ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi refletir sobre os efeitos da não adesão ao tratamento para a equipe de saúde e sobre as ações/reações da equipe que podem causar a não adesão ao tratamento. A amostra foi composta por 10 profissionais de saúde. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi uma entrevista semiestruturada. O material coletado foi submetido à análise temática, e discussão foi baseada na psicanálise. Como resultado, verificou-se que os profissionais relacionaram a não adesão às carências percebidas nos pacientes. Também foi identificada a presença de um ciclo de encaminhamentos, o qual, por vezes, significava uma tentativa de eliminar um incômodo (a não adesão), mas, em contrapartida, o causava. Verificou-se também a presença de confusão entre cuidado e controle, produzindo relações permeadas por desconfiança, verificação e correção. Percebeu-se, ainda, relação entre não adesão e frustração, seja porque o tratamento é insuficiente para evitar o sofrimento do paciente, seja pelo desconforto advindo da não cooperação do paciente. Ao final, como efeitos para a equipe, evidenciou-se a presença de profissionais envolvidos por um discurso de frustração, desvalorização e impotência. Como efeitos da equipe, verificou-se que profissionais também podem produzir aquilo de que se queixam, pelos lugares subjetivos que delineiam e cristalizam. A partir disso, problematiza-se o sentido que a não adesão pode assumir, e é importante considerá-la como um sinal que pode revelar os percalços (e as possíveis resoluções) do contrato relacional entre paciente e equipe.(AU)
The objective of this study was to reflect about the effects of non-adherence to the treatment for the health team and about the actions/reactions of the team that may can cause the non-adherence to the treatment. The sample consisted of 10 health professionals. The data collection instrument was a semi-structured interview. The material collected was submitted to thematic analysis, and the discussion was based on psychoanalysis. As a result, it was verified that the professionals related non-adherence to needs perceived on patients. The presence of a referral cycle was also identified, which, sometimes, meant an attempt to eliminate a nuisance (the non-adherence) but, instead, caused it. It was also verified the presence of confusion between care and control, producing relations permeated by distrust, verification, and correction. The link between non-adherence and frustration was also observed, either due to the treatment being insufficient to avoid the suffering of the patient; or by the discomfort from the non-cooperation of the patient. At the end, as effects for the team, professionals involved by a discourse of frustration, devaluation, and impotence were evidenced. As effects of the team, it has been found that professionals can also produce what they complain about, by the subjective places that were delineate and crystallize. Thus, we problematize the meaning non-adherence may assume, and considering it a signal that can reveal the mishaps (and possible resolutions) of the relational contract between patient and team is important.(AU)
El objetivo de este estudio fue reflexionar sobre los efectos de la no adherencia al tratamiento para el equipo de salud y sobre las acciones/reacciones del equipo que pueden causar la no adherencia al tratamiento. La muestra estuvo conformada por diez profesionales de la salud. El instrumento de recolección de datos fue una entrevista semiestructurada. El material recolectado fue sometido a análisis temático, y se utilizó el psicoanálisis para discutir el material. El resultado constató que los profesionales entendieron la no adherencia como una carencia/necesidad de los pacientes. También se identificó la presencia de un ciclo de derivación, que a veces significó un intento de eliminar una molestia (falta de adherencia), pero que puede generar el problema. También se verificó la presencia de confusión entre cuidado y control, produciendo relaciones permeadas de desconfianza, verificación y corrección. También se observó el vínculo entre la no adherencia y la frustración, ya sea porque el tratamiento es insuficiente para evitar el sufrimiento del paciente o por la incomodidad que produce la falta de cooperación del paciente. Al final, como efectos para el equipo, se evidenciaron profesionales envueltos por la frustración, la devaluación y la impotencia. Como efectos del equipo, se constató que los profesionales también pueden producir lo que quejan desde los lugares subjetivos que fueron delineados y cristalizados. Así se discute el sentido que puede asumir la no adherencia, y es importante considerarla como señal de los percances (y posibles resoluciones) del contrato relacional entre paciente y equipo.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Patient Care Team , Health Personnel , Treatment Adherence and Compliance , Orientation , Pain , Pathology , Patients , Pharmacology , Poverty , Psychoanalysis , Psychology , Psychotherapy , Social Isolation , Behavior , Burnout, Professional , Family , Nursing , Physical Therapy Modalities , Domestic Violence , Disease Progression , Life , Cultural Deprivation , Death , Defense Mechanisms , Diabetes Mellitus , Diagnosis , Diet , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Economics , Education , Nutritional Sciences , Medication Adherence , Sadness , Respect , Psychosocial Intervention , Hospitalization , Anemia, Sickle Cell , Life Style , Negativism , ObesityABSTRACT
Introducción: los sistemas de conocimientos y habilidades de cada profesión deben responder a los cambios sociales; esto implica el análisis constante para perfeccionarlos permanentemente. Objetivo: comparar los elementos fundamentales de los planes de estudio C, D y E de la asignatura Farmacología General para contribuir a la preparación de los docentes y mejorar el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática y documental que incluyó varias fuentes, entre ellas: resoluciones, programas de la asignatura Farmacología General, libros, artículos originales y de revisión. Se seleccionaron 24 fuentes teniendo en cuenta su pertinencia y actualización según el objetivo del trabajo. La búsqueda digital se realizó en las bases de datos Scopus, SciELO y Medline de los últimos cinco años. Las palabras claves utilizadas fueron: proceso docente educativo, farmacología general, plan de estudio, programa y educación médica. Desarrollo: se constató coherencia sistémica en los temas básicos de los programas, ajuste en sus objetivos, contenidos y evaluación de acuerdo con el modelo del profesional que se aspira a formar, con transformaciones en las horas clase, contenidos y formas organizativas de la enseñanza, responde al modelo del profesional que se aspira a formar; sin embargo, es susceptible de ser perfeccionado. Conclusiones: el programa de la asignatura Farmacología General ha experimentado un constante proceso de transformación según los cambios experimentados en el sistema de salud cubano, en busca de un mejor desarrollo del proceso docente educativo y de elevar su calidad y pertinencia.
