Oxidative and osmotolerant effects in Salvator merianae (Squamata: Teiidae) red blood cells during hibernation / Efeitos de oxidação e osmotolerância dos eritrócitos de Salvator merianae (Squamata: Teiidae) durante a hibernação

Abstract Hibernation is a natural condition of animals that lives in the temperate zone, although some tropical lizards also experience hibernation annually, such as the lizard native from South America, Salvator merianae, or "tegu" lizard. Even though physiological and metabolic characteristic associated with hibernation have been extensively studied, possible alterations in the red blood cells (RBC) integrity during this period remains unclear. Dehydration and fasting are natural consequences of hibernating for several months and it could be related to some cellular modifications. In this study, we investigated if the osmotic tolerance of RBCs of tegu lizard under hibernation is different from the cells obtained from animals while normal activity. Additionally, we indirectly investigated if the RBCs membrane of hibernating tegus could be associated with oxidation by quantifying oxidized biomolecules and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Our findings suggest that RBCs are more fragile during the hibernation period, although we did not find evidence of an oxidative stress scenario associated with the accentuated fragility. Even though we did not exclude the possibility of oxidative damage during hibernation, we suggested that an increased RBCs volume as a consequence of hypoosmotic blood during hibernation could also affect RBCs integrity as noted.

Resumo A hibernação é uma condição natural dos animais que vivem na zona temperada, embora alguns lagartos tropicais também experenciem hibernação anualmente, como é o caso do lagarto nativo da América do Sul, Salvator merianae ou "teiú". Embora as características fisiológicas e metabólicas associadas à hibernação tenham sido amplamente estudadas, possíveis alterações na integridade das hemácias durante esse período ainda permanecem obscuras. A desidratação e o jejum são consequências naturais da hibernação por vários meses e podem estar relacionadas a algumas modificações celulares. Neste estudo, investigamos se a tolerância osmótica de hemácias do lagarto teiú sob hibernação são diferentes das células obtidas de animais em atividade normal. Além disso, investigamos indiretamente por meio da quantificação de biomoléculas oxidadas e da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes se a membrana das hemácias dos teiús em hibernação poderia estar associada à oxidação. Nossos resultados sugerem que as hemácias possuem maior fragilidade durante o período de hibernação, embora não tenhamos encontrado evidências de um cenário de estresse oxidativo associado à essa fragilidade acentuada. Embora não tenhamos excluído a possibilidade de dano oxidativo durante a hibernação, sugerimos que um aumento no volume das hemácias como consequência de sangue hipoosmótico durante a hibernação também poderia afetar a integridade de hemácias, tal como foi observado.

Development of chitosan based microencapsulated spray dried powder of tuna fish oil: oil load impact and oxidative stability / Desenvolvimento de pó microencapsulado por pulverização de óleo de atum à base de quitosana: impacto da carga de óleo e estabilidade oxidativa

Abstract The impact of fish oil concentration on the oxidative stability of microcapsules through the spray drying process using chitosan and maltodextrin as wall material was studied. Emulsions were prepared with different Tuna fish oil (TFO) content (TFO-10%, TFO20%, TF030% TF0-40%) while wall material concentration was kept constant. Microencapsulated powder resulting from emulsion prepared with high fish oil load have high moisture content, wettability, total oil and low encapsulation efficiency, hygroscopicity and bulk tapped density. Oxidative stability was evaluated periodically by placing microcapsules at room temperature. Microcapsules prepared with TFO-10% presented high oxidative stability in terms of peroxide value (2.94±0.04) and anisidine value (1.54±0.02) after 30 days of storage. It was concluded that optimal amounts of fish oil for microencapsulation are 10% and 20% using chitosan and maltodextrin that extended its shelf life during study period.

Resumo Foi estudado o impacto da concentração de óleo de peixe na estabilidade oxidativa de microcápsulas por meio do processo de secagem por atomização, utilizando quitosana e maltodextrina como material de parede. As emulsões foram preparadas com diferentes teores de óleo de atum (TFO) (TFO-10%, TFO20%, TF030% TF0-40%), enquanto a concentração de material de parede foi mantida constante. O pó microencapsulado resultante da emulsão preparada com alta carga de óleo de peixe tem alto teor de umidade, molhabilidade e óleo total e baixa eficiência de encapsulação, higroscopicidade e densidade extraída a granel. A estabilidade oxidativa foi avaliada periodicamente colocando microcápsulas à temperatura ambiente. As microcápsulas preparadas com TFO-10% apresentaram alta estabilidade oxidativa em termos de valor de peróxido (2,94 ± 0,04) e valor de anisidina (1,54 ± 0,02) após 30 dias de armazenamento. Concluiu-se que as quantidades ideais de óleo de peixe para microencapsulação são de 10% e 20% usando quitosana e maltodextrina que prolongaram sua vida útil durante o período de estudo.

Diacerein mitigates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibition of renal inflammation, dendritic cells maturation and apoptosis: the role of TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3/IL-1beta signaling pathway / La diacereína mitiga la lesión por isquemia/reperfusión renal a través de la inhibición de la inflamación renal, la maduración de las células dendríticas y la apoptosis: el papel de la vía de señalización TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3/IL-1beta

SUMMARY: One of the reasons for acute kidney damage is renal ischemia. Nevertheless, there are limited protective and therapeutic approaches for this problem. Diacerein is an anti-inflammatory drug characterized by numerous biological activities. We aimed to determine the ameliorative impact of diacerein on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) condition, exploring the underlying mechanisms. Twenty-four male rats were allotted into four groups (n= 6): sham group; Diacerein (DIA) group; I/R group, in which a non-crushing clamp occluded the left renal pedicle for 45 min, and the right kidney was nephrectomized for 5 min before the reperfusion process; I/R + diacerein group, injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg diacerein/kg i.m 30 minutes prior to I/R operation. Ischemia/ reperfusion was found to affect renal function and induce histopathological alterations. The flow cytometry analysis demonstrated an elevated expression of innate and mature dendritic cells in I/R renal tissues. Moreover, upregulation in the expression of the inflammatory genes (TLR4, Myd88, and NLRP3), and overexpression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β), apoptotic (caspase-3) and pyroptotic (caspase-1) markers were observed in I/R-experienced animals. The aforementioned deteriorations were mitigated by pre-I/R diacerein treatment. Diacerein alleviated I/R-induced inflammation and apoptosis. Thus, it could be a promising protective agent against I/R.

