematopoiético) na análise externa comparando a população de estudo com a população geral do município de São Paulo e na análise interna, comparando o subgrupo monitorado para radiação gama e X com o subgrupo não monitorado. Foram feitas análises de regressão de Poisson univariada e múltipla dos fatores associados à incidência de câncer. Resultados - Foi encontrado o efeito do trabalhador sadio na análise externa de mortalidade (RMP = 0,224 IC95%: 0,208; 0,240) e interna de mortalidade (RMP = 0,685 IC95%: 0,618; 0,758). Na análise externa de incidência houve associação com os cânceres de pele (RIP = 19,703 IC95%: 7,303; 43,533) (p<0,001) e na análise interna de incidência houve associação com os cânceres hematopoiéticos (RIP = 1,593 IC95% 1,03; 2,351) (p<0,026), osteomusculares (RIP = 4,559 IC95% 1,821; 9,366) (p<0,001), de pele (RIP = 2,58 IC95%1,538; 2,748) (p<0,001) e de tireoide (RIP = 2,346 IC95% 1,452; 3,587) (p<0,001). Houve aumento da incidência de câncer entre as mulheres, os trabalhadores de nível socioeconômico elevado, entre aqueles que trabalharam por mais de cinco anos na empresa, entre aqueles que encerraram o acompanhamento na coorte até 49 anos de idade e entre aqueles que tiveram dose acumulada igual ou maior do que 20 mSv. Conclusão - este trabalho apresentou resultados semelhantes ao de outros estudos e ratificou os parâmetros de proteção radiológica.

Introduction - Cancer is a multifactorial non-communicable chronic disease and its risk factors include those related to work. Ionizing radiation is considered carcinogenic and is present in some work environments. Several studies have been carried out around the world in order to study the relationship between cancer incidence and mortality in workers at risk of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation. Objective - This study aims to estimate cancer incidence and mortality rates in a work unit with ionizing radiation based in the city of São Paulo and to identify the potential association between cancer and exposure to ionizing radiation in the work environment. Methods - A retrospective open cohort study was carried out with workers who had an employment relationship from 08/31/1956 to 12/31/2016 based on data collected in the company and in official records of deaths and new cases of cancer. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated for sex of cancers grouped according to type (solid, indeterminate and hematopoietic), risk factor (alcoholism, smoking, occupational and gamma and X radiation) and the organic system (digestive, respiratory tracts, bones and soft tissues, skin, genitourinary tract, eyes and central nervous system, endocrine, indeterminate and hematopoietic system) in the external analysis comparing the study population with the general population of the city of São Paulo and in the internal analysis, comparing the monitored subgroup for gamma and X radiation with the unmonitored subgroup. Univariate and multiple Poisson regression analyzes of factors associated with cancer incidence were performed. Results - The healthy worker effect was found in the external analysis of mortality (SMR = 0.224 95%CI: 0.208; 0.240) and internal (SMR = 0.685 95% CI: 0.618; 0.758). In the external analysis of incidence there was an association with skin cancers (SIR = 19.703 CI95%: 7.303; 43.533) (p<0.001) and in the internal analysis of incidence there was an association with hematopoietic cancers (SIR = 1.593 CI95% 1.03; 2.351) (p<0.026), musculoskeletal (SIR = 4.559 95% CI 1.821; 9.366) (p<0.001), skin (SIR = 2.58 95%CI1.538; 2.748) (p<0.001), and thyroid (SIR = 2.346 95%CI 1.452; 3.587) (p<0.001). There was an increase in the incidence of cancer among women, workers of high socioeconomic status, among those who worked for more than five years at the company, among those who ended follow-up in the cohort up to 49 years of age and among those who had an equal accumulated dose or greater than 20 mSv. Conclusion - this study presented results similar to those of other studies and ratified the parameters of radiological protection.