Introduction: the knowledge and skills systems of each profession must respond to social changes; this implies constant analysis to improve them permanently. Objective: to compare the fundamental elements of the C, D and E study plans of the General Pharmacology subject to contribute to the preparation of teachers and improve the teaching-learning process. Methods: a systematic and documentary bibliographic review was carried out that included several sources, among them: resolutions, General Pharmacology subject programs, books, original and review articles. 24 sources were selected taking into account their relevance and updating according to the objective of the work. The digital search was carried out in the Scopus, SciELO and Medline databases of the last five years. The keywords used were educational teaching process, general pharmacology, study plan, program and medical education. Development: systemic coherence was verified in the basic topics of the programs, adjustment in their objectives, contents, and evaluation in accordance with the model of the professional desired to train, with transformations in class hours, contents, and organizational forms of teaching, responds to the model of the professional to train; however, it is capable of being perfected. Conclusions: the program of the General Pharmacology subject has undergone a constant transformation process according to the changes experienced in the Cuban health system, in search of a better development of the teaching-learning process and to raise its quality and relevance.
Subject(s)
Pharmacology , Education, Medical , Professional Training , LearningABSTRACT
El trabajo educativo consiste en transmitir un mensaje coherente desde la propia ciencia y estimula la motivación del aprendizaje de los estudiantes y su propia actividad cognoscitiva. El propósito de la educación médica superior es egresar un profesional integral; por tanto, se trata de instruir y educar a los estudiantes en los más altos valores patrióticos, morales y éticos en cada uno de los escenarios docentes, desde la propia ciencia. El objetivo de esta comunicación es ejemplificar algunos contenidos sobre la temática referente a medicamentos antiulcerosos en los que se puede intencionar el trabajo educativo desde la propia ciencia.
The educational work consists of transmitting a coherent educational message from science itself and stimulates the students' learning motivation and their own cognitive activity. The purpose of higher medical education is to graduate a comprehensive professional; therefore, it is about instructing and educating students in the highest patriotic, moral and ethical values in each of the teaching scenarios, from science itself. The objective of this research paper is to exemplify some content on the subject related to antiulcer drugs from which educational work can be intentioned from science itself.
Subject(s)
Pharmacology , Principle-Based Ethics , Education, Medical , Ethics, ProfessionalABSTRACT
El desarrollo de la interdisciplinariedad, a través del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje enmarcado en el trabajo conjunto de la unidad curricular de Farmacología y las asignaturas clínicas de la Disciplina Principal Integradora de la carrera de Estomatología, resulta esencial para la sistematización de los contenidos de Farmacología y el desarrollo de habilidades teórico-prácticas en la prescripción racional de medicamentos de uso estomatológico por parte de estudiantes. En el presente ensayo se exponen los fundamentos teóricos que sustentan la estrategia didáctica diseñada para lograr lo antes expuesto. El análisis de los referentes teóricos existentes permitió precisar fundamentos filosóficos, sociológicos, psicológicos, pedagógicos, didácticos y de la educación médica cubana. Finalmente, se consideró que dichos fundamentos permitieron otorgar a la estrategia didáctica diseñada la estructura y coherencia necesarias y el carácter científico, con lo cual se contribuye a la formación integral de los estudiantes y, por consiguiente, al futuro egresado de la carrera de Estomatología.
The development of interdisciplinarity through the teaching-learning process between the Pharmacology curricular unit and the clinical subjects of the Main Integrative Discipline in the Stomatology career, is essential for the systematization of the essential contents of Pharmacology and to develop theoretical skills in the students' practices for the rational prescription of drugs for stomatological use. In this essay, the theoretical foundations that support a designed didactic strategy to achieve the above are exposed. The analysis of the existing theoretical references allowed to specify the philosophical, sociological, psychological, pedagogical, didactic and of Cuban Medical Education foundations. Finally, it was considered that these foundations allowed to give the designed didactic strategy the necessary structure and coherence and scientific character, thereby contributing to the comprehensive training of students and, consequently, of future graduates of the Stomatology career.