La isquemia renal es una de los motivos del daño renal agudo. Sin embargo, los enfoques protectores y terapéuticos para este problema son limitados. La diacereína es un fármaco antiinflamatorio caracterizado por numerosas actividades biológicas. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar el impacto de mejora de la diacereína en la condición de lesión por isquemia/ reperfusión renal (I/R), explorando los mecanismos subyacentes. Veinticuatro ratas macho se distribuyeron en cuatro grupos (n= 6): grupo simulado; grupo de diacereína (DIA); grupo I/R, en el que una pinza no aplastante ocluyó el pedículo renal izquierdo durante 45 min, y el riñón derecho fue nefrectomizado durante 5 min antes del proceso de reperfusión; Grupo I/R + diacereína, inyectado por vía intraperitoneal con 50 mg de diacereína/kg i.m. 30 min antes de la operación I/R. Se encontró que la isquemia/ reperfusión afecta la función renal e induce alteraciones histopatológicas. El análisis de citometría de flujo demostró una expresión elevada de células dendríticas innatas y maduras en tejidos renales I/R. Además, se observó una regulación positiva en la expresión de los genes inflamatorios (TLR4, Myd88 y NLRP3) y una sobreexpresión de las citoquinas proinflamatorias (IL-1β), marcadores apoptóticos (caspasa-3) y piroptóticos (caspasa-1) en animales con experiencia en I/R. Los deterioros antes mencionados fueron mitigados por el tratamiento previo a la diacereína I/R. La diacereína alivió la inflamación y la apoptosis inducidas por I/R. Por lo tanto, podría ser un agente protector prometedor contra I/R.

Biochemical analysis of oxidative stress and purinergic system in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus / Análise bioquímica do estresse oxidativo e do sistema purinérgico em gestantes com diabetes mellitus gestacional

Background: Pregnancy is characterized as a physiological period with greater sensitivity to insulin resistance and changes in oxidative stress. Purinergic signaling is directly related to diabetes, as this condition modifies the concentration of extracellular ATP and the level of degradation of ATP to adenosine. Objective: Analyze oxidative stress and the purinergic system in pregnant women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and compare them with low-risk pregnant women (LR). Materials and Methods: The research was of a quantitative approach of an experimental nature. The study was carried out at the Clínica da Mulher, which serves high-risk pregnant women, and at the Family Health Centers, which serves low-risk pregnant women, both located in Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Results: From the analysis, it was observed that oxidative stress was increased in pregnant women in LR compared to pregnant women with GDM by increasing the concentration of TBARS and reducing the concentration of Carbonyl Protein in pregnant women with LR. Regarding the purinergic system, there was a significant decrease in the hydrolysis of the nucleotides ATP, ADP, and AMP in pregnant women with GDM, and a significant increase in the hydrolysis of ADA, also in pregnant women with GDM. Conclusion: Therefore, pregnant women with GDM have less oxidative stress compared to pregnant women in LR concerning TBARS and Carbonyl Protein markers, thus allowing a greater antioxidant defense mechanism. Furthermore, concerning the purinergic system, there is an increase in the activity of ADA, which is directly related to the immunosuppression process, a necessary condition for the protection of the fetus during the gestational period (AU).

Introdução: A gravidez é caracterizada como um período fisiológico em que há uma maior sensibilidade a resistência à insulina e alterações no estresse oxidativo. A sinalização purinérgica está diretamente relacionada ao diabetes, pois esta condição modifica a concentração de ATP extracelular e o nível de degradação de ATP em adenosina. Objetivo:Analisar o estresse oxidativo e o sistema purinérgico em gestantes com Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG) e compará-los com gestantes de baixo risco (BR). Materiais e Métodos: A pesquisa foi de abordagem quantitativa, de caráter experimental. O estudo foi realizado na Clínica da Mulher, que atende gestantes de alto risco, e nas Unidades de Saúde da Família, que atendem gestantes de baixo risco, ambas localizadas no município de Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Resultados: A partir das análises, observou-se que o estresse oxidativo apresentou-se aumentado em gestantes de BR quando comparado a gestantes com DMG. No que tange ao sistema purinérgico, houve uma diminuição significativa na hidrólise dos nucleotídeos ATP, ADP e AMP em gestantes com DMG, bem como um aumento significativo na hidrólise de ADA, também em gestantes com DMG. Conclusão: Portanto, gestantes com DMG possuem menor estresse oxidativo quando comparado a gestantes de BR, permitindo assim, um maior mecanismo de defesa antioxidante. Para mais, no que se refere ao sistema purinérgico, verifica-se o aumento da concentração de ADA está diretamente relacionada ao processo de imunossupressão, condição necessária à proteção do feto durante o período gestacional (AU).

The antioxidant effect of preischemic dexmedetomidine in a rat model: increased expression of Nrf2/HO-1 via the PKC pathway

Abstract Background The precise underlying mechanism of antioxidant effects of dexmedetomidine-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia has not yet been fully elucidated. Activation of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) represents a major antioxidant-defense mechanism. Therefore, we determined whether dexmedetomidine increases Nrf2/HO-1 expression after global transient cerebral ischemia and assessed the involvement of Protein Kinase C (PKC) in the dexmedetomidine-related antioxidant mechanism. Methods Thirty-eight rats were randomly assigned to five groups: sham (n = 6), ischemic (n = 8), chelerythrine (a PKC inhibitor; 5 mg.kg-1 IV administered 30 min before cerebral ischemia) (n = 8), dexmedetomidine (100 µg.kg-1 IP administered 30 min before cerebral ischemia (n = 8), and dexmedetomidine + chelerythrine (n = 8). Global transient cerebral ischemia (10 min) was applied in all groups, except the sham group; histopathologic changes and levels of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic HO-1 were examined 24 hours after ischemia insult. Results We found fewer necrotic and apoptotic cells in the dexmedetomidine group relative to the ischemic group (p< 0.01) and significantly higher Nrf2 and HO-1 levels in the dexmedetomidine group than in the ischemic group (p< 0.01). Additionally, chelerythrine co-administration with dexmedetomidine attenuated the dexmedetomidine-induced increases in Nrf2 and HO-1 levels (p< 0.05 and p< 0.01, respectively) and diminished its beneficial neuroprotective effects. Conclusion Preischemic dexmedetomidine administration elicited neuroprotection against global transient cerebral ischemia in rats by increasing Nrf2/HO-1 expression partly via PKC signaling, suggesting that this is the antioxidant mechanism underlying dexmedetomidine-mediated neuroprotection.

Can pumpkin save us of doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity? / ¿Puede la calabaza salvarnos de la cardiotoxicidad inducida por doxorrubicina?