Fatores ocupacionais associados a neoplasias hematológicas em um polo fruticultor: estudo de caso-controle / Occupational factors associated with hematological neoplasms in a fruit production pole: a case-control study

Resumo Objetivos: identificar fatores de risco ocupacionais para neoplasias hematológicas, leucemia, linfomas e mieloma múltiplo. Métodos: estudo caso-controle conduzido com casos de neoplasias hematológicas e controles recrutados do mesmo serviço, com outros diagnósticos, pareados por frequência, sexo e idade. Entrevistas individuais foram realizadas por pesquisadores treinados, utilizando um questionário estruturado. Informações sobre a história ocupacional, uso e características de exposições a substâncias químicas, em geral, e a agrotóxicos foram registradas. Foram estimadas odds ratios (OR), por meio de modelos de regressão logística não-condicional multivariável para análise exploratória. Resultados: foram incluídos 61 casos e 146 controles. Trabalho na agropecuária (OR: 2,18; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%): 1,10;4,30), exposição ocupacional a agrotóxicos (OR: 2,37; IC95%: 1,18;4,77), e tempo total de exposição ocupacional a agrotóxicos na vida laboral em horas - curto (OR: 3,52; IC95%: 1,25;9,87) e longo (OR: 3,95; IC95%: 1,54;10,14) - foram fatores de risco para neoplasias hematológicas, em comparação aos não expostos. Essas medidas foram ajustadas por consumo de álcool e tabagismo, prática de atividade física, renda, escolaridade e história de exposição ocupacional a produtos químicos. Conclusão: a exposição ocupacional a agrotóxicos se associa a neoplasias hematológicas, independentemente de características do estilo de vida e nível socioeconômico.

Abstract Objectives: to identify the occupational risk factors for hematological neoplasms, specifically leukemia, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. Methods: this is a case-control study. Cases were individuals with hematological neoplasms and controls were individuals with other diagnoses; frequency-matched by sex and age. Individual interviews were conducted by trained researchers using a structured questionnaire. We collected information on participants' occupational history and chemicals use and exposure, in general, and pesticides, in particular. Odds ratios (OR) were used as association measurements, estimated by multivariate non-conditional logistic regression models for exploratory analysis. Results: 61 cases and 146 controls were included. We found that agricultural work (OR: 2.18; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.10;4.30), occupational exposure to pesticides (OR: 2.37; 95%CI: 1.18;4.77), and total occupational exposure to pesticides throughout their working life (in hours) - both short (OR: 3.52; 95%CI: 1.25;9.87) and long (OR: 3.95; 95%CI: 1.54;10.14) - constituted risk factors for hematological neoplasms, when compared to those unexposed. We adjusted these measures for alcohol consumption and smoking, physical activity, income, education, and history of occupational exposure to chemicals. Conclusion: occupational exposure to pesticides is associated with hematological neoplasms regardless of lifestyle and socioeconomic status.

Uma revisão de escopo de revisões sistemáticas sobre exposição humana ao mercúrio / A scoping review of systematic reviews on human exposure to mercury

Resumo: Introdução: a promulgação da Convenção de Minamata no Brasil em 2018 incentivou o cumprimento dos seus objetivos em reduzir o uso e a poluição por mercúrio. Objetivo: caracterizar a produção científica sobre exposição humana ao mercúrio e identificar lacunas de conhecimento a fim de subsidiar a tomada de decisão em saúde. Métodos: revisão de escopo de revisões sistemáticas e metanálises, sem restrição de idioma ou data de publicação, utilizando as bases PubMed, BVS e Cochrane Library. Resultados: 71 estudos atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade, com 40 revisões sistemáticas, 30 metanálises e 1 overview. Amálgama dentário e contaminação alimentar e ambiental por atividades que utilizam mercúrio foram as fontes de exposição mais mencionadas. Os temas mais estudados contaram com transtornos mentais e comportamentais, assim como uso de biomarcadores e testes neurocomportamentais relacionados à exposição ao mercúrio. Discussão: lacunas como a exposição ocupacional ao mercúrio, uso em práticas tradicionais e em cosméticos apontam para a necessidade de mais estudos. As revisões identificadas podem oferecer subsídios para sínteses de evidências e protocolos de atenção à saúde de populações expostas, assim como para a elaboração de políticas públicas que visem o controle do uso e da exposição ao mercúrio.