Subject(s)
Pharmacology , Teaching , Oral MedicineABSTRACT
Introducción: Los retos y las exigencias del mundo contemporáneo requieren de profesionales de la salud con una formación académica basada en competencias. La especialidad de Farmacología en Cuba no ha definido sus competencias profesionales. Objetivo: Definir las competencias profesionales de los especialistas en Farmacología para su desempeño como farmacoepidemiólogos. Métodos: Estudio de desarrollo en el que se obtuvieron las competencias profesionales genéricas y específicas que los especialistas en Farmacología debían alcanzar para desempeñarse como farmacoepidemiólogos. El trabajo se realizó en La Habana entre marzo de 2018 y febrero de 2019. Se aplicaron técnicas cualitativas y revisiones documentales sobre las temáticas relacionadas con el objeto de la investigación. Se trabajó con dos grupos de expertos en dos etapas. Se empleó la metodología Delphi. Resultados: Se construyeron 24 competencias, genéricas y específicas, de las áreas funcionales asistencial, investigativa, docente y gerencial, que los especialistas en Farmacología debían alcanzar para desempeñarse como farmacoepidemiólogos. Conclusiones: Las competencias definidas permiten al farmacoepidemiólogo lograr un uso racional de los medicamentos, lo cual tributa a su propósito clave: una atención de calidad durante el proceso salud-enfermedad(AU)
Introduction: The challenges and demands of the contemporary world require health professionals with competency-based academic training. The specialty of pharmacology in Cuba has not defined its professional competencies. Objective: To define the professional competences of pharmacology specialists for their performance as pharmacoepidemiologists. Methods: Development study that allowed obtaining the generic and specific professional competences that pharmacology specialists should reach to practice as pharmacoepidemiologists. The work was carried out in Havana between March 2018 and February 2019. Qualitative techniques were applied, together with documental reviews on the topics related to the research object. Two groups of experts participated in the work during two stages. The Delphi methodology was used. Results: Twenty-four competencies, either generic or specific, were determined, belonging to the functional areas of care, research, teaching and management, which pharmacology specialists should achieve to practice as pharmacoepidemiologists. Conclusions: The competencies defined allow the pharmacoepidemiologist to achieve a rational use of drugs, which contributes to the key purpose of the specialized profession: quality care during the health-disease process(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmacology/education , Professional Competence , Pharmacoepidemiology/education , Cross-Sectional Studies , Drug UtilizationABSTRACT
Fundamento: los materiales docentes para el estudio independiente en la enseñanza de la Farmacología Clínica son recursos que facilitan el aprendizaje a distancia en función de una enseñanza integral durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivo: elaborar materiales docentes para el estudio independiente de los contenidos de la Farmacología Clínica durante la COVID-19. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en el campo de la educación médica, entre abril a junio de 2020 en la Facultad de Medicina de Villa Clara. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos para la fundamentación de la investigación y actualización mediante la revisión bibliográfica. Como método empírico, se utilizó la revisión documental de los documentos necesarios para el producto diseñado. Resultados: se elaboraron tres guías didácticas y tres materiales de apoyo a la docencia que permitieron una mejor apropiación de los contenidos y mejores resultados docentes en los estudiantes. Conclusiones: los materiales docentes para la enseñanza de la Farmacología Clínica en tiempos de pandemia fueron valorados como pertinentes y metodológicamente adecuados por el grupo de especialistas seleccionados.
Background: the teaching materials for independent study in the teaching of Clinical Pharmacology are resources that facilitate distance learning based on comprehensive teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: to prepare teaching materials for the independent study of the contents of Clinical Pharmacology during COVID-19. Methods: a development research was carried out in the field of medical education, from April to June 2020 at Villa Clara School of Medicine. Theoretical methods were used for the foundation of the research and updating through the bibliographic review. As an empirical method, the documentary review of the documents necessary for the designed product was used. Results: three didactic guides and three teaching support materials were prepared that allowed a better appropriation of the contents and better teaching results in the students. Conclusions: the teaching materials for the teaching of Clinical Pharmacology in times of pandemic were valued as pertinent and methodologically adequate by the group of selected specialists.