SUMMARY: Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the drugs necessary for the treatment of the 10 most common types of cancer. The leading adverse effect limiting clinical use of DOX is cardiotoxicity. Given that literature data indicate a protective role of carotenoids in doxorubicin-induced toxicity, in our study we compared the cardioprotective effect of a mixture of pumpkin carotenoids and a commercially available antioxidant preparation. Animals were distributed in 8 groups (Control - S; NADES - N; Doxorubicin - Dox; Carotenoids - Car; CardiofortIN - CF; NADES-Doxorubicin - N-Dox; Carotenoids-Doxorubicin - Car-Dox; CardiofortIN-Doxorubicin - CF-Dox). Histological sections were stained with the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and analyzed for the presence of myocardial damage by doxorubicin damage score (DDS). From the heart tissue homogenate were determined the intensity of lipid peroxidation and specific antioxidative enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase; catalase; glutathione S-transferase; glutathione peroxidase). In Car-DOX and CF-DOX groups, lipid peroxidation is significantly reduced compared to DOX group. Pretreatment of animals with carotenoids and in lesser extent with CardiofortIN led to higher antioxidative enzymes activity, compared to DOX group. Pretreated with carotenoids, only 50 % of animals had some degree of myocardial damage, and no animals had extensive damage. CardiofortIN pretreatment showed less protective effect. Pretreatment with carotenoid extract, reduced DDS significantly, so Car-DOX group has changes equivalent to mild myocardial damage. Although CardiofortIN pretreatment lowered DDS score values, animals still had moderate level of myocardium damage. This in vivo study and its findings indicate that carotenoids extracted from pumpkin may be a promising cardioprotective agent against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity, at least in part mediated through inhibition of DOX-induced oxidative stress.

La doxorrubicina (DOX) es uno de los fármacos necesarios para el tratamiento de los 10 tipos más comunes de cáncer. El principal efecto adverso que limita el uso clínico de DOX es la cardiotoxicidad. Debido a que los datos de la literatura indican un papel protector de los carotenoides en la toxicidad inducida por doxorrubicina, en nuestro estudio comparamos el efecto cardioprotector de una mezcla de carotenoides de calabaza y una preparación antioxidante disponible comercialmente. Los animales se distribuyeron en 8 grupos (Control - S; NADES - N; Doxorrubicina - Dox; Carotenoides - Car; CardiofortIN - CF; NADES-Doxorrubicina - N-Dox; Carotenoides-Doxorrubicina - Car-Dox; CardiofortIN- Doxorrubicina - CF-Dox). Las secciones histológicas se tiñeron con hematoxilina-eosina (HE) y se analizaron para detectar la presencia de daño miocárdico mediante la puntuación de daño por doxorrubicina (DDS). A partir del homogeneizado de tejido cardíaco se determinó la intensidad de la peroxidación lipídica y la actividad enzimática antioxidante específica (superóxido dismutasa, catalasa, glutatión S-transferasa, glutatión peroxidasa). En los grupos Car-DOX y CF-DOX, la peroxidación lipídica se redujo significativamente en comparación con el grupo DOX. El pre tratamiento de los animales con carotenoides y, en menor medida, con CardiofortlN condujo a una mayor actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes, en comparación con el grupo DOX. Al ser pre tratados con carotenoides, solo el 50 % de los animales tenían algún grado de daño miocárdico y ningún animal tenía daño extenso. El pre tratamiento con CardiofortIN mostró un efecto protector menor. El pre tratamiento con extracto de carotenoides redujo significativamente el DDS, por lo que el grupo Car-DOX mostró cambios equivalentes a un daño miocárdico leve. Aunque el pre tratamiento con CardiofortIN redujo los valores de la puntuación DDS, los animales aún tenían un nivel moderado de daño al miocardio. Este estudio in vivo y sus hallazgos indican que los carotenoides extraídos de la calabaza pueden ser un agente cardioprotector prometedor contra la cardiotoxicidad inducida por doxorrubicina, al menos en parte mediada por la inhibición del estrés oxidativo inducido por DOX.

Anticonvulsant effects of desvenlafaxine on modulating brain monoamine and oxidative stress in mice / Efeitos anticonvulsivantes da desvenlafaxina na modulação da monoamina cerebral e do estresse oxidativo em camundongos

Desvenlafaxine succinate (DVS) inhibits serotonin reuptake selectively and is approved for major depressive disorders. This research investigated influence of DVS on modulating brain monoamine and oxidative stress in mice. The antiepileptic potential of DVS (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg/i.p.) in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 85 mg/kg) with i.p. route of administration, strychnine (STR; 75 mg/kg) with i.p. route, pilocarpine (400 mg/kg) with s.c. route and maximal electroshock MES-induced convulsion in mouse models. The activities of oxidative stress, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) as well as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brains of PTZ-induced convulsive mice. Treatment with DVS increased the latency to develop siezures and declined mortalities in rodents against PTZ, STR and pilocarpine-induced convulsions. Results of MES-leaded siezures revealed that DVS reduced tonic hind limb extension duration and mortalities significantly. Brain, SOD, GSH and GABA level were significantly (P<0.01) increased and LPO reduced significantly (P<0.01) after DVS treatment. Furthermore, the DVS did not show any motor coordination signs in the rotarod test. We demonstrated that the role of DVS in convulsion genesis in mice under control condition and attenuate the PTZ-induced oxidative damage.

O succinato de desvenlafaxina (DVS) inibe seletivamente a recaptação da serotonina e é aprovado para transtornos depressivos maiores. Esta pesquisa investigou a influência do DVS na modulação da monoamina cerebral e do estresse oxidativo em camundongos. O potencial antiepiléptico de DVS (10, 20 ou 30 mg / kg / i.p.) Em pentilenotetrazole (PTZ; 85 mg / kg) com i.p. via de administração, estricnina (STR; 75 mg / kg) com i.p. via, pilocarpina (400 mg / kg) com s.c. rota e convulsão induzida por MES de eletrochoque máximo em modelos de camundongos. As atividades de estresse oxidativo, ou seja, superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa (GSH) e peroxidação lipídica (LPO), bem como ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA) nos cérebros de camundongos convulsivos induzidos por PTZ. O tratamento com DVS aumentou a latência para desenvolver crises e diminuiu a mortalidade em roedores contra convulsões induzidas por PTZ, STR e pilocarpina. Os resultados de siezures conduzidos por MES revelaram que o DVS reduziu significativamente a duração e a mortalidade da extensão tônica dos membros posteriores. Os níveis de cérebro, SOD, GSH e GABA aumentaram significativamente (P < 0,01) e o LPO reduziu significativamente (P < 0,01) após o tratamento com DVS. Além disso, o DVS não apresentou sinais de coordenação motora no teste do rotarod. Demonstramos o papel do DVS na gênese da convulsão em camundongos sob condição de controle e atenua o dano oxidativo induzido por PTZ.