Abstract: Introduction: in 2018, the promulgation of the Minamata Convention in Brazil encouraged compliance with its goals of reducing mercury use and pollution. Objective: to characterize the scientific production and identify the knowledge gaps to subsidize decision-making in healthcare on human exposure to mercury. Methods: a scoping review was carried out of systematic reviews and metanalysis, without language and publication date restriction, retrieved from the PubMed, BVS, and Cochrane Library databases. Results: a total of 71 studies met the eligibility criteria, of which 40 were systematic reviews, 30 meta-analyses, and one overview. Dental amalgam as well as food and environmental contamination by mercury-based activities were the most cited sources of exposure. Most studies focused on mental and behavioral disorders, as well as the use of biomarkers and neurobehavioral tests related to mercury exposure. Discussion: knowledge gaps on occupational exposure to mercury, mercury use in both traditional practices and cosmetics point to the need for further studies. The reviews identified could provide data for evidence synthesis and healthcare protocols for affected populations, as well as for elaborating public policies aimed at controlling mercury use and exposure.

Actividades económicas, laborales, ambientales y aditivas con exposición a benceno y el desarrollo de leucemia mieloide aguda / Economic activities, occupational, environmental and additive exposures to benzene and the development of acute myeloid leukemia

Introducción: el benceno es un hidrocarburo aromático obtenido por destilación del alquitrán utilizado en gasolineras y como solvente industrial, clasificado como cancerígeno por exposición ocupacional o ambiental. Está relacionado con el desarrollo de leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) por su absorción principal por vía inhalatoria, y su metabolismo hepático con producción de benzoquinona de alta liposolubilidad que le permite depositarse en la médula ósea y tejido graso. Objetivo: analizar la asociación de las formas de exposición por actividades económicas, oficios, cargos, exposición ambiental y aditiva con el desarrollo de LMA. Materiales y métodos: revisión sistemática de la literatura en las bases de datos Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Cochrane Library, Toxnet y OpenGrey, en inglés y español con los términos benzene, cancer, leukemia, occupational and enviromental exposition. Resultados: la mayoría de los estudios muestran una relación causal entre la exposición a benceno y el desarrollo de LMA, con predominio en ambientes laborales, seguidos de factores ambientales y aditivos como el humo del cigarrillo. Conclusiones: se encontró evidencia de asociación entre la exposición a benceno ocupacional y/o ambiental con el desarrollo de leucemia mieloide aguda, debido a que altera el estrés oxidativo y la desregulación del aryl hidrocarburo generando efectos citogenéticos, mutación genética y alteraciones epigenéticas que se expresan en hematotoxicidad y desarrollo de leucemia.

Introduction: Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon obtained by distillation of tar used in gas stations and as an industrial solvent, classified as a carcinogen by occupational and environmental exposure. It is related with the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) mainly due to its absorption by inhalation and hepatic metabolism producing highly-lipid soluble benzoquinone allowing it to deposit in bone marrow and fatty tissue. Objective: to analyze the association of forms of exposure including economic activities, type of workplace, environmental and additive exposure with the development of AML. Material and Methods: systematic review of the literature in Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Cochrane Library, Toxnet and OpenGrey databases in English and Spanish, using the terms benzene, cancer, leukemia, occupational and environmental exposure. Results: most studies show a causal relationship between benzene exposure and AML development, predominantly in work settings, followed by environmental factors including additive sources such as cigarette smoke. Conclusions: we found evidence of an association between occupational and/or environmental exposure to benzene and the development of AML, for it alters oxidative stress and aryl hydrocarbon deregulation inducing cytogenetic aberrations, genetic mutations and epigenetic changes expressed as hematotoxicity and leukemia development.

Análise do perfil clínico de pacientes portadores de neoplasia ocular escamosa atendidos em hospital referência de oculoplástica / Analysis of the clinical profile of patients with squamous ocular neoplasms attended at a reference hospital of oculoplastics