Subject(s)
Pharmacology , Students , Coronavirus Infections , Program , Education, MedicalABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: la Farmacología constituye el sustento científico de la terapéutica medicamentosa abordada en las asignaturas clínicas en la carrera de Estomatología, lo cual justifica su inclusión en los planes de estudios y pone de manifiesto la importancia de su enseñanza en la referida carrera. Objetivo: exponer algunas consideraciones esenciales sobre la enseñanza de la Farmacología en la carrera de Estomatología en Cuba. Métodos: se asumió como método general de investigación el dialéctico-materialista y de manera particular, los métodos de revisión documental (de los planes de estudios de la referida carrera, programas analíticos de la Farmacología y artículos científicos publicados en la base de datos SciELO), de análisis-síntesis para extraer los aspectos de mayor relevancia y el histórico-lógico. Desarrollo: la revisión documental realizada permitió el establecimiento de etapas que marcan el inicio y desarrollo de la enseñanza de la Farmacología en la carrera de Estomatología en Cuba; el análisis de ellas se realizó teniendo en cuenta los siguientes indicadores: ubicación curricular de la asignatura y características principales de su proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. Conclusiones: se revela como tendencia el tránsito desde una enseñanza con enfoque tradicionalista hacia una enseñanza con enfoque desarrollador y en consonancia con la educación médica superior contemporánea.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Pharmacology constitutes the scientific basis for drug therapy addressed in clinical subjects in the Dentistry degree, which justifies its inclusion in the study plans and highlights the importance of its teaching in the aforementioned degree. Objective: to present some essential considerations on the teaching of Pharmacology in the Dentistry degree in Cuba. Methods: the dialectical-materialist method of investigation was assumed as a general method of investigation and in a particular way, the methods of documentary review (of the study plans of the aforementioned degree, analytical programs of Pharmacology and scientific articles published in the SciELO database) , of analysis-synthesis to extract the most relevant and historical-logical aspects. Development: the documentary review carried out allowed the establishment of stages that mark the beginning and development of the teaching of Pharmacology in the Dentistry degree in Cuba; its analysis was carried out taking into account the following indicators: curricular location of the subject and main characteristics of its teaching-learning process. Conclusions: the transition from teaching with a traditional approach to teaching with a developing one according to contemporary higher medical education is revealed as a trend.
Subject(s)
Pharmacology , Students, Dental , ProgramABSTRACT
RESUMEN Fundamento: El desarrollo de la interdisciplinariedad entre la unidad curricular Farmacología y las asignaturas clínicas de la Disciplina Principal Integradora en la carrera Estomatología, resulta indispensable para la formación integral del futuro egresado. Objetivo: Identificar los problemas que limitan el desarrollo de la interdisciplinariedad entre la Farmacología y las asignaturas clínicas de la Disciplina Principal Integradora en la carrera Estomatología. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal entre noviembre y diciembre de 2020 en la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba. Se consideraron como unidades de análisis: actividades docentes y directivos académicos, se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria en ambos casos (n=18 y n=8, respectivamente). Se estudiaron las variables: relaciones interdisciplinarias con la Farmacología (se observa, no se observa y se observa poco), categoría docente, categoría científica, grado académico/científico, grado de especialización y opinión de directivos académicos (siempre, a veces y nunca). Como instrumento de medición se empleó guía de observación y de entrevista, respectivamente. Se empleó el porcentaje como medida de resumen. Resultados: En más del 50 % de las actividades docentes de las asignaturas clínicas de la Disciplina Principal Integradora, no se observa las relaciones interdisciplinarias con la Farmacología. En las entrevistas realizadas a los directivos académicos, predominó la opinión: nunca. Conclusiones: Las insuficiencias didácticas, metodológicas, académicas e investigativas identificadas, limitan el desarrollo de la interdisciplinariedad entre la unidad curricular Farmacología y las asignaturas clínicas de la Disciplina Principal Integradora en la carrera Estomatología.
ABSTRACT Background: The development of interdisciplinarity between the curricular Pharmacology unit and the clinical subjects of the Main discipline in the Stomatology career is essential for the integral formation of the future graduate. Objective: To identify the problems that limit the development of interdisciplinarity between Pharmacology and the clinical subjects of the Main Comprehensive Discipline in the Stomatology career. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted between November and December 2020 in the Stomatology Faculty at the Santiago de Cuba University of Medical Sciences. The following were considered as analysis units: teaching activities and academic directors, a random sample was selected in both cases (n=18 and n=8, respectively). The following variables were studied: interdisciplinary relations with Pharmacology (observed, not observed and little observed), teaching category, scientific category, academic/scientific degree, specialization degree and the academic directors´ opinion (always, sometimes and never). Observation and interview guides were used respectively as measurement instruments. Percentage was used as a summary measure. Results: In more than 50 % of the teaching activities of the clinical subjects of the Main Comprehensive Discipline, interdisciplinary relations with Pharmacology are not observed. In the interviews conducted with academic managers, the prevailed opinion was never. Conclusions: The didactic, methodological, academic and research inadequacies identified, limit the development of interdisciplinarity between the curricular unit Pharmacology and the clinical subjects of the Main Comprehensive Discipline in the Stomatology career.
Subject(s)
Pharmacology/education , Universities , Clinical Clerkship/methods , Education, Dental/methods , Education, Medical , Faculty, Dental/education , Interdisciplinary Placement/methodsABSTRACT
Abstract: Background: In primary monosymptomatic enuresis, it is not clear what dynamic changes occur in the efficacy of hypnotherapeutic versus pharmacological treatment plan. Objective: Determine the changes over time in the effectiveness of hypnotherapy and a pharmacological treatment plan in primary monosymptomatic enuresis. Method: A prospective, longitudinal and analytical study (time series) was performed on a universe of 119 patients between 7 and 16 years old, with primary monosymptomatic enuresis. 40 patients treated with imipramine and 79 patients with 1 session/1 hour /week of hypnotherapy were evaluated on the frequency of temporal changes of enuretic episodes during 14 weeks of treatments at the Hypnosis Clinic. Results: A logarithmic scale of the distributions of temporal changes in the frequencies of enuretic episodes in hypnotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments is presented, with an enuretic plateau from week 3 to week 6 in hypnotherapy. Conclusions: The hypnotherapeutic treatment was more favorable, as it had an early and efficient response compared to treatment with imipramine.