Antioxidant potential and alfa-glucosidase inhibitory activity of onion (Allium cepa L. ) peel and bulb extracts / Atividade antioxidante e potencial inibidor de alfa-glucosidase de extratos de casca e bulbo de cebola (Allium cepa) preparados por etanol e água

Allium cepa L. is a commonly consumed vegetable that belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and contains nutrients and antioxidants in ample amounts. In spite of the valuable food applications of onion bulb, its peel and outer fleshy layers are generally regarded as waste and exploration of their nutritional and therapeutic potential is still in progress with a very slow progression rate. The present study was designed with the purpose of doing a comparative analysis of the antioxidant potential of two parts of Allium cepa, i.g., bulb (edible part) and outer fleshy layers and dry peels (inedible part). Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the onion bulb and peel extracts on rat intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase of porcine was also evaluated. The antioxidant potential of onion peel and bulb extracts were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2’-azino-bis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, H2O2 radical scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating activity. Total flavonoids and phenolic content of ethanolic extract of onion peel were significantly greater as compared to that of onion bulb. Ethanolic extract of onion peel also presented better antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity as compared to the ethanolic extract of bulb, while the aqueous extract of bulb presented weakest antioxidative potential. Onion peel extract's α-glucosidase inhibition potential was also correlated with their phenolic and flavonoid contents. The current findings presented onion peel as a possible source of antioxidative agents and phenolic compounds that might be beneficial against development of various common chronic diseases that might have an association with oxidative stress. Besides, outer dry layers and fleshy peels of onion exhibited higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities, compared [...].

Allium cepa pertence à família Liliaceae e é rica em nutrientes e antioxidantes. Apesar das expressivas aplicações alimentares do bulbo da cebola, sua casca e outras camadas externas são geralmente consideradas resíduos, e seu potencial nutricional e terapêutico ainda é pouco explorado. O presente estudo foi delineado com o objetivo de investigar comparativamente o potencial antioxidante de duas partes de Allium cepa, por exemplo o bulbo (parte comestível) e camadas externas e cascas secas (parte não comestível). Além disso, o efeito inibitório dos extratos do bulbo de cebola e casca sobre a α-glucosidase intestinal de ratos e α-amilase pancreática suína também foi avaliado. O potencial antioxidante dos extratos da casca de cebola e bulbo foi avaliado utilizando-se 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), método de poder antioxidante de redução do ferro (FRAP), método 2,2’-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfônico (ABTS) de eliminação de radicais, atividade de eliminação de radicais H2O2 e atividade quelante do Fe2+. Os flavonoides totais e os teores fenólicos do extrato de etanol da casca de cebola foram significativamente maiores quando comparados ao do bulbo. O extrato de etanol da casca de cebola também apresentou melhor atividade antioxidante e eliminação de radicais livres quando comparado ao extrato de etanol do bulbo, enquanto o extrato aquoso de bulbo apresentou menor potencial antioxidante. O potencial de inibição da α-glicosidase dos extratos de casca de cebola correlacionou-se com seus teores fenólicos e de flavonoides. Os resultados encontrados identificaram que a casca de cebola é uma possível fonte de agentes antioxidantes e compostos fenólicos que podem ser benéficos contra o desenvolvimento de várias doenças crônicas que estão associadas ao estresse oxidativo. Além disso, as camadas externas secas e as cascas da cebola exibiram maior conteúdo fenólico e atividades [...].

Hematological and renoprotective effects of folic acid and lentil extract in diclofenac sodium exposed rats / Efeitos hematológicos e renoprotetores do ácido fólico e do extrato de lentilha em ratos expostos ao diclofenaco de sódio

Excessive intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as, diclofenac sodium (DS) may lead to toxicity in the rats. In this work, we aimed to examine the protective impact of lentil extract (LE) and folic acid (FA) on the hematological markers, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal function against diclofenac sodium (DS) in male albino rats. The rats (120-150 g) were divided into four equal groups randomly, the first group kept as the untreated control. The second group was administrated with DS (11.6 mg/kg b.wt. orally once/day). The third group was received DS+FA (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+76.9 microgram/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. The fourth group was treated with DS+LE (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+500 mg/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. After four weeks, the results revealed that DS produced a significant decrease in the values of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cells (WBCs). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the platelets count. Also, DS induced a renal deterioration; this was evidenced by the significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, Na, Ca, Mg as well as the nitric oxide (NO) level in the kidney tissue. Also, there were a significant reduction in the serum levels of potassium (K) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the kidney homogenates. Moreover, the findings in the rats treated by DS+LE or DS+FA showed a potential protection on the hematological markers, oxidative stress in the kidney tissue and the renal function disturbed by DS. LE and FA could play a potent role for the prevention the adverse hematological, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal dysfunction caused by DS via their anti-oxidative and bioactive phytochemicals.

A ingestão excessiva de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais, como o diclofenaco de sódio (DS), pode causar toxicidade em ratos. Neste trabalho, objetivamos examinar o impacto protetor do extrato de lentilha (LE) e ácido fólico (AF) em marcadores hematológicos, no estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e na função renal contra o diclofenaco de sódio (DS) em ratos albinos machos. Os ratos (120-150 g) foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais aleatoriamente, sendo o primeiro grupo mantido como controle não tratado. O segundo grupo foi administrado com DS (11,6 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O terceiro grupo recebeu DS + FA (76,9 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O quarto grupo foi tratado com DS + LE (500 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). Após quatro semanas, os resultados revelaram que o DS produziu uma diminuição significativa nos valores de glóbulos vermelhos (RBCs), concentração de hemoglobina (Hb), hematócrito (HCT) e glóbulos brancos (WBCs). Por outro lado, houve um aumento significativo na contagem de plaquetas. Além disso, o DS induziu uma deterioração renal; isso foi evidenciado pelo aumento significativo dos níveis séricos de ureia, creatinina, ácido úrico, Na, Ca, Mg e também do nível de óxido nítrico no tecido renal. Além disso, houve uma redução significativa nos níveis séricos de potássio (K) e glutationa reduzida (GSH) nos homogenatos renais. Além disso, os achados nos ratos tratados com DS + LE ou DS + FA mostraram uma proteção potencial sobre os marcadores hematológicos, estresse oxidativo no tecido renal e função renal perturbada pelo DS. LE e AF podem desempenhar um papel potente na prevenção do estresse hematológico adverso, do estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e da disfunção renal causada pelo DS por meio de seus fitoquímicos antioxidantes e bioativos.