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o perfil clínico de pacientes portadores de neoplasias escamosas da superfície ocular. Métodos Foram avaliados os principais fatores de risco envolvidos na gênese das neoplasias escamosas da superfície ocular, as características clínicas dos pacientes e os hábitos comportamentais associados. Foram incluídos neste trabalho de coorte histórica 80 pacientes com diagnóstico anatomopatológico de neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular atendidos entre os anos de 2010 e 2020 em um hospital referência em oculoplástica e segmento anterior de Santa Catarina. Os dados clínicos e desfechos foram avaliados por meio da análise de prontuário e entrevista, sendo posteriormente tabulados no Excel e submetidos à analise estatística por meio do software Statistical Pakage for the Social Sciences, versão 16. Resultados Foi observado que 73,8% (n=59) eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade da amostra foi de 62 anos. Quanto ao fototipo de pele, de acordo com a escala de Fitzpatrick, constatou-se que a maioria apresentou os fototipos 1 e 2 (22; 27,5% e 44; 55%, respectivamente). Em relação à exposição ocupacional ao sol/radiação, 48% (n=60) apresentaram história de exposição ocupacional, sendo que, destes, 28 pacientes trabalhavam no setor de agricultura. Dos pacientes da amostra, 33 (41,2%) apresentavam histórico pessoal de neoplasias de pele, sendo que, destes, três apresentavam diagnóstico de xeroderma pigmentoso. Quanto ao hábito de uso de fatores de proteção solar, 61% (n=49) da amostra negou o hábito. Foi evidenciada associação estatisticamente significativa entre o hábito de usar fatores de proteção solar e histórico pessoal de neoplasias de pele. Em relação ao tipo de neoplasia escamosa, a maioria dos pacientes (72; 90%) apresentou diagnóstico anatomopatológico de carcinoma espinocelular ocular. Conclusão O perfil clínico epidemiológico dos pacientes portadores de neoplasias escamosas da superfície ocular neste estudo, predominantemente de carcinoma espinoceular ocular, foi de homens, idosos, de pele clara (fototipo 2) e com histórico importante de exposição aos raios solares ultravioleta A e B. Comorbidades imunodepressoras (HIV e transplante de órgão sólido) e doenças dermatológicas (albinismo e xeroderma pigmentoso) associaram-se ao aparecimento das neoplasias escamosas da superfície ocular em idade mais precoce. Em pacientes com histórico pessoal prévio de neoplasias de pele, foi evidenciado o hábito de uso de fatores de protetor solar mais presente em relação aos demais.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the clinical profile of patients with ocular surface squamous neoplasms (OSSN). Methods The main risk factors involved in the genesis of the ocular surface squamous neoplasms, the clinical features, and the behavioral habits associated were evaluated. This historical cohort study included 80 patients with anatomopathological diagnosis of OSSN who were treated between 2010-2020 at a reference hospital in oculoplastic and anterior segment in Santa Catarina. The clinical data and outcomes were evalated through the analysis of medical records and interviews, being later tabulated in Excel and analyzed using the SPSS 16 software. Results Regarding the clinical profile of the patients in the sample, 73.8% (n = 59) were male. The mean age of the sample was 62 years old. As for the skin phototype, according to the Fitzpatrick scale, most of the sample presented the phototype 1 and 2 (27.5% n = 22; and 55% n = 44 respectively). Regarding occupational exposure to the sun / radiation, 48% (n = 60) had history of occupational exposure, and of these, 28 patients worked in the agricultural area. Of the patients of the sample, 33 (41.2%) had a personal history of skin neoplasms, and of these, 3 had diagnosis of xeroderma pigmentosum. As for the habit of using sun protection factors, 61% (n = 49) of the sample denied the habit. A statistically significant association was evidenced between the habit of using sun protection factors and people's history of skin cancer. Regarding the type of squamous neoplasia, most patients in the 90% sample (n = 72) had an anatomopathological diagnosis of ocular squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion The clinical epidemiological profile of patients with OSSN in this study, predominantly ocular squamous cell carcinoma, was men, elderly, fair-skinned (phototype 2) and with an important history of exposure to UVA and UVB rays. Immunosuppressive comorbidities (HIV, solid organ transplant) and dermatological diseases (albinism, xeroderma pigmentosum) are associated with the appearance of OSSN at an early age. In patients with a previous personal history of skin neoplasms, the habit of using sunscreen factors was more present than in the other patients.