Resumen: Antecedentes: En la enuresis monosintomática primaria, no está claro qué cambios dinámicos ocurren en la eficacia del plan de tratamiento hipnoterapéutico versus farmacológico. Objetivo: Determinar los cambios dinámicos a lo largo del tiempo en la efectividad de la hipnoterapia y un plan de tratamiento farmacológico en la enuresis infantil no orgánica. Método: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y analítico (serie temporal) en un universo de 119 pacientes entre 7 y 16 años, con enuresis nocturna no orgánica. 40 pacientes tratados con imipramina y 79 pacientes con 1 sesión / 1 hora / semana de hipnoterapia fueron evaluados en la frecuencia de cambios temporales de episodios enuréticos durante 14 semanas de tratamientos en la Clínica de Hipnosis. Resultados: Se presenta un modelo logarítmico de las distribuciones de cambios temporales en las frecuencias de episodios enuréticos en tratamientos hipnoterapéuticos y farmacológicos, con una meseta enurética desde la semana 3 a la semana 6 en hipnoterapia. Conclusiones: El tratamiento hipnoterapéutico fue más favorable, ya que tuvo una respuesta temprana y eficaz en comparación con el tratamiento con imipramina.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Pharmacology , Enuresis , HypnosisABSTRACT
Introducción: Los nuevos métodos de enseñanza de Farmacología se enfocan en permitir que el alumno se enfrente a situaciones próximas a la realidad. Objetivo: Describir los resultados en la enseñanza a distancia de la Guía de la Buena Prescripción en la asignatura Farmacología de la carrera de Estomatología. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal observacional, que se realizó en la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana, durante el período abril-junio de 2020. Se seleccionaron 22 alumnos (59,45 por ciento) del segundo año académico. Se aplicó la Guía de la Buena Prescripción en el tema Bases farmacológicas de la terapéutica estomatológica de la infección. Se emplearon herramientas tecnológicas de la educación a distancia ante la situación de la pandemia de COVID-19. Resultados: Predominaron los buenos resultados en el proceso de prescripción razonada (45,46 por ciento ). Los pasos de la Guía de la Buena Prescripción que mejor se aplicaron fueron: el inventario de los grupos farmacológicos (95,45 por ciento ) y el criterio de eficacia/efectividad (90,91 por ciento). Los pasos con mayor dificultad se relacionaron con la prescripción escrita, dados por omisión de datos en la confección de la receta (72,73 por ciento) y el método (72,73 por ciento ). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los alumnos obtuvo resultados excelentes y buenos en la aplicación de la Guía de la Buena Prescripción en la modalidad a distancia. Es importante perfeccionar los métodos de enseñanza de la Farmacología que aumenten la capacidad de los estudiantes para resolver problemas y aprovechar las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones en los modernos modelos de la universidad(AU)
Introduction: The new teaching methods of Pharmacology focus on allowing the student to face situations close to reality. Objective: To describe the resultsin distance teaching of the Guide for a Good Prescription in the Pharmacology course of the Dental Medicine major. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study carried out, during the period April-June 2020, at Havana Dental School. Twenty-two second-academic yearstudents (59.45 percent) were selected. The Guide for a Good Prescription was applied in the topic Pharmacological bases of dental therapy of infection. Technological tools of distance education were used, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Good results predominated in the reasoned prescription process (45.46 percent). The best applied steps of the Guide for a Good Prescriptionwere inventory of pharmacological groups (95.45 percent) and efficacy/effectiveness criterion (90.91 percent). The steps with the greatest difficulty were related to written prescription, due to omission of data in the prescription writing (72.73 percent), as well as the written management method (72.73 percent). Conclusions: Most of the students obtained excellent and good results in the application of the Guide for a Good Prescriptionin the distance modality. It is important to improve the teaching methods of Pharmacology that increase the students' abilityto solve problems and take advantage of information and communication technologies in modern university models(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Problem-Based Learning/methods , Pharmacology/education , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , Observational StudyABSTRACT
Objective: to assess the adherence of people with type 1 diabetes to self-care activities. Method: quantitative study with 60 diabetics, from Porto, Portugal. The Self-Care Scale for Diabetes in its version translated and adapted to Portuguese was applied in January to February 2019. Results: respondents are mostly young (36.7%), employed (63.4%), female (73.3%), married (36.7%), high educated (60.0%) and diagnosed with recent diabetes (50.0%). Most have good mean adherence to self-care behaviors related to food (5.0), blood glucose monitoring (6.8), foot care (5.6) and medication (6.4). Regarding physical activity (2.6) and smoking, 73.3% of respondents say they smoked a cigarette in the last seven days lower adherence was identified. Conclusions: there is a need to develop educational programs to ensure a higher adherence to healthy lifestyles.(AU)
Objetivo: avaliar a adesão de pessoas com diabetes tipo 1 às atividades de autocuidado. Método: estudo com 60 diabéticos, do Porto, Portugal. Foi aplicada a Escala de Autocuidado para Diabetes traduzida e adaptada para o português em janeiro a fevereiro de 2019. Resultados: os inquiridos são maioritariamente jovens (36,7%), empregados (63,4%), mulheres (36,7%), casados (36,7%), com ensino superior (60,0%) e com diagnóstico recente de diabetes (50,0%). A maioria tem boa adesão aos comportamentos de autocuidado relacionados à alimentação (5,0), monitoramento da glicemia (6,8), cuidados com os pés (5,6) e medicamentos (6,4). Em relação à atividade física (2,6) e ao tabagismo, 73,3% dos entrevistados afirmam que fumaram um cigarro nos últimos sete dias foi identificada menor adesão. Conclusões: há necessidade de desenvolvimento de programas educativos que garantam uma maior adesão aos estilos de vida saudáveis.(AU)