Histopathological examination of the protective effect of intense exercise in apoptotic germ cell damage due to diabetes

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the protective and antioxidative effects of intensive exercise on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced testicular damage, apoptotic spermatognial cells death, and oxidative stress. Methods: 36 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, diabetes, and diabetes+intensive exercise (IE) groups. Testicular tissues were examined histopathologically and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity, as well as serum testosterone level, were measured. Results: Seminiferous tubules and germ cells were found to be better in the testis tissue of the intense exercise group than in the diabetes group. Diabetes suppressed antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, GPx and testosterone levels were significantly decreased, and increased MDA level in the diabetic group compared to diabetes+IE group (p < 0.001). Following four weeks of treatment, intensive exercise improved the antioxidant defense, significantly decreased MDA activity, and increased testosterone levels in testicular tissue in the diabetic group compared to diabetes+IE group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: STZ-induced diabetes causes damage to the testis tissue. In order to prevent these damages, exercise practice has become very popular nowadays. In present study, our intensive exercise protocol, histological, and biochemical analysis of the effect of diabetes on the testicular tissues is shown.

Naringenin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response via the activation of SIRT1/FOXO1 signaling pathway in vitro

Purpose: To explore the protection of naringenin against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced HT22 cell injury, a cell model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vitro, focusing on SIRT1/FOXO1 signaling pathway. Methods: Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, 4-hydroxynonenoic acid (4-HNE) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured by commercial kits. Inflammatory cytokines levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expressions were monitored by Western blot analysis. Results: Naringenin significantly ameliorated OGD/Rinduced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HT22 cells. Meanwhile, naringenin promoted SIRT1 and FOXO1 protein expressions in OGD/R-subjected HT22 cells. In addition, naringenin attenuated OGD/R-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, oxidative stress (the increased ROS, MDA and 4-HNE levels, and the decreased SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities) and inflammatory response (the increased tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-1ß, and IL-6 levels and the decreased IL-10 level), which were blocked by the inhibition of the SIRT1/FOXO1 signaling pathway induced by SIRT1-siRNA transfection. Conclusion: Naringenin protected HT22 cells against OGD/R injury depending on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities via promoting the SIRT1/FOXO1 signaling pathway.

Curcumin alleviated oxidation stress injury by mediating osteopontin in nephrolithiasis rats

Purpose: To explore the role and mechanism of curcumin (Cur) in reducing oxidative stress damage in rats with nephrolithiasis induced by ethylene glycol (EG). Methods: Thirty male rats were divided into normal control, model, positive (10% potassium citrate), Cur-10 (10 mg/kg curcumin) and Cur-20 (20 mg/kg curcumin) groups. Results: The results of kidney tissue section stained by hematoxylin-eosin and von Kossa showed that curcumin treatment can inhibit the formation of kidney stones. The biochemical test results showed that the urea (Ur), creatinine (Cr), uric acid (UA), inorganic phosphorus and Ca2+ concentrations in urine decreased after being treated with curcumin. There were significant differences between different doses of curcumin (P < 0.05). Compared with the Cur-10 group, Cur-20 had a more significant inhibitory effect on malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05). In addition, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection and immunohistochemical results indicated that the osteopontin (OPN) in the kidney was significantly reduced after curcumin treatment. Conclusion: Curcumin could reduce the oxidative stress damage caused by EG-induced kidney stones.

Hematological and renoprotective effects of folic acid and lentil extract in diclofenac sodium exposed rats / Efeitos hematológicos e renoprotetores do ácido fólico e do extrato de lentilha em ratos expostos ao diclofenaco de sódio

Abstract Excessive intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as, diclofenac sodium (DS) may lead to toxicity in the rats. In this work, we aimed to examine the protective impact of lentil extract (LE) and folic acid (FA) on the hematological markers, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal function against diclofenac sodium (DS) in male albino rats. The rats (120-150 g) were divided into four equal groups randomly, the first group kept as the untreated control. The second group was administrated with DS (11.6 mg/kg b.wt. orally once/day). The third group was received DS+FA (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+76.9 microgram/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. The fourth group was treated with DS+LE (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+500 mg/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. After four weeks, the results revealed that DS produced a significant decrease in the values of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cells (WBCs). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the platelets count. Also, DS induced a renal deterioration; this was evidenced by the significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, Na, Ca, Mg as well as the nitric oxide (NO) level in the kidney tissue. Also, there were a significant reduction in the serum levels of potassium (K) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the kidney homogenates. Moreover, the findings in the rats treated by DS+LE or DS+FA showed a potential protection on the hematological markers, oxidative stress in the kidney tissue and the renal function disturbed by DS. LE and FA could play a potent role for the prevention the adverse hematological, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal dysfunction caused by DS via their anti-oxidative and bioactive phytochemicals.

Resumo A ingestão excessiva de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais, como o diclofenaco de sódio (DS), pode causar toxicidade em ratos. Neste trabalho, objetivamos examinar o impacto protetor do extrato de lentilha (LE) e ácido fólico (AF) em marcadores hematológicos, no estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e na função renal contra o diclofenaco de sódio (DS) em ratos albinos machos. Os ratos (120-150 g) foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais aleatoriamente, sendo o primeiro grupo mantido como controle não tratado. O segundo grupo foi administrado com DS (11,6 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O terceiro grupo recebeu DS + FA (76,9 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O quarto grupo foi tratado com DS + LE (500 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). Após quatro semanas, os resultados revelaram que o DS produziu uma diminuição significativa nos valores de glóbulos vermelhos (RBCs), concentração de hemoglobina (Hb), hematócrito (HCT) e glóbulos brancos (WBCs). Por outro lado, houve um aumento significativo na contagem de plaquetas. Além disso, o DS induziu uma deterioração renal; isso foi evidenciado pelo aumento significativo dos níveis séricos de ureia, creatinina, ácido úrico, Na, Ca, Mg e também do nível de óxido nítrico no tecido renal. Além disso, houve uma redução significativa nos níveis séricos de potássio (K) e glutationa reduzida (GSH) nos homogenatos renais. Além disso, os achados nos ratos tratados com DS + LE ou DS + FA mostraram uma proteção potencial sobre os marcadores hematológicos, estresse oxidativo no tecido renal e função renal perturbada pelo DS. LE e AF podem desempenhar um papel potente na prevenção do estresse hematológico adverso, do estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e da disfunção renal causada pelo DS por meio de seus fitoquímicos antioxidantes e bioativos.