Investigation and analysis of occupational hazards in construction of power transmission and transformation project / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate the occupational hazard factors and exposure levels of workers during the construction of power transmission and transformation projects. Methods: Analysis and identification of occupational hazard factors were carried out for typical construction process of 6 power transmission projects and 3 substation projects in September 2018. The on-site occupational health investigation was carried out to detect and analyze the exposure levels of workers to occupational hazard factors. Results: The time weighted average concentration (C(TWA)) of crushing workers exposed to silica dust and welders exposed to welding fume in substation projects were 2.72 and 14.03 mg/m(3), respectively. The 8 h equivalent sound level results of exposure noise of carpenters in power transmission projects and crushing workers, reinforcement workers, carpenters, scaffolders, road builders in substation projects were 87.9, 92.5, 87.1, 92.5, 93.0 and 90.2 dB (A) , respectively. The 4-hour time equal energy frequency weighted vibration acceleration of hand-transmitted vibration of bricklayer in power transmission projects, bricklayer, general worker 3, road builder 1 and road builder 2 of substation projects were 5.36, 5.21, 5.28, 10.71 and 5.22 m/s(2), respectively. The effective irradiance of electric welding arc light of welders' limbs in power transmission projects and substation projects were 401.19, 319.68 μW/cm(2), respectively. All of the above exceeded the requirements of occupational exposure limits. The occupational radiation levels and exposure limits of hazardous chemical factors met the requirements of each post. Conclusion: During the construction of power transmission and transformation projects, the exposure levels of occupational hazard factors in multiple posts exceed the standard. The main responsibility of employers for occupational disease prevention and control should be implemented, and targeted comprehensive measures should be taken to reduce the exposure levels of occupational hazard factors of workers.

Noise exposure and its impact on health in an auto parts manufacturing enterprise / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To learn about the noise exposure and health status of workers and analyze factors that may affect the health outcomes of workers in an auto manufacturing enterprise in Tianjin City. Methods: In September 2020, occupational hygiene survey, noise exposure level detection and occupational health examination data collection were carried out in an auto parts manufacturing enterprise. Chi square test and unconditional logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the health effects of noise exposure and hearing loss of 361 noise exposure workers. Results: The rates of over-standard noise exposure, hearing loss and hypertension were 69.39% (34/49) , 33.24% (120/361) and 11.36% (41/361) , respectively. There were upward trends on age and noise-working years for hearing loss and hypertension rates (χ(2)=-5.95, -6.16, -2.81, -2.74, P<0.05) . Unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that age>35 years old, noise exposure length of service >10 years and noise L(EX, 8 h)>85 dB (A) were risk factors for hearing loss (OR=3.57, 95%CI: 1.09, 11.75; OR=4.05, 95%CI: 1.97, 8.25; OR=1.75, 95%CI: 1.00, 3.05; P=0.036, 0.001, 0.047) . Conclusion: This company has a high rate of job noise exceeding the standard, and noise-exposed workers have more serious hearing loss. Age, noise exposure and high noise exposure are risk factors for hearing loss.

Investigation on diagnosis of pneumoconiosis in non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To understand the incidence of pneumoconiosis in the non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province, and provide reference for the prevention and control of pneumoconiosis in the non-coal mining industry. Methods: The data of 7019 newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis patients in non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province from January 1956 to December 2019 were collected through the Jiangsu Province Pneumoconiosis Follow-up Network Report System, including the gender of the pneumoconiosis patients, the name of the employer and the location, the industry classification of the employer, the duration of dust exposure in dust exposure, the name of occupational pneumoconiosis disease, the date of diagnosis of pneumoconiosis, etc. The collected case data of patients with pneumoconiosis were entered into the statistical software, and the characteristics of the patients' diagnosis time, region and industry were analyzed. Results: The number of confirmed pneumoconiosis patients in the non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province was mostly in 2007 (395 cases) , concentrated in Wuxi City (40.96%, 2875/7019) and Suzhou City (27.72%, 1946/7019) . The industries to which the patients belonged were mainly non-metallic mining and dressing (60.95%, 4278/7019) , and the most common type of pneumoconiosis was silicosis (96.40%, 6766/7019) . The patients were mainly stageⅠpneumoconiosis (61.33%, 4305/7019) . There were statistically significant differences in the mean age of diagnosis and the average duration of dust exposure among patients with different pneumoconiosis stages (P<0.01) . The differences in the average diagnosis age and the average duration of dust exposure of patients with different types of pneumoconiosis were statistically significant (P<0.05) , the mean age of diagnosis and the average duration of dust exposure of electric welders were the smallest, which were (44.92±7.74) years old and (17.38±10.15) years, respectively. Conclusion: The regional and industry distribution characteristics of new pneumoconiosis patients in the non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province are obvious, and attention should be paid to the treatment of pneumoconiosis patients with young diagnosed age and short duration of dust exposure, as well as the personal protection and health protection of front-line workers such as electric welders who are exposed to productive dust in a short period of time.