Objetivo: evaluar la adherencia de las personas con diabetes tipo 1 a las actividades de autocuidado. Método: estudio cuantitativo con 60 diabéticos, de Porto, Portugal. Se aplicó la Escala de Autocuidado de la Diabetes y se tradujo al portugués en enero a febrero de 2019. Resultados: los encuestados son principalmente jóvenes (36,7%), empleados (63,4%), mujeres (36,7%), casados (36,7%), con estudios superiores (60,0%) y con diagnóstico reciente de diabetes (50,0%). La mayoría tiene una buena adherencia al autocuidado relacionado con la alimentación (5,0), control de la glucosa en sangre (6,8), cuidado de los pies (5,6) y medicación (6,4). En cuanto a actividad física (2,6) y tabaquismo, 73,3% de los encuestados dice haber fumado un cigarrillo en los últimos siete días, se identificó menor adherencia. Conclusiones: hay necesidad de desarrollar programas educativos que aseguren una mayor adherencia a los estilos de vida saludables.(AU)
Subject(s)
Pharmacology , Healthy Lifestyle , Treatment Adherence and Compliance , Nursing Care , Diabetes ComplicationsSubject(s)
Humans , Male , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Research/history , Neurosciences/history , Faculty , Memory/physiology , PharmacologyABSTRACT
El plan de estudio, documento fundamental que establece la dirección general y el contenido principal de la preparación de los profesionales, se ha ido perfeccionamiento continuamente, en correspondencia con el desarrollo cientificotécnico alcanzado. El programa de la asignatura es el que refleja las características más importantes de esta, tiene validez científica y pedagógica y contribuye a la formación del médico general, según las demandas de la sociedad cubana actual. Teniendo en cuenta las consideraciones anteriores se realizó el presente estudio con el objetivo de analizar los elementos teóricos y metodológicos del programa de la asignatura Farmacología General en el plan de estudio D para la carrera de medicina.
The syllabus, fundamental document that establishes the general direction and the main content of the professionals training, has been continually improving, in correspondence with the scientific technical development achieved. The subject program is the one that reflects its most important characteristics; it has scientific and pedagogic validity and contributes to the general doctor training, according to the demands of the present Cuban society. Taking into account the previous considerations this study was carried out aimed at analyzing the theoretical and methodological elements of the General Pharmacology subject program in the syllabus D for the medicine career.
Subject(s)
Pharmacology/trends , Education, Medical , Professional Training , General Practitioners/educationABSTRACT
Introducción: La aplicación del enfoque de competencias incluye los procesos de identificación, normalización, evaluación y certificación. Una vez definidas las competencias deben ser evaluadas. Una investigación realizada en la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública definió las competencias profesionales de los especialistas de Farmacología en Farmacoepidemiología. Se conoce que a los especialistas de Farmacología no se les realiza examen de competencias. Objetivos: Determinar los criterios de realización requeridos para alcanzar las competencias profesionales del especialista de Farmacología en Farmacoepidemiología y las evidencias correspondientes para su evaluación. Métodos: Estudio de desarrollo en el que se obtuvieron como producto los criterios de realización necesarios para lograr las competencias profesionales que los especialistas de Farmacología debían alcanzar para desempeñarse como farmacoepidemiólogos y las evidencias para su evaluación posterior. El trabajo se realizó en La Habana entre marzo de 2018 y febrero de 2019. Se aplicaron técnicas cualitativas y revisiones documentales sobre las temáticas relacionadas con el objeto de la investigación. Se trabajó con dos grupos de expertos en dos etapas. Se empleó la metodología Delphi. Resultados: Se pudieron definir y validar los criterios de realización necesarios para alcanzar las competencias profesionales del especialista de Farmacología para su desempeño como farmacoepidemiólogo y se construyeron las evidencias correspondientes para su evaluación. Conclusiones: La definición de los criterios de realización y la construcción de las evidencias respectivas viabilizan la evaluación del desempeño del farmacólogo en Farmacoepidemiología(AU)
Introduction: The application of the competencies approach includes the identification, standardization, evaluation and certification processes. Once defined, competencies must be evaluated. A research carried out at the National School of Public Health defined the professional competencies in pharmacoepidemiology of Pharmacology specialists. It is known that Pharmacology specialists do not take a competency test. Objective: To determine the performance criteria required to achieve the professional competencies in pharmacoepidemiology of the Pharmacology specialist and the corresponding evidence for their evaluation. Methods: This was a development study in which the necessary performance criteria were obtained as a product for achieving the professional competencies that Pharmacology specialists had to achieve to perform as pharmacoepidemiologists, together with the evidence for their subsequent evaluation. The work was carried out in Havana, between March 2018 and February 2019. Qualitative techniques and document reviews were applied with regard to the topics related