Clinical relevance of oxidative stress biomarkers in cardiovascular prevention / Relevância clínica de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo na prevenção cardiovascular

Cardiovascular diseases involve hyperlipidemia, inflammation and oxidative stress. Although this relationship is well established, only biomarkers associated with hyperlipidemia and inflammation are currently in clinical practice for diagnosis and evaluation of patient treatment. Our hypothesis is that oxidative stress biomarkers may be an independent risk factor and may assist in cardiovascular risk stratification and contribute to improving current scores. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate which are the biomarkers and methodologies were used in clinical studies in humans with different health conditions. With the results obtained in the first part, we selected studies conducted in healthy individuals and in individuals under primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention in order to evaluate the most frequent biomarkers, the results obtained according to the individual's profile and the methodology used, and correlate with different health conditions. We observed that malondialdehyde (MDA) was the most frequent lipid biomarker of oxidative stress applied in the studies, but it presented significant variability in the results and a weak correlation with clinical outcomes. The result of this study demonstrates the importance of carrying out a multicentric study to validate the MDA values in individuals with different health conditions and the standardization of the methodology based on high performance liquid chromatographyy (HPLC)

As doenças cardiovasculares envolvem hiperlipidemia, inflamação e estresse oxidativo. Embora essa relação esteja bem estabelecida, apenas biomarcadores associados à hiperlipidemia e inflamação são atuais na prática clínica para diagnóstico e avaliação do tratamento do paciente. Nossa hipótese é que biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo podem ser um fator de risco independente e podem auxiliar na estratificação de risco cardiovascular e contribuir para melhorar os escores atuais. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar primeiramente quais são os biomarcadores e metodologias utilizados nos estudos clínicos em humanos em diferentes condições de saúde. Com os resultados obtidos na primeira etapa, selecionamos os estudos conduzidos em indivíduos saudáveis e em prevenção cardiovascular primária e secundária a fim de avaliar os biomarcadores mais utilizados, os resultados obtidos conforme o perfil do indivíduo e a metodologia utilizada e finalmente correlacionar com as diferentes condições de saúde. Observamos que o malondialdeído (MDA) foi o biomarcador lipídico de estresse oxidativo mais frequente nos estudos, porém apresentou importante variabilidade nos resultados e fraca correlação com desfechos clínicos. O resultado desse estudo demonstra a importância da realização de um estudo multicentrico para validação dos valores de MDA nos diferentes perfis de indivíduos e a padronização metodológica baseada na cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC)

Effects of chemical and green nano-zinc oxide on histological changes, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in rat kidney associated with cisplatin

Abstract Cisplatin (CP) is used to treat various tumors. A main restriction of cisplatin is nephrotoxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of ZnONPs on cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and rat kidney tissue damage. Eighty adult male Wistar rats (250g-270g) were divided into ten groups: Control (CON), Sham (SH), Bulk ZnO (BZnO), Chemical ZnONPs (ChZnONPs), Green ZnONPs (GrZnONPs), Cisplatin (CP), Cisplatin+BulkZnO (CP+BZnO), Cisplatin+Green ZnONPs (CP+GrZnONPs), Cisplatin+Chemical ZnONPs (CP+ChZnONPs), Cisplatin+Explant (CP+EX). CP was i.p administered 5mg/kg/week and BZnO, ChZnONPs and GrZnONPs were i.p administered at a dose of 5mg/kg/day. After 30 days of the treatment, the expression of apoptosis/anti apoptosis related genes oxidant/antioxidant factors and histological changes in the were studied. The CP-treated group showed a decrease in body weight, while the Co-administration of ZGNPs to CP-treated rats showed a significant increase compared to the CP group. The results showed that the increased mRNA level of bax, MDA and the decreased mRNA level of bcl2, SOD and CAT activities in kidney of CP group were improved when animals were treated with ZnO NPs. Our results showed that GrZnONPs, ChZnONPs and BZnO had the potential to protect against oxidative stress and cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity that this protective effect was more evident in GrZnONPs.

Correlation of fasting blood, salivary glucose and malondialdehyde in subjects with & without type 2 diabetes

Oxidative stress is identified as the common pathogenic factor that leads to insulin resistance in diabetics. Malondialdehyde is a product of lipid peroxidation. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the variation in the Salivary malondialdehyde (MDA) among subjects with and without T2DM in comparison to the fasting blood and Salivary glucose. Methods: This study involved 29 healthy participants as Controls (group I) and 29 participants with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as Cases (group II). Salivary Glucose was analysed by glucose oxidase end-point assay. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay method was considered for estimation of MDA in fasting saliva. Data was Statistically analysed using SPSS20. Parametric test was performed to analyse the data. Results: The correlation calculated between FBG with FSG level was found to be highly significant. A positive correlation between MDA levels with FBG was found. The relationship between FBG and FSG (r = 0.7815, p < 0.05), FBG and MDA (r =0.3678, p < 0.05) and FSG and MDA (r = 0.2869, p < 0.05) were found to be positively significant. Conclusion: Saliva as a unique body fluid can serve as a medium for biochemical analysis only in standard settings and with multiple measures to be used as a diagnostic tool in par with the gold standard serum. Salivary MDA levels can be considered as one of the oxidative stress markers in Type 2 Diabetic condition

Study of the potential toxicity of adrenaline to neurons, using the SH-SY5Y human cellular model

Abstract Prolonged overexposure to catecholamines causes toxicity, usually credited to continuous adrenoceptor stimulation, autoxidation, and the formation of reactive pro-oxidant species. Non-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were used to study the possible contribution of oxidative stress in adrenaline (ADR)-induced neurotoxicity, as a model to predict the toxicity of this catecholamine to peripheral nerves. Cells were exposed to several concentrations of ADR (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1mM) and two cytotoxicity assays [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction] were performed at several time-points (24, 48, and 96h). The cytotoxicity of ADR was concentration- and time-dependent in both assays, since the lowest concentration tested (0.1mM) also caused significant cytotoxicity at 96h. N-acetyl-cysteine (1mM), a precursor of glutathione synthesis, prevented ADR-induced toxicity elicited by 0.5mM and 0.25mM ADR following a 96-h exposure, while the antioxidant Tiron (100µM) was non-protective. In conclusion, ADR led to mitochondrial distress and ultimately cell death in non-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, possibly because of ADR oxidation products. The involvement of such processes in the catecholamine-induced peripheral neuropathy requires further analysis.