Meta-analysis on the contents of trace elements in workers with occupational exposure to lead / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To quantitatively evaluate the content differences of trace elements in workers with occupational exposure to lead. Methods: In January 2021, relevant literatures on the contents of trace elements in workers with occupational exposure to lead published from 1990 to 2020 were searched through CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, web of science and Embase. Screened and extracted the literatures, and evaluated the quality of the included literatures with Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Meta analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.3 software, and standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval were used as effect indicators. Results: A total of 20 literatures were included, and the quality scores were 5-7. The results of Meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, the contents of blood zinc (SMD=-1.01, 95%CI: -1.53, -0.49) , hair zinc (SMD=-0.17, 95%CI: -0.33, -0.01) , hair copper (SMD=-0.50, 95%CI: -1.01, 0) , hair iron (SMD=-3.91, 95%CI: -5.80, -2.03) and hair manganese (SMD=-1.09, 95%CI: -2.02, -0.15) in occupational lead exposure group were significantly lower (P<0.05) . Compared with the control group, the content of cobalt in hair of occupational lead exposure group (SMD=1.41, 95%CI: 0.72, 2.10) was higher, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) . There was no significant difference in the contents of blood chromium, blood copper, blood iron, blood manganese, blood selenium and hair nickel between the two groups (P>0.05) . Conclusion: Workers with occupational exposure to lead have abnormal trace elements.

Investigation on occupational hazard factors in teaching and research places of a university / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate and monitor the occupational hazards in the Teaching and Research Laboratory (hereinafter referred to as the place) of a university, so as to provide basis for the occupational health work in the university. Methods: November 2014, 46 places in a university were selected by stratified random sampling, and the occupational health risk factors were investigated. Results: Indoor temperature, humidity, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were detected in 21 sites, xylene and hydrofluoric acid were detected in 6 sites, and colony count was detected in 18 sites, the power frequency electric field intensity was measured in 23 places, and the x-ray radiation dose was measured in 4 places. Noise was measured at 21 sites, with 7 sites exceeding the standards accounting for 33.3% (7/21) ; 21 sites were detected for illumination and 10 sites for nonconformity accounting for 47.6% (10/21) ; 10 sites for Microwave Radiation and 3 sites exceeding the standards accounting for 30% (3/10) ; and 25 sites were detected for outdoor air volume and air velocity, the percentage of unqualified was 72% (18/25) in 18 sites, among which the wind velocity was statistically significant in teaching, research and experimental sites (P=0.010) . Conclusion: The occupational hazards in the teaching and research places of a university should be paid attention to, and the engineering protection and personal protection should be strengthened in the experiment.

Comparative analysis on occupational hazards of three welding operations / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To explore the occupational hazards caused by three kinds of welding operations, and to provide data support for individual protection. Methods: In October 2020, the welding fumes, metal elements and welding arc generated by three welding operations of argon gas shielded welding (JS80 welding wire) , manual welding (ZS60A welding rod) and carbon dioxide shielded welding (907A flux cored wire) were collected and measured in the welding laboratory. The samples were analyze and compare in the laboratory, and the differences of the occupational hazard factors of the three welding operations were judged. Results: The concentration of welding fume produced by carbon dioxide shielded welding, manual welding (ZS60A electrode) , and argon gas shielded welding (JS80 welding wires) were 6.80 mg/m(3), 6.17 mg/m(3), and 3.13 mg/m(3), respectively. The effective irradiance of the welding arc outside the welding mask from high to low is manual welding (ZS60A electrode) , carbon dioxide shielded welding (907A flux-cored welding wire) , and argon shielded welding (JS80 welding wire) , respectively 1 010.7, 740.9, 589.5 μW/cm(2). The long-wave ultraviolet UVA intensity generated by argon shielded welding (JS80 welding wire) is the largest, which is 1 500 μW/cm(2). The content of Mn in the three welding operations is the highest, and JS80 welding wire has the highest Mn content of 128493.2 mg/kg. 907A flux cored wire has the highest Ti content, which is 24355.5mg/kg. The electrode ZS60A has the highest Cu content, which is 24422.12 mg/kg. Conclusion: The intensity of occupational hazards is different in the three kinds of welding operations, so the methods of personal protective equipment, field exposure assessment and health monitoring should be more targeted.