to the research object. The research work included two groups of experts in two stages. The Delphi methodology was used. Results: It was possible to define and validate the performance criteria necessary to achieve the professional competencies of the Pharmacology specialist for their performance as pharmacoepidemiologists. Also, the corresponding evidence was constructed for their evaluation. Conclusions: The definition of the performance criteria and the construction of the respective evidences permit the evaluation of the pharmacologist's performance in pharmacoepidemiology(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmacology/education , Professional Competence , Staff Development , PharmacoepidemiologyABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Among the main causes of death in Colombia, Latin America, and the general population are pathologies of cardiovascular origin, which have an important relationship with dyslipidemias. Objective: The objective of the study was to establish the prevalence of the use of lipid-lowering drugs in a Colombian population during 2016. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a population database of the Colombian Health System between January and June 2016. Site: outpatients of Colombia. Participants. Researchers considered all patients who had received this class of drug to establish the prevalence of the use of lipid-lowering drugs. Main measurements. Prevalence of use of lipid-lowering drugs. Results: From a population of 4,328,688 patients, a total of 282,002 were prescribed a lipid-lowering drug; the mean age was 64.2 ± 13.3 years and women comprised 50.4% of the users. The estimated prevalence of lipid-lowering drug use was 6.5%. Statins (86.3%) were the most commonly used lipid-lowering drugs (atorvastatin: 81.0%, lovastatina: 14.4%) followed by fibrates (13.1%) and ezetimibe (0.6%). Conclusions: A low proportion of people are being treated with lipid-lowering drugs, according to the estimated prevalence of dyslipidemia.
Resumen Introducción: Las patologías de origen cardiovascular son la primera causa de muerte en Colombia y América Latina, y la dislipidemia tiene una importante relación. Objetivo: El objetivo fue establecer la prevalencia o proporción de uso de hipolipemiantes en una población colombiana durante el año 2016. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal a partir de una base de datos poblacional de pacientes afiliados al Sistema de Salud de Colombia entre enero y junio de 2016. Sitio. Pacientes ambulatorios de Colombia. Participantes. Se consideraron todos los pacientes que recibieron algún hipolipemiante, de cualquier sexo y mayores de 18 años. Mediciones principales: prevalencia de uso de hipolipemiantes. Resultados: A partir de una población de 4328688 pacientes, se prescribieron hipolipemiantes a 282002, con una edad media de 64,2 13,3 años y el 50,4% eran mujeres. La prevalencia estimada de uso fue de 6,5%. Las estatinas (86,3%) fueron los hipolipemiantes más comúnmente utilizados (atorvastatina: 81,0%, locastatina: 14,4%) seguido de los fibratos (13,1%) y ezetimibe (0,6%). Conclusiones: Una baja proporción de personas están siendo tratados con hipolipemiantes de acuerdo a la prevalencia estimada de dislipidemia para la población del país.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors , Pharmacology , Epidemiology , HypercholesterolemiaABSTRACT
The accessory ß1 subunits, regulating the pharmacological and biophysical properties of BK channels, always undergo post-translational modifications, especially glycosylation. To date, it remains elusive whether the glycosylation contributes to the regulation of BK channels by ß1 subunits. Methods: Herein, we combined the electrophysiological approach with molecular mutations and biochemical manipulation to investigate the function roles of N-glycosylation in ß1 subunits. Results: The results show that deglycosylation of ß1 subunits through double-site mutations (ß1 N80A/N142A or ß1 N80Q/N142Q) could significantly increase the inhibitory potency of iberiotoxin, a specific BK channel blocker. The deglycosylated channels also have a different sensitivity to martentoxin, another BK channel modulator with some remarkable effects as reported before. On the contrary to enhancing effects of martentoxin on glycosylated BK channels under the presence of cytoplasmic Ca2+, deglycosylated channels were not affected by the toxin. However, the deglycosylated channels were surprisingly inhibited by martentoxin under the absence of cytoplasmic Ca2+, while the glycosylated channels were not inhibited under this same condition. In addition, wild type BK (α+ß1) channels treated with PNGase F also showed the same trend of pharmacological results to the mutants. Similar to this modulation of glycosylation on BK channel pharmacology, the deglycosylated forms of the channels were activated at a faster speed than the glycosylated ones. However, the V1/2 and slope were not changed by the glycosylation. Conclusion: The present study reveals that glycosylation is an indispensable determinant of the modulation of ß1-subunit on BK channel pharmacology and its activation. The loss of glycosylation of ß1 subunits could lead to the dysfunction of BK channel, resulting in a pathological state.(AU)
Subject(s)
Glycosylation , Peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) Asparagine Amidase , Mutation , PharmacologyABSTRACT
Realizando a ponte entre a farmacologia homeopática (princípio da similitude) e a farmacologia moderna, encontramos uma infinidade de relatos, tanto em compêndios farmacológicos como em experimentos e ensaios clínicos publicados em periódicos científicos, que descrevem uma reação do organismo oposta e secundária a uma ação primária da droga, confirmando a teoria hahnemanniana. Essa ação secundária do organismo, no sentido de manter a homeostase orgânica, é denominada de efeito rebote ou reação paradoxal segundo a racionalidade científica moderna, sendo usada pela homeopatia como resposta terapêutica.