Manipulação de oócitos inclusos em folículos ovarianos pré-antrais e a importância dos antioxidantes ­ revisão de literatura / Manipulation of oocytes included in preantral ovarian follicles and the importance of antioxidants ­ literature review / Manipulación de ovocitos incluidos en folículos ováricos preantrales e importancia de los antioxidantes - revisión de la literatura

A manipulação de oócitos inclusos em folículos ovarianos pré-antrais (MOIFOPA) vem sendo estudada pensando na perspectiva futura de aplicação direta na reprodução humana, principalmente para mulheres que sofrem de doenças ou que precisam passar por tratamentos que interferem na função ovariana. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é revisar aspectos relacionados com a biotécnica de MOIFOPA e a importância dos antioxidantes no cultivo in vitro de folículos pré-antrais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa na base de dados PubMed, buscando artigos sobre a biotécnica, principalmente relacionados com a necessidade do uso de antioxidantes no cultivo. A grande maioria dos estudos sobre a biotécnica utilizam como modelo experimental os folículos ovarianos de diferentes espécies de animais. A MOIFOPA compreende o isolamento e o resgate de folículos ovarianos pré-antrais provenientes de ovários, seguido da conservação através da técnica de resfriamento ou congelação e o cultivo folicular in vitro, a fim de promover o crescimento, a maturação e a fecundação in vitro (FIV) dos oócitos inclusos nesses folículos, maximizando o potencial reprodutivo feminino e diminuindo a atresia folicular que acontece in vivo. Um aspecto que pode interferir no sucesso do cultivo in vitro de folículos ovarianos pré-antrais é a produção em excesso de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). Os ácidos ascórbico e alfa lipóico vem demonstrando resultados interessantes para reduzir os efeitos que as EROs causam sobre os folículos ovarianos pré-antrais cultivados in vitro.

The manipulation of oocytes included in preantral ovarian follicles (MOEPF) has been studied considering the future perspective of direct application in human reproduction, especially for women who suffer from diseases or who need to undergo treatments that interfere with ovarian function. In this context, the objective of this paper is to review aspects related to the biotechnology of MOIFOPA and the importance of antioxidants. A search was carried out in the PubMed database, searching for articles on biotechnology, mainly related to the need to use antioxidants in cultivation. The vast majority of studies on biotechnology use ovarian follicles from different species of animals as an experimental model. MOIFOPA comprises the isolation and rescue of preantral ovarian follicles from ovaries, followed by conservation through the cooling or freezing technique and in vitro follicular cultivation, in order to promote growth, maturation and in vitro fertilization ( IVF) of the oocytes included in these follicles, maximizing the female reproductive potential and decreasing the follicular atresia that occurs in vivo. One aspect that may interfere with the success of in vitro culture of preantral ovarian follicles is the excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ascorbic and alpha lipoic acids have shown interesting results in reducing the effects that ROS cause on in vitro cultured preantral ovarian follicles.

manipulación de ovocitos incluidos en folículos ováricos preantrales (MOIFOPA) se ha estudiado con la perspectiva futura de su aplicación directa en la reproducción humana, especialmente en mujeres que padecen enfermedades o que necesitan someterse a tratamientos que interfieren en la función ovárica. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los aspectos relacionados con la biotécnica de MOIFOPA y la importancia de los antioxidantes en el cultivo in vitro de los folículos pré-antrais. Se realizó una investigación en la base de datos PubMed, buscando artículos sobre la biotecnología, principalmente relacionados con la necesidad del uso de antioxidantes en el cultivo. La mayoría de los estudios sobre biotecnología utilizan como modelo experimental los folículos ováricos de diferentes especies de animales. El MOIFOPA incluye el aislamiento y rescate de los folículos ováricos preantrales de los ovarios, seguido de su conservación mediante la técnica de enfriamiento o congelación y el cultivo folicular in vitro, con el fin de promover el crecimiento, la maduración y la fecundación in vitro (FIV) de los ovocitos incluidos en estos folículos, maximizando el potencial reproductivo femenino y disminuyendo la atresia folicular que se produce in vivo. Un aspecto que puede interferir en el éxito del cultivo in vitro de folículos ováricos preantrales es la producción excesiva de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS). El ácido ascórbico y el ácido alfa lipoico han mostrado resultados interesantes para reducir los efectos que causan las ERO en los folículos ováricos preantrales cultivados in vitro.

Catequinas del té verde: efectos antigenotóxicos y genotóxicos. Revisión sistemática / Green tea catechins: antigenotoxic and genotoxic effects. Systematic review

Las catequinas del té verde (Camellia sinensis) (CTV) presentan efectos benéficos para la salud asociados a su potencial antioxidante. Por otra parte, el estrés oxidante es una de las vías de inducción de daño genotóxico. De ahí que, en la presente revisión se realizó un análisis de los efectos antigenotóxicos y genotóxicos de las CTV, haciendo énfasis en las vías implicadas en estos procesos y sus efectos en la salud. Se realizó una revisión de artículos indexados en las bases de datos de PubMed® y Science Direct® (2021) con las palabras clave "green tea" y "green tea catechins". Se delimitaron los estudios utilizando los operadores booleanos "AND", "OR" y "NOT" ("antigenotoxic", "genotoxic", "antioxidant" y "prooxidant"). En su mayoría se consideraron las publicaciones del 2016 al 2021. Se observó que los efectos benéficos en la salud de las CTV están relacionados con: a) su actividad antioxidante mediante la captura, inhibición y prevención de la formación de las especies reactivas de oxígeno; b) la regulación del sistema antioxidante endógeno; c) la activación de los mecanismos de reparación al contribuir en la eliminación del aducto 8-hidroxi-2'-desoxiguanosina; d) la inducción de apoptosis en células con daño al ADN; y e) la inhibición de la inflamación relacionada con su actividad antiapoptótica. Si bien, en algunos de los estudios se reportaron efectos genotóxicos, estos a su vez contribuyeron en la eliminación de células con daño genético, por lo que, no se puede considerar del todo a la actividad genotóxica de las CTV como perjudiciales para la salud(AU)

The green tea catechins (Camellia sinensis) (CTV) have beneficial effects for health associated with their antioxidant potential. Moreover, oxidative stress is one of the pathways for inducing genotoxic damage. Hence, in this review, an analysis of the antigenotoxic and genotoxic effects of CTV was carried out, emphasizing the pathways involved in these processes and their effects on health. A review of articles indexed in the PubMed® and ScienceDirect® (2021) databases with the keywords "green tea" and "green tea catechins" was carried out. Studies were delimited using the Boolean operators "AND", "OR" and "NOT" ("antigenotoxic", "genotoxic", "antioxidant" and "prooxidant"). For the most part, publications from 2016 to 2021 were considered. It was observed that the beneficial health effects of CTVs are related to: a) their antioxidant activity through the capture, inhibition and prevention of the formation of reactive oxygen species; b) the regulation of the endogenous antioxidant system; c) the activation of the repair mechanisms by contributing to the elimination of the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine adduct; d) the induction of apoptosis in cells with DNA damage; and e) the inhibition of inflammation related to its antiapoptotic activity. Although some of the studies reported genotoxic effects, these in turn contributed to the elimination of cells with genetic damage. Therefore, the genotoxic activity of CTV cannot be considered as harmful to health

Effect of Chronic Altitude Hypoxia on Redox Balance in Preadolescents and Adolescents / Efectos de la hipoxia altitudinal crónica sobre el balance Redox de preadolescentes y adolescentes / Efeito da exposição crônica à hipóxia de altitude no equilíbrio oxidante/antioxidante de crianças e adolescentes

Living at high altitude increases oxidative stress. Likewise, growth and maturation during adolescence can increase levels of reactive oxygen species (ros). Changes in redox profiles have been evaluated in adults living at high altitudes; however, there are no studies on these changes in peripubertal populations living at moderate altitudes, we determine how living at moderate altitude affects the oxidative and inflammatory status of healthy preadolescents and adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in healthy male Colombian preadolescents and adoles-cents (9­18 years old, Tanner scale classification) who lived at low altitude (n = 26) or moderate altitude (n = 26). Plasma oxidative and inflammatory status was assessed via spectrophotometry. Oxidative markers included malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal, and carbonyl groups. Antioxidant markers included total antioxidant status, glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, uric acid, and thiols. Inflammatory markers included interleukins-1, -6, and -10 and tumor necrosis factor. Results:Only uric acid levels were higher in adolescents (5.34 and 5.66 mg/dl) compared to preadolescents (3.85 and 4.07 mg/dl) in both moderate and low altitude groups, respectively. Participants who lived at mod-erate altitude presented significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde (4.82 and 3.73 nM/mg protein) and lower level of glutathione and thiols (1.21 and 1.26 µmol/mg protein) than in those at low altitude. Their inflammatory profiles did not differ. Conclusion: Oxidant profiles increased in peripubertal popu-lations residing at moderate altitude; this could be owing to antioxidant consumption by ros and active metabolism during puberty.

vivir en altura es un factor que se asocia con el estrés oxidativo. El crecimiento y la maduración pueden ser un estresor adicional. Es insuficiente la evidencia sobre alteraciones del perfil redox en peripúberes residentes a altitudes moderadas. El propósito fue establecer el efecto de vivir en una altitud moderada sobre el perfil redox e inflamatorio en preadolescentes y adolescentes sanos. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal en varones preadolescentes y adolescentes sanos (9-18 años) que viven en altitud baja (n = 26) o altitud moderada (n = 26). El estado oxidativo plasmático se evaluó mediante espectrofotometría a través de marcadores de oxidación (malondialdehído e hidroxinonenal y grupos carbonilo) y antioxidantes (estado antioxidante total, glutatión, catalasa, superóxido dismutasa, ácido úrico y tioles). El perfil inflamatorio se midió con interleucinas 1, 6, 10 y factor de necrosis tumoral α. Resultados: solo el ácido úrico fue diferente entre adolescentes (5.34 y 5.66 mg/dl para moderada y baja altitud, respectivamente) y preadolescentes (3.85 y 4.07 mg/dl para moderada y baja altitud, res-pectivamente). El grupo de preadolescentes y adolescentes de moderada altitud presentó niveles más altos de malondialdehído (4.82 y 3.73 nM/mg de proteína, respectivamente) y menor glutatión y tioles (1.21 y 1.26 µmol/mg de proteína), en comparación con sus contrapartes de baja altitud. Conclusión: las poblaciones peripúberes que residen en una altitud moderada presentan un perfil oxidante más alto, lo que puede estar relacionado con la depleción de antioxidantes, por una mayor producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno relacionada con la hipoxia y el metabolismo activo de la pubertad.

viver em grandes altitudes é um fator de estresse associado ao estresse oxidativo. Durante a adolescência, os processos de crescimento e maturação podem aumentar as espécies reativas de oxi-gênio. Alterações no perfil redox foram estudadas em adultos expostos a grandes altitudes, mas não em populações peripubertais vivendo em altitudes moderadas. Nosso objetivo é estabelecer o efeito de viver em uma altitude moderada sobre o estado oxidativo e inflamatório em pré-adolescentes e adolescentes saudáveis. Materiais and métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal em pré-adolescentes e adolescen-tes colombianos saudáveis (9-18 anos, na escala de classificação de Tanner) que viviam em baixa altitude (n = 26) ou altitude moderada (n = 26). O estado oxidativo e inflamatório do plasma foi avaliado por espectrofotometria: 1) Marcadores de oxidação: grupos Malondialdeído + 4-hidroxi-trans-2-nonenal e carbonila; 2) antioxidantes: estado antioxidante total, glutationa, catalase, superóxido dismutase, ácido úrico e tióis; 3) Marcadores de inflamação: interleucinas 1, 6, 10 e fator de necrose tumoral α. Resultados:apenas o ácido úrico foi maior em adolescentes (5,34 e 5,66 mg/dl) em comparação com pré-adolescentes (3,85 e 4,07 mg/dl) dos grupos de altitude moderada e baixa, respectivamente. A altitude moderada apre-sentou níveis significativamente maiores de Malondialdeído (4,82 e 3,73 nM/mg de proteína), e menores níveis de Glutationa e tióis (1,21 e 1,26 µmol/mg de proteína), em comparação com a baixa altitude. Nenhuma diferença foi detectada no perfil inflamatório. Conclusão: as populações peripubertais que residem em altitude moderada apresentam maior perfil oxidante, o que pode estar relacionado ao con-sumo de antioxidantes devido à maior produção de ros relacionada à hipóxia e ao metabolismo ativo por volta da puberdade.