Building a bridge between homeopathic pharmacology (principle of similitude) and modern pharmacology, one can find countless reports in pharmacological compendia and clinical and experimental trials published in the scientific media describing the secondary reaction of the organism opposed to the primary action of the drug, which confirm Hahnemann's theory. Such secondary action of the organism to preserve organic homeostasis is known in modern science as rebound effect or paradoxical reaction, being used by homeopathy as a therapeutic response.
Subject(s)
Pharmacology , Secondary Effect , Vital Force in Homeopathy , Law of Similars , Homeopathic Remedy, New , Rebound Effect , HomeopathyABSTRACT
Building a bridge between homeopathic pharmacology (principle of similitude) and modern pharmacology, one can find countless reports in pharmacological compendia and clinical and experimental trials published in the scientific media describing the secondary reaction of the organism opposed to the primary action of the drug, which confirm Hahnemann's theory. Such secondary action of the organism to preserve organic homeostasis is known in modern science as rebound effect or paradoxical reaction, being used by homeopathy as a therapeutic response.
Realizando a ponte entre a farmacologia homeopática (princípio da similitude) e a farmacologia moderna, encontramos uma infinidade de relatos, tanto em compêndios farmacológicos como em experimentos e ensaios clínicos publicados em periódicos científicos, que descrevem uma reação do organismo oposta e secundária a uma ação primária da droga, confirmando a teoria hahnemanniana. Essa ação secundária do organismo, no sentido de manter a homeostase orgânica, é denominada de efeito rebote ou reação paradoxal segundo a racionalidade científica moderna, sendo usada pela homeopatia como resposta terapêutica.
Subject(s)
Pharmacology , Secondary Effect , Vital Force in Homeopathy , Law of Similars , Rebound Effect , Homeopathy , Homeopathic Remedy, NewABSTRACT
Seguindo a mesma dinâmica da homeopatia clássica, essa obra sistematiza uma proposta para empregar os fármacos modernos segundo o princípio da similitude terapêutica, estimulando o efeito rebote (reação vital) curativo do organismo através da administração de substâncias (em doses dinamizadas) que despertaram sintomas semelhantes no estado de saúde humano. Vale ressaltar que os efeitos patogenéticos (ações primárias) dos medicamentos homeopáticos clássicos correspondem aos efeitos terapêuticos, adversos e colaterais dos fármacos modernos, os quais devem apresentar uma totalidade sintomática semelhante ao do paciente para estimular a reação vital curativa (efeito rebote curativo), de acordo ao princípio da similitude terapêutica. Para viabilizar essa proposta, foi necessário elaborar uma Matéria Médica Homeopática dos Fármacos Modernos, agrupando os efeitos terapêuticos, adversos e colaterais das drogas conforme a disposição anátomo-funcional dos capítulos das matérias médicas homeopáticas tradicionais, valorizando a frequência de manifestação dos sintomas observadas nas fases de estudo da droga. Como segundo passo, para facilitar a seleção do medicamento individualizado (semelhança com a totalidade de sintomas do paciente) e a aplicação clínica da proposta, foi elaborado um Repertório Homeopático dos Fármacos Modernos, dispondo os sintomas e seus respectivos medicamentos de forma análoga aos repertórios homeopáticos tradicionais, descrito em outra obra desta coleção.
Following the pattern of traditional homeopathy, this work proposes to employ modern drugs according to the principle of therapeutic similitude, stimulating the healing rebound effect (vital reaction) of the organism through the administration of substances (in infinitesimal doses) that caused similar symptoms in healthy human. Is worth emphasizing that the pathogenetic effects (primary actions) of classical homeopathic medicines correspond to the therapeutic, adverse and side effects of conventional drugs, which should be similar to totality of the symptoms of the patient to stimulate the curative vital reaction (curative rebound effect) according to the principle of therapeutic similitude. To make this proposal operative, a Homeopathic Materia Medica of Modern Drugs was elaborated, where the therapeutic, adverse and side effects of drugs were grouped following the structure of the traditional homeopathic materia medica, while giving particular value to the frequency of the symptoms observed during the phases of study of the drugs. In order to facilitate the selection of the individualized remedy (i.e., similar to the totality of symptoms of the patient), and thus the clinical application of the present proposal, at a later stage it was also elaborated a Homeopathic Repertory of Modern Drugs, where symptoms and remedies are arranged as in the traditional homeopathic repertories, described in another work of this